Research Progress on Yellow-orange Laser Crystals and Their All-solid-state Laser Devices

doi:10.15541/jim20250471

Abstract

Abstract:

Laser wavelength is a critical parameter that determines the applicability and effectiveness of laser sources among various fields. The extension of laser wavelengths has been a long-standing task in laser physics and laser technology. Among various spectral regions, yellow-orange lasers—characterized by high eye sensitivity, excellent color rendering, and strong atmospheric penetration—have attracted significant attention for their wide applications in biomedical imaging, laser therapy, display technology, environmental sensing, optical communications, and so on. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in yellow-orange laser crystals and all-solid-state laser devices. It contains four main categories of approaches: blue diode-pumped Dy³⁺/Tb³⁺ doped crystal materials, nonlinear sum-frequency-generation (SFG), Raman laser crystals, and the emerging function- integrated laser crystals. A detailed comparison of their technical characteristics and performances has been provided. Notably, a novel class of function-integrated yellow-orange laser crystals based on electron-phonon coupling effects has been investigated by many leading groups. These novel crystal materials enable efficient wavelength extension through enhanced energy transfer between electronic transitions and phonon vibrations, thus offering a promising alternative for changing the laser wavelengths, especially in the yellow-orange region. Such phonon-coupled laser devices exhibit remarkable advantages, including wide wavelength tunability, high conversion efficiency, low cost, and high integration capability. Consequently, they have garnered widespread interest within the global laser research community and are paving the new way for practical applications in laser medicine, high-fidelity displays, remote sensing, and other advanced photonic systems. Finally, this review outlines prospective research directions and anticipates potential breakthroughs in the design, synthesis, and application of yellow-orange laser crystal materials.

Key words: laser crystal, all-solid-state yellow laser, crystal growth, laser property, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

SI Huichen, LIANG Fei, YU Haohai, ZHANG Huaijin. Research Progress on Yellow-orange Laser Crystals and Their All-solid-state Laser Devices[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(8): 1049-1068.

Figures/Tables 22

References 133

[1]	LIANG F, HE C, CHEN Y F, et al. China’s top 10 optical breakthroughs: electron-phonon coupling effect and laser wavelength extension. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(23): 2300001.
[2]	JI L L. Twenty questions on the frontier of laser science and technology. Advanced Photonics, 2024, 6(6): 060505.
[3]	HUO X, QI Y, ZHANG Y, et al. Research development of 589 nm laser for sodium laser guide stars. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2020, 134: 106207. DOI URL
[4]	CAI Y, DING J, BAI Z, et al. Recent progress in yellow laser: principles, status and perspectives. Optics & Laser Technology, 2022, 152: 108113.
[5]	SHANK C V, DIENES A, TROZZOLO A M, et al. Near UV to yellow tunable laser emission from an organic dye. Applied Physics Letters, 1970, 16(10): 405.
[6]	MAJID M A, AL-JABR A A, OUBEI H M, et al. First demonstration of InGaP/InAlGaP based 608 nm orange laser and 583 nm yellow superluminescent diode. Reston: IEEE Photonics Conference, 2015: 575-576.
[7]	KIM E B, LEE W K, PARK C Y, et al. Narrow linewidth 578 nm light generation using frequency-doubling with a waveguide PPLN pumped by an optical injection-locked diode laser. Optics Express, 2010, 18(10): 10308.
[8]	LEINONEN T, KORPIJÄRVI V M, HÄRKÖNEN A, et al. 7.4 W yellow GaInNAs-based semiconductor disk laser. Electronic Letters, 2011, 47(20): 1139.
[9]	KANTOLA E, LEINONEN T, RANTA S, et al. High-efficiency 20 W yellow VECSEL. Optics Express, 2014, 22(6): 6372.
[10]	SHEN C, FANG S, ZHANG J, et al. High performance and stable pure-blue quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes by multifunctional zwitterionic passivation engineering. Advanced Photonics, 2024, 6(2): 026002.
