Fig. 1 Additive manufacturing technologies for ceramic production and applicable material forms[1]

Fig. 2 Additive manufacturing of polymer-derived ceramics[14]. (a) UV-curable preceramic monomers and photoinitiator; (b) SL printing process; (c) As-printed parts; (d) As-pyrolyzed ceramic; (e) Examples of final parts

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram (left) of DLP printing process of four different preceramic polymers, and optical microscopic images and photographs of the printed structures [28] (a, c, e, g) Optical microscopic images of the printed structures; (b, d, f, h) Photographs of the printed structures before and after pyrolysis

Fig. 4 SEM images of SiCw/SiC lattices under different printing height or using suspensions with different solid loading (left) and schematic illustration of the morphology of extruded filaments with different printing height (right)[19] (a-c) Printed with 62.3% solid loading (in vol.); (d-f) Printed with 57.7%, 59.9% and 62.3% solid loadings (in vol.); (g-i) Enlarged views of the squares in (d-f)

Fig. 5 SEM images of Kelvin cell structures pyrolyzed at 1000 ℃[38] (a-c) Kelvin cell structures pyrolyzed at 1000 ℃ on support pillars with increasing height, to reduce shrinkage constraints from the glass substrate during pyrolysis; (d-f) Magnification of the samples shown in the upper row

Fig. 6 Pictures and mechanical properties of 3D printing of bimetal-doped precursor[41] (a-c) Lattice CAD model, resin and SiOC ceramics; (d-f) SEM images of different curing layer thickness; (g-i) Mechanical properties

Fig. 7 CAD models and optical images of the samples after printing and pyrolysis (left column), SEM images of the samples’ skeleton surface after pyrolysis (right two columns, (a-d))[44]

Fig. 8 (a-c) Optical images of the SiOC ceramic samples with different proportion of silicone oil additive, (d-f) closer looks of the corresponding samples in (a-c) [46], and (g) CAD models, green and pyrolyzed samples with the addition of phenolic resin additive [47]

Fig. 9 Schematic of 3D printing of polymer-derived ceramics inside a support gel (a), illustration of the printing (b), printed samples (c-e), and pyrolyzed samples (f, g)[53]

Fig. 10 CAD design of the nozzle compared with the final pyrolysed part and SEM images[58] Left: SEM images and AFM images (Col.1, 2 and 4) of ceramic cubes printed with different parameters, with the measured corresponding mean values of the linear shrinkage (Col.3) and the average roughness (Col.5). Upper-right: CAD designs of two different structures and final pyrolysed parts. Lower-right: CAD design of the nozzle compared with the final ceramic part with their SEM images at 0°(I.a and II.a) and 60°(I.b and II.b), and their corresponding X-ray microtomographies from different angles (a-j)

Fig. 11 Origami and 4D printing of PDCs via DIW-morphing-heat treatment method[59] (a) 3D printed elastomeric lattices; (b) Optical image of DIW; (c) Origami of ceramic structures; (d, e) Two 4D printing methods together with heat treatment; (f) Flat and curved cellphone back plate; (g) Top view of flat plate; (h) Curved ceramic honeycomb; Inset indicates the curvature of the honeycomb. Scale bars:1 cm