Research Progress on Modulation of Electromagnetic Performance through Micro-nanostructure Design

doi:10.15541/jim20230589

Abstract

Abstract:

Absorptive materials, by absorbing electromagnetic wave energy, effectively mitigate electromagnetic interference through reduction or elimination of wave reflection. The electromagnetic parameters of materials determine their electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Traditional control strategies, such as adjusting filler ratio, changing macroscopic morphology, and regulating composite methods, have certain limitations to control their structure and cannot fundamentally alter their electromagnetic parameters, which severely hinders their further development. Now, micro-nanostructure design strategies can basically change electromagnetic parameters of the materials by altering their electrical conductivity, charge density and magnetic properties, showing significant advantages in controlling electromagnetic wave absorption capacity. However, the precise micro-nanostructure design and the mass production still face challenges to be overcome. Additionally, structure-property relationship between micro-nanostructures and electromagnetic wave response, and its underline mechanisms are still not fully understood. Herein, a comprehensive review on these relationships was introduced to elucidate the advantages of micro-nanostructure design strategies for regulating electromagnetic wave absorption capacity. Moreover, by introducing these strategies, such as element doping, surface effect modulation and nucleation-controlled growth, this review provides researchers with deep insights and theoretical guidance for modulating electromagnetic properties through micro-nanostructure design. Finally, the research progresses on electromagnetic performance modulation through micro-nanostructure design based on the case of quantum dots, nanocrystals and nanowires, as well as the current research status and prospects in the field of electromagnetic absorption were summarized, providing a theoretical foundation and strategic support for the development of micro-nanoparticles.

Key words: electromagnetic performance, micro-nanostructure, wave absorption mechanism, electromagnetic parameter, review

CLC Number:

TB34

HUANG Jie, WANG Liuying, WANG Bin, LIU Gu, WANG Weichao, GE Chaoqun. Research Progress on Modulation of Electromagnetic Performance through Micro-nanostructure Design[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(8): 853-870.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Categorization and mechanisms of nanoscale electromagnetic wave-absorption materials

Fig. 2 Three interactions occurring when electromagnetic waves are incident on the surface of medium: reflection, absorption, and transmission

Fig. 3 Structure-property relationship of micro-nanostructures and electromagnetic performance

Fig. 4 Element doping strategy for regulating material electron states (a) Various metal ion-doped perovskite quantum dots at the B-site cation enhancing their thermal stability and phase stability[80]; (b) Sr2+ doping reducing the surface trap density and charge recombination in quantum dots[84]; (c) Defects within the material structure and strong polarization at heterojunction interfaces showing outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance[85]; (d) Nitrogen element doping in carbon quantum dots improving their internal heterogeneous charge distribution[20]

Fig. 5 Surface effect strategy for regulating electron states (a) Capturing electrons at lower temperature with deep defect levels[89]; (b) Equivalent circuits of graphene coatings with low- and high-concentration defects[90]; (c) Impact of surface ligand on the crystal phase, exciton recombination and charge carrier mobility of quantum dots[91]

Fig. 6 Nucleation-growth control strategy for regulating electron states (a) Synthetizing carbon quantum dots with different quantum efficiencies by controlling the reaction temperature[92]; (b) Tuning bandgap by controlling the reaction temperature[93]; (c) Generating carbon quantum dots with adjustable bandgaps in different polar solvent environments[94]

Fig. 7 Application of quantum dots in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (a) High-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of Na2Ti3O7/MXene quantum dot composite material[100]; (b) One-, two-, and three-dimensional absorption performances of Na2Ti3O7/MXene quantum dot composite material[100]; (c) Reflection loss values of ZnFe2O4 quantum dot composite material at different thicknesses[103]; (d) Schematic illustration of mechanisms for ZnFe2O4 quantum dot polycrystalline inversion and electromagnetic microwave absorption[103]

Fig. 8 Application of nanocrystals in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (a) Schematic typical synergistic mechanism on relationship between magnetic loss of FeNi3 nanocrystals and dielectric loss of graphene nanosheets[110]; (b) Enhanced electromagnetic loss facilitated by promoted interfacial polarization using ZnO nanocrystals[111]; (c) Charge separation-induced polarization loss in Fe3O4 nanocrystals through surface oxygen vacancy defects[112]; (d) Three-dimensional absorption performance of Fe3O4 nanocrystal composite at different annealing temperatures[112]

Fig. 9 Application of nanowires in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (a) Schematic mechanisms of various loss including interface polarization, dipole polarization, and their related relaxation activated by Ag nanowires[119]; (b) First-principles confirmation of efficient electromagnetic wave absorption which resulted from conductivity loss generated by a three-dimensional network structure formed with carbon nanotubes and polarization loss induced by Sc2Si2O7[69]

Table 1 Micro-nanostructure modulation strategies and their corresponding relationships with quantum dots, nanocrystals, and nanowires

Micro-nano material	Typical feature	Micro-nanostructure modulation strategy	Common features
Quantum dots	(a) Quantum confinement effect (b) Designable crystal structure	(a) Defect engineering^[99-100] (b) Bandgap engineering^[101⇓-103] (c) Surface functionalization^[105] (d) Nucleation-growth control^[20]	(a) High specific surface area Micro-nano materials with high specific surface area enable surface functionalization, nucleation-growth control, and composite material design, thereby optimizing the electromagnetic performance of the materials. (b) Extremely small particle size Nanostructure engineering has a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, enabling their improvement.
Nanocrystals	(a) Designable crystal structure (b) Controllable crystal growth direction	(a) Elemental doping^[110] (b) Heterojunction engineering^[111] (c) Defect engineering^[112] (d) Crystal facet control^{[31,113⇓ -115]}
Nanowires	(a) High aspect ratio (b) High electron transmission rate	(a) Heterojunction engineering^[125] (b) Composite material design^{[69,119 -120]}

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