[11]	HUANG Y, GONG X, ZHANG L, et al. First achievement of yellow laser operation in Dy³⁺-doped borate crystals. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024, 16(37): 49556.
[12]	XU J, XU X D, HOU W T, et al. Research progress of rare-earth doped laser crystals in visible region. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(6): 573.
[13]	BIAN Q, BO Y, ZUO J W, et al. High-power repetition rate-and pulse width-tunable 589 nm versatile laser for adaptive optical systems. Optics Express, 2020, 28(9): 13895.
[14]	CHEN P, XIAO Z, NAN Y, et al. Acousto-optically Q-switched Nd:YLF/KGW/LBO Raman yellow laser operating at 578 nm. Optics Letters, 2025, 50(5): 1621.
[15]	TU H, MA S, HU Z, et al. Efficient monolithic diamond Raman yellow laser at 572.5 nm. Optical Materials, 2021, 114: 110912. DOI URL
[16]	MCKINNIE I T, OIEN A M L. Tunable red-yellow laser based on second harmonic generation of Cr:forsterite in KTP. Optics Communications, 1997, 141(3/4): 157.
[17]	GIFFIN S M, BAXTER G W, MCKINNIE I T, et al. Efficient 550-600 nm tunable laser based on noncritically phase-matched frequency doubling of room-temperature LiF:F₂^- in lithium triborate. Applied Optics, 2002, 41(21): 4331.
[18]	BURNS P A, DAWESA J M, DEKKERA P, et al. Coupled-cavity, single-frequency, tunable cw Yb:YAB yellow microchip laser. Optics Communications, 2002, 207: 315. DOI URL
[19]	DU J, LU D, LIANG F, et al. Monolithic continuous-wave yellow laser with the integration of multiphonon-electron coupling and self- frequency doubling. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 181: 111894.
[20]	KRANKEL C, MARZAHL D T, MOGLIA F, et al. Out of the blue: semiconductor laser pumped visible rare-earth doped lasers. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2016, 10(4): 548.
[21]	CAI X Y, WANG Y, LI J F, et al. Thermal, and optical features study of Dy:YAlO₃ and Dy/Tb:YAlO₃ crystals for yellow laser applications. Journal of Luminescence, 2021, 231: 117711. DOI URL
[22]	TU C, LI J, YOU Z, et al. Spectroscopic and yellow laser features of Dy³⁺:Y₃Al₅O₁₂ single crystals. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 350.
[23]	BOWMAN S R, O’CONNOR S, CONDON N J. Diode pumped yellow dysprosium lasers. Optics Express, 2012, 20(12): 12906.
[24]	LIU B, SHI J, WANG Q, et al. Crystal growth and yellow emission of Dy:YAlO₃. Optical Materials, 2017, 72: 208. DOI URL
[25]	ZHOU W W, WEI B, ZHAO W, et al. Intense yellow emission in Dy³⁺-doped LiGd(MoO₄)₂ crystal for visible lasers. Optical Materials, 2011, 34: 56. DOI URL
[26]	SHI J, LIU B, WANG Q, et al. Crystal growth, spectroscopic characteristics, and Judd-Ofelt analysis of Dy:Lu₂O₃for yellow laser. Chinese Physics B, 2018, 27(7): 077802.
[27]	BIGOTTA S, TONELLI M, CAVALLI E, et al. Optical spectra of Dy³⁺ in KY₃F₁₀ and LiLuF₄ crystalline fibers. Journal of Luminescence, 2010, 130(1): 13.
[28]	JIANG T, CHEN Y, GONG X, et al. Spectroscopic properties of Dy³⁺-doped Sr₃Y(BO₃)₃ crystal. Optical Materials, 2019, 91: 171. DOI URL
[29]	CHEN X, HUANG Y, YUAN F, et al. A novel yellow laser candidate: Dy³⁺ doped Ca₃NbGa₃Si₂O₁₄ crystal. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2021, 564: 126114. DOI URL
[30]	LI Y, LIU L, HUANG Y, et al. Growth and spectroscopic properties of Dy³⁺:GdCa₄O(BO₃)₃ crystals. Optical Materials, 2024, 157: 116230. DOI URL
[31]	HUANG Y, LI Y, PAN S, et al. Spectroscopy and laser performance of Dy³⁺:LaMgB₅O₁₀ crystal. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 183: 112393.
