Dynamic Radiative Thermal Management Technologies: From Principles and Materials to Synergistic Optimization of Materials and Structures

doi:10.15541/jim20250411

Abstract

Abstract:

Global energy consumption continues to rise, presenting a critical challenge. Thermal energy, as the primary form of energy use, accounts for approximately 51% of global final energy consumption. Consequently, developing high-efficiency thermal management technologies with low or even zero energy input has become an urgent challenge. As an emerging strategy, dynamic radiative thermal management (DRTM) exploits tunable spectral radiative properties of materials to achieve precise temperature control in response to environmental changes, thereby enhancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort. This review summarizes the fundamental principles of DRTM. Recognizing the limitations of existing classification schemes in encompassing the diversity of DRTM developments, this review proposes a novel framework that categorizes related studies into three categories: externally stimulated control, material intrinsic adaptive control and materials-structures synergistic optimization, the latter representing a key future development trend. On this basis, we discuss in detail the working mechanisms, recent research progress and representative material systems associated with each group. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing their performance in terms of solar absorptance, mid-to-far infrared band emissivity modulation, and the ability to switch between different operating modes. The potential of synergistic optimization under various triggering stimuli is further analyzed with respect to modulation capability and accessible operating range, providing guidance for selecting suitable technological routes in different application scenarios. From a broader perspective, DRTM is expected to serve as a key technological pathway for the integrated development of the built environment, energy systems and intelligent materials.

Key words: dynamic radiative thermal management, thermal management technology, emissivity modulation, thermal radiation, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

MA Zhitong, LI Zhongshao, CAO Xun. Dynamic Radiative Thermal Management Technologies: From Principles and Materials to Synergistic Optimization of Materials and Structures[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(8): 1021-1035.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Ideal spectrum and schematic for dynamic radiative thermal management

Fig. 2 Classification, applications, and future trends of DRTM[9-12] Three DRTM categories are shown: externally stimulated control, intrinsic adaptive control, and synergistic optimization of materials and structures; The third builds on the first two by coupling tunable material responses with structural design (adapted from references)

Fig. 3 Externally stimulated control[9,14,16,21,29 -30] (a) Schematic of a structured PE film and its reflectance and transmittance spectra in both dry and wet states[14]; (b) Schematic of a tunable graphene-SiC metasurface and the Raman spectra of graphene in different states[16]; (c) Working principle of a reversible metal electrodeposition device[9]; (d) Working principle and actual multispectral modulation performance of a flexible device[21]; (e) Schematic of a mechanosensitive stacking structure and its transmittance and reflectance spectra under different strains[29]; (f) Selective emission spectra of crumpled graphene with different crumpling pitches[30]

Fig. 4 Intrinsically adaptive control[10,35 -36,42,48,56,60,65 -66] (a) Crystal structures of VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases, with vanadium atoms shown as red spheres and oxygen atoms as blue spheres[35]; (b) Structure of an Ag/Ge/VO2 multilayer film and its absorption spectra at high and low temperatures[36]; (c) Amorphous, metastable, and stable crystalline structures of GST[42]; (d) Laser-induced dynamic emissivity control and the structure’s emissivity spectra[48]; (e) Color and temperature-adaptive film’s emissivity and reflectance spectra[56]; (f) Schematic of the reversible solid-liquid phase transition of a hydrogel in water[10]; (g) Mechanism of integrated thermochromic and radiative cooling technologies before and after the phase transition[60]; (h) Schematic and spectrum of MXene-modified PP nanocomposites[65]; (i) Working principle and emissivity modulation mechanism of a photo-induced dynamic modulator[66]

Fig. 5 Material-structure synergistic design[11,72,77,84 -85,90,94,96,103 -104] (a) Emissivity control principle of electrochromic fabric fibers[72]; (b) Schematic of the cooling and heating modes of a leather/a-MWCNTs/CA all-weather fabric[77]; (c) Schematic illustrating how mechanical strain reconstructs the material’s microstructure to achieve both cooling and heating[84]; (d) Reversible switching of a film between emission, reflection and transmission modes[85]; (e) Structural diagram of a full-spectrum smart window that combines an F-P cavity with the phase-change properties of VO2[90]; (f) Working principle of a W-VO2-based F-P cavity[11]; (g) Material combining VO2 phase-change material with a submicron aluminum disk array metasurface, along with its absorption spectrum[94]; (h) Schematic of a bilateral photonic metamaterial[96]; (i) Optical image of a cuttlefish and schematic of a composite film inspired by the multi-layer skin of a cephalopod[103]; (j) Optical microscope images of a bio-inspired hierarchical wrinkled structure before and after mechanical actuation[104]