[32]	METZ P W, MARZAHL D T, MAJID A, et al. Efficient continuous wave laser operation of Tb³⁺-doped fluoride crystals in the green and yellow spectral regions. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2016, 10(2): 335.
[33]	KAMINSKII A, HÖMMERICH U, TEMPLE D, et al. Visible laser action of Dy³⁺ ions in monoclinic KY(WO₄)₂ and KGd(WO₄)₂ crystals under Xe-flashlamp pumping. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2000, 39: 208. DOI
[34]	LIMPERT J, ZELLMER H, RIEDEL P, et al. Laser oscillation in yellow and blue spectral range in Dy³⁺:ZBLAN. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(16): 1386.
[35]	METZ P W, MOGLIA F, REICHERT F, et al. Novel rare earth solid state lasers with emission wavelengths in the visible spectral range. 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/ IQEC, Munich, 2013.
[36]	XIA Z C, YANG F G, QIAO L, et al. End pumped yellow laser performance of Dy³⁺:ZnWO₄. Optics Communications, 2017, 387: 357. DOI URL
[37]	BADTKE M, KALUSNIAK S, SCHEL S P, et al. Temperature- dependent spectroscopy and laser performance of yellow Tb:YLF lasers with 36% slope efficiency at room temperature and 61% at 100 K. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2025, 19(16): 2402019.
[38]	CASTELLANO-HERNÁNDEZ E, METZ P W, DEMESH M, et al. Efficient directly emitting high-power Tb³⁺:LiLuF₄ laser operating at 587.5 nm in the yellow range. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(19): 4791.
[39]	CHEN H, UEHARA H, KAWASE H, et al. Efficient visible laser operation of Tb:LiYF₄ and LiTbF₄. Optics Express, 2020, 28(8): 10951.
[40]	KALUSNIAK S, TANAKA H, CASTELLANO-HERNÁNDEZ E, et al. UV-pumped visible Tb³⁺-lasers. Optics Letters, 2020, 45(22): 6170.
[41]	KOTOV L, KANEDA Y, SCHEL S P, et al. Continuous-wave and Q-switched Tb:YLF lasers at 587 nm. Optics Express, 2025, 33(3): 3950.
[42]	BOLOGNESI G, PARISI D, CALONICO D, et al. Yellow laser performance of Dy³⁺ in co-doped Dy,Tb:LiLuF₄. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(23): 6628.
[43]	LIU X, GONG Q, HUANG C, et al. Crystal growth, property investigation, and the deactivation effect of Tb³⁺ in Dy³⁺/Tb³⁺ codoped LiYF₄ crystals: promising crystals for all-solid-state yellow lasers. Crystal Growth & Design, 2024, 24(9): 3699.
[44]	ZHANG Y X, WANG R, ZHOU Y S, et al. Diode-pumped Dy³⁺, Tb³⁺:LuLiF₄ continuous-wave and passively Q-switched yellow lasers. Optics Communications, 2022, 510: 127917. DOI URL
[45]	WANG R, ZHOU Y, LI X, et al. Graphene-based passive Q-switching of a Dy³⁺,Tb³⁺:LuLiF₄yellow laser. Optical Materials, 2022, 125: 112067. DOI URL
[46]	ZOU J, HE H, SONG L, et al. Sub-100-fs deep-red mode-locked fiber laser for multicolor two-photon microscopy. Advanced Photonics, 2025, 7(4): 046009.
[47]	CHENGCHUN Z, SHANMING L, MIN X, et al. Research progress in laser crystals. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(11): 1101022.
[48]	FUJIMOTO Y, ISHII O, YAMAZAKI M. Yellow laser oscillation in Dy³⁺-doped waterproof fluoro-aluminate glass fibre pumped by 398.8 nm GaN laser diodes. Electronics Letters, 2010, 46(8): 586.
[49]	JEYS T H, BRAILOVE A A, MOORADIAN A. Sum frequency generation of sodium resonance radiation. Applied Optics, 1989, 28(13): 2588.
[50]	SCHULZ P A, JEYS T H. Three-wavelength interconversion laser. Optics Letters, 1993, 18(19): 1630.
[51]	VANCE J D, SHE C Y, MOOSMULLER H. Continuous-wave, all-solid-state, single-frequency 400-mW source at 589 nm based on doubly resonant sum-frequency mixing in a monolithic lithium niobate resonator. Optical Society of America, 1998, 37(21): 4891.
[52]	BU Y, ZHENG Q, XUE Q, et al. Diode-pumped 593.5 nm cw yellow laser by type-I CPM LBO intracavity sum-frequency- mixing. Optics & Laser Technology, 2006, 38(8): 565.
[53]	BO Y, XIE S Y, WANG Z C, et al. 589 nm high power sum-frequency generation with quasi-continuous-wave diode- pumped Nd:YAG lasers. 2010 International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics & Lasers, Ukraine, 2010: 64-66.
[54]	LI L Y, DONG Y, FEI L Y. 3.62 W of continuous-wave orange- yellow light generated by intra-cavity sum-frequency mixing of Nd:YVO₄. Optik, 2011, 122(13): 1125.
[55]	LU Y H, FAN G B, REN H J, et al. High-average-power narrow- line-width sum frequency generation 589 nm laser. Technologies for Optical Countermeasures XII; and High-power Lasers 2015: Technology and Systems, Toulouse, 2015, 9650: 965008.
[56]	YANG J, TAN H, TIAN Y, et al. Generation of a 578-nm yellow laser by the use of sum-frequency mixing in a branched cavity. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2016, 8(1): 1500607.
[57]	MA G, YANG J, TAN H, et al. Continuous-wave yellow laser generation at 578 nm by intracavity sum-frequency mixing of thin disk Yb:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser. Optics & Laser Technology, 2017, 92: 32.
[58]	LU Y, ZHANG L, XU X, et al. 208 W all-solid-state sodium guide star laser operated at modulated-longitudinal mode. Optics Express, 2019, 27(15): 20282.
[59]	ZHAO L N, SU J, HU X P, et al. Single-pass sum-frequency- generation of 589-nm yellow light based on dual-wavelength Nd:YAG laser with periodically-poled LiTaO₃ crystal. Optics Express, 2010, 18(13): 13331.
[60]	WANG Y N, ZHENG Q, YAO Y, et al. Intracavity sum-frequency diode side-pumped all-solid-state generation yellow laser at 589 nm with an output power of 20.5 W. Applied Optics, 2013, 52(9): 1876.
[61]	LI B, YAO J Q, DING X, et al. A novel CW yellow light generated by a diode-end-pumped intra-cavity frequency mixed Nd:YVO₄ laser. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014, 56: 99.
[62]	SINGH A J, GUPTA P K, SHARMA S K, et al. Efficient yellow beam generation by intracavity sum frequency mixing in DPSS Nd:YVO₄ laser. Pramana, 2014, 82(2): 197.
[63]	LIU J, WANG J L, LÜ T Y, et al. All-solid-state 589 nm laser and the brightness of excited sodium guide star. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2014, 22(12): 3200.
[64]	WANG P Y, XIE S Y, BO Y, et al. 33 W quasi-continuous-wave narrow-band sodium D_2a laser by sum-frequency generation in LBO. Chinese Physics B, 2014, 23(9): 094208.
[65]	ZHU P F, WANG L L, ZHANG C M, et al. All-solid-state side- pumped intracavity sum frequency generation yellow laser at 589 nm with the output power of 11.4 W. Optics and Spectroscopy, 2014, 116(3): 479.
[66]	YUAN Y, LI BIN, GUO X. Laser diode pumped Nd:YAG crystals frequency summing 589 nm yellow laser. Optik, 2016, 127(2): 710.
[67]	BIAN Q, BO Y, ZUO J W, et al. High-power QCW microsecond- pulse solid-state sodium beacon laser with spiking suppression and D_2b re-pumping. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(8): 1732.
[68]	BOHN W L, ACKERMANN H, TITTERTON D H, et al. Tunable line width all solid state double spectral line sodium beacon laser. Proceeding of SPIE, 2017, 10436: 1043605.
[69]	ZONG Q S, GUO C, BIAN Q, et al. Watt level laser source for a polychromatic laser guide stars: double resonant fluorescence from ³S_1/2-³P_3/2-³D_5/2 transition of sodium atoms. Optics Express, 2019, 27(9): 12255.
[70]	ZONG Q, BIAN Q, YANG Y, et al. Narrow linewidth high beam quality long pulse solid-state yellow laser at 589 nm by intra-cavity sum-frequency generation. 14th National Conference on Laser Technology and Optoelectronics, Shanghai, 2019, 11170: 111700M.
[71]	WILLIAMS R J, KITZLER O, MCKAY A, et al. Investigating diamond Raman lasers at the 100 W level using quasi-continuous- wave pumping. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(14): 4152.
[72]	IVLEVA L I, BASIEV T T, VORONINA I S, et al. SrWO₄:Nd³⁺- new material for multifunctional lasers. Optical Materials, 2003, 23(1/2): 439.
[73]	SPENCE D J, GRANADOS E, MILDREN R P. Mode-locked picosecond diamond Raman laser. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(4): 556.
[74]	REILLY S, SAVITSKI V G, LIU H, et al. Monolithic diamond Raman laser. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(6): 930.
[75]	YANG X, KITZLER O, SPENCE D J, et al. Diamond sodium guide star laser. Optics Letters, 2020, 45(7): 1898.
[76]	SUN Y, YANG X, LI M, et al. Diamond guide star laser pulsed at a Larmor frequency. Optics Express, 2024, 32(26): 46345.
[77]	SUN B, DING X, JIANG P, et al. 13.7-W 588-nm yellow laser generation by frequency doubling of 885-nm side-pumped Nd: YAG-YVO₄ intracavity Raman laser. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2020, 12(2): 1501607.
[78]	HSIAO J Q, HUANG Y J, LEE C C, et al. Powerful Q-switched Raman laser at 589 nm with a repetition rate between 200 and 500 kHz. Optics Letters, 2021, 46(9): 2063.
[79]	CHEN H H, HU W J, WEI X, et al. High beam quality yellow laser at 588 nm by an intracavity frequency-doubled composite Nd:YVO₄ Raman laser Optics Express, 2023, 31(5): 8494.
[80]	CHEN P, XIAO Z, GUO C, et al. Nanosecond pulsed Raman yellow laser operating at 573 and 582 nm. Optics Express, 2025, 33(15): 31334.
[81]	CONG Z, ZHANG X, WANG Q, et al. Theoretical and experimental study on the Nd:YAG/BaWO₄/KTP yellow laser generating 8.3 W output power. Optics Express, 2010, 18(12): 12111.
[82]	DUAN Y, ZHU H, HUANG C, et al. Potential sodium D₂ resonance radiation generated by intra-cavity SHG of a c-cut Nd:YVO₄ self-Raman laser. Optics Express, 2011, 19(7): 6333.
[83]	WAN X, WANG Q, LIU Z, et al. Frequency-doubled Nd:Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂/ BaWO₄Raman laser emitting at 589 nm. Applied Physics Express, 2012, 5(10): 102702.
[84]	XU H, ZHANG X, WANG Q, et al. Diode-pumped passively Q-switched yellow laser with SrWO₄ Raman crystal and ceramic Nd:YAG gain medium. Optics Communications, 2012, 285(24): 5302.
[85]	PENG J Y, ZHENG Y, SHI Y X, et al. Passively Q-switched a-cut Nd:GdVO₄ self-Raman laser with Cr:YAG. Optics & Laser Technology, 2012, 44(7): 2175.
[86]	DING S, ZHANG W, WANG S, et al. Theoretical and experimental study on passively Q-switched intracavity frequency-doubled solid- state yellow Raman lasers. Applied Optics, 2013, 52(15): 3583.
[87]	SHEN H, WANG Q, ZHANG X, et al. Intracavity frequency- doubled Nd:YAG/KLu(WO₄)₂ Raman laser at 589 nm: a potential source for sodium D₂ resonance radiation Optics & Laser Technology, 2013, 45: 142.
[88]	GAO Z L, LIU S D, ZHANG J J, et al. Self-frequency-doubled BaTeMo₂O₉ Raman laser emitting at 589 nm. Optics Express, 2013, 21(6): 7821.
[89]	JIANG W, ZHU S, CHEN X, et al. Compact passively Q-switched Raman laser at 1176 nm and yellow laser at 588 nm using Nd³⁺:YAG/Cr⁴⁺:YAG composite crystal. Applied Optics, 2014, 53(7): 1328.
[90]	LIU Y, LIU Z, CONG Z, et al. Quasi-continuous-wave 589-nm radiation based on intracavity frequency-doubled Nd:GGG/BaWO₄ Raman laser. Optics & Laser Technology, 2016, 81: 184.
[91]	MAO T, DUAN Y, CHEN S, et al. Yellow and orange light selectable output generated by Nd:YAP/YVO₄/LBO Raman laser. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2019, 31(13): 1112.
[92]	ZHANG L, DUAN Y, SUN Y, et al. Passively Q-switched multiple visible wavelengths switchable YVO₄ Raman laser. Journal of Luminescence, 2020, 228: 117650. DOI URL
[93]	CHEN Y F, CHEN K Y, LIU Y C, et al. Criterion for optimizing high-power acousto-optically Q-switched self-Raman yellow lasers with repetition rates up to 500 kHz. Optics Letters, 2020, 45(7): 1922.
[94]	DUAN Y, SUN Y, ZHU H, et al. YVO₄ cascaded Raman laser for five-visible-wavelength switchable emission. Optics Letters, 2020, 45(9): 2564.
[95]	HUI Z, HAOYU W, SIQI Z, et al. 578.5 nmend-pumped passively Q-switched Raman yellow laser. Laser and Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(1): 0114004.
[96]	CHEN M, DAI S, YIN H, et al. Passively Q-switched yellow laser at 589 nm by intracavity frequency-doubled c-cut composite Nd:YVO₄ self-Raman laser Optics & Laser Technology, 2021, 133: 106534.
[97]	CHEN J C, HO Y W, TU Y C, et al. High-peak-power passively Q-switched laser at 589 nm with intracavity stimulated Raman scattering. Crystals, 2023, 13(2): 334.
[98]	CHEN J C, TU Y C, HO Y W, et al. Highly efficient diode-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:YVO₄/KGW Raman lasers at yellow and orange wavelengths. Optics Express, 2023, 31(5): 8696.
[99]	HO Y W, CHEN J C, TU Y C, et al. Sub-nanosecond passively Q-switched yellow and orange Raman lasers. Photonics, 2024, 11(2): 157.
[100]	DUAN Y, XU J, WEI Y, et al. Yellow-orange wavelength- switchable laser emission generated from c-cut Nd:YVO₄ self- Raman with 890 and 259 cm^-1 shifts. Journal of Luminescence, 2024, 267: 120402. DOI URL
[101]	GRANADOS E, PASK H M, ESPOSITO E, et al. Multi- wavelength, all-solid-state, continuous wave mode locked picosecond Raman laser. Optics Express, 2010, 18(5): 5289.
[102]	CHENG Y, YU H, ZHANG H, et al. Advances in the research and laser applications of self-frequency doubling crystals. Journal of Technology, 2021, 21(2): 96.
[103]	YU X, YUE Y, YAO J, et al. YAl₃(BO₃)₄: Crystal growth and characterization. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2010, 312(20): 3029.
[104]	LEONYUK N