Table 1 Summary of DRTM materials, performance and advantages[17,19,27,29 -30,36 -37,55,64 -65,72,77 -79,84,86,89 -90,94 -95,97,103]

Category	Material	Synergistic optimization design	Device structure		Ref.	Wavelength/μm	Performance	Advantage
Electrical stimulation	Graphene	/	Multilayer graphene modulators		[17]	5-8 8-14	Δε=13% Δε=4%	Theoretical modeling of graphene thermal modulators
		/	Electrochromic device		[19]	0.2-20	Δα=27% Δε=74%	Flexible ultra-wideband transparent electrode
		Smart fabrics	Electrochromic smart fabrics		[72]	4-15	Δε=35%	Superior thermal regulation with visual color change
		Metamaterials	Graphene-metal hybrid metasurface		[97]	8-14	Δε=40%	Novel image encoding for IR encryption and anti-counterfeiting
Category	Material	Synergistic optimization design	Device structure	Ref.		Wavelength/μm	Performance	Advantage
Mechanical stress	CNTs	/	CNTs on stretchable gel	[27]		0.4-25	Δε=23%	Flexible broadband spectroscopic device
		/	SH/RC device with SWCNTs media	[64]		0.3-20	Δα=80% ε=90%	Sustained human thermoregulation
		Smart fabrics	Leather/ a-MWCNTs/ CA fabric	[77]		0.3-15	α=98% ε=90.2% R=92%	Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness
	Graphene	/	Crumpled graphene	[30]		0.2-0.3 7-19	Δε=80% Δε=60%	High modulation contrast
	Graphene	Smart fabrics	VG/GGEF/PAN	[79]		0.3-20	ε=92% R=98.4%	Facilitating practical large-area application and industrialization potential
	MXene	/	PP/MXene	[65]		0.3-16	α=93.2% ε=84.2%	Coupled with commercial thermoelectric for thermoelectric power generation
		Multimodal radiators	BaSO₄ BC/MXene	[84]		0.3-15	α=91.6% ε=95.2% R=95.6%	Suitable for use in outdoor environments with variable weather conditions
		Bio-inspired design	MXene-SEBS/TiO₂	[103]		0.4-14	ΔR=28% Δε=21%	Novel solar-infrared dual-band thermal regulation design
	Material stacking	/	PTFE film with PDMS infiltration	[29]		0.3-2.5	τ=86% R=88%	Durability, scalability, and self- cleaning ability
	Material stacking	Smart fabrics	Novel multienergy Janus thermal textile	[78]		0.3-16	R=60% α=98.5%	Pleasant sweat/moisture permeability and multienergy-coupled heating
Thermal stimulation	VO₂	/	Ag/Ge/VO₂	[36]		3-13	Δε=68%	Simulations show that a simple structure is critical for radiative modulation
		/	Al₂O₃/VO₂/ Al₂O₃/Al	[37]		0.3-25	α>80% ε=75%	It reaches 170 ℃ above ambient in heating mode and 20 ℃ below ambient in cooling mode
		F-P	VO₂/Si/Al	[89]		0-20	R=85% ε=60%	Providing an innovative solution for spacecraft thermal control
		F-P	BaF₂/VO₂/BaF₂/ Ag/BaF₂	[90]		0-2.5 8-13	τ=72.8% ε=83.8%	Simulations proved the application potential and commercial viability of VO₂ smart windows
		Metamaterials	VO₂film/ submicron aluminum disks	[94]		4-8	α_max=1	Innovatively utilizing the magnetic polariton resonance modulation mechanism
		Metamaterials	VO₂/Fe/SiO₂	[95]		3-5	Δα=68%	Promising applications include advanced solar absorption panels
	Phase change energy storage material	/	CNTs@PDMS/PCM	[55]		0.3-16	Δα=60% ε=96%	Maintaining vivid color while preserving thermal functionality
	Phase change energy storage material	Multimodal radiators	Ni-Ti memory alloy/PCM	[86]		0.3-17	R=95% α=92% Δε=92.5%	Saving 68%-90% of annual energy consumption compared to conventional roofs

Table 1 Summary of DRTM materials, performance and advantages[17,19,27,29 -30,36 -37,55,64 -65,72,77 -79,84,86,89 -90,94 -95,97,103]

Category	Material	Synergistic optimization design	Device structure		Ref.	Wavelength/μm	Performance	Advantage
Electrical stimulation	Graphene	/	Multilayer graphene modulators		[17]	5-8 8-14	Δε=13% Δε=4%	Theoretical modeling of graphene thermal modulators
		/	Electrochromic device		[19]	0.2-20	Δα=27% Δε=74%	Flexible ultra-wideband transparent electrode
		Smart fabrics	Electrochromic smart fabrics		[72]	4-15	Δε=35%	Superior thermal regulation with visual color change
		Metamaterials	Graphene-metal hybrid metasurface		[97]	8-14	Δε=40%	Novel image encoding for IR encryption and anti-counterfeiting
Category	Material	Synergistic optimization design	Device structure	Ref.		Wavelength/μm	Performance	Advantage
Mechanical stress	CNTs	/	CNTs on stretchable gel	[27]		0.4-25	Δε=23%	Flexible broadband spectroscopic device
		/	SH/RC device with SWCNTs media	[64]		0.3-20	Δα=80% ε=90%	Sustained human thermoregulation
		Smart fabrics	Leather/ a-MWCNTs/ CA fabric	[77]		0.3-15	α=98% ε=90.2% R=92%	Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness
	Graphene	/	Crumpled graphene	[30]		0.2-0.3 7-19	Δε=80% Δε=60%	High modulation contrast
	Graphene	Smart fabrics	VG/GGEF/PAN	[79]		0.3-20	ε=92% R=98.4%	Facilitating practical large-area application and industrialization potential
	MXene	/	PP/MXene	[65]		0.3-16	α=93.2% ε=84.2%	Coupled with commercial thermoelectric for thermoelectric power generation
		Multimodal radiators	BaSO₄ BC/MXene	[84]		0.3-15	α=91.6% ε=95.2% R=95.6%	Suitable for use in outdoor environments with variable weather conditions
		Bio-inspired design	MXene-SEBS/TiO₂	[103]		0.4-14	ΔR=28% Δε=21%	Novel solar-infrared dual-band thermal regulation design
	Material stacking	/	PTFE film with PDMS infiltration	[29]		0.3-2.5	τ=86% R=88%	Durability, scalability, and self- cleaning ability
	Material stacking	Smart fabrics	Novel multienergy Janus thermal textile	[78]		0.3-16	R=60% α=98.5%	Pleasant sweat/moisture permeability and multienergy-coupled heating
Thermal stimulation	VO₂	/	Ag/Ge/VO₂	[36]		3-13	Δε=68%	Simulations show that a simple structure is critical for radiative modulation
		/	Al₂O₃/VO₂/ Al₂O₃/Al	[37]		0.3-25	α>80% ε=75%	It reaches 170 ℃ above ambient in heating mode and 20 ℃ below ambient in cooling mode
		F-P	VO₂/Si/Al	[89]		0-20	R=85% ε=60%	Providing an innovative solution for spacecraft thermal control
		F-P	BaF₂/VO₂/BaF₂/ Ag/BaF₂	[90]		0-2.5 8-13	τ=72.8% ε=83.8%	Simulations proved the application potential and commercial viability of VO₂ smart windows
		Metamaterials	VO₂film/ submicron aluminum disks	[94]		4-8	α_max=1	Innovatively utilizing the magnetic polariton resonance modulation mechanism
		Metamaterials	VO₂/Fe/SiO₂	[95]		3-5	Δα=68%	Promising applications include advanced solar absorption panels
	Phase change energy storage material	/	CNTs@PDMS/PCM	[55]		0.3-16	Δα=60% ε=96%	Maintaining vivid color while preserving thermal functionality
	Phase change energy storage material	Multimodal radiators	Ni-Ti memory alloy/PCM	[86]		0.3-17	R=95% α=92% Δε=92.5%	Saving 68%-90% of annual energy consumption compared to conventional roofs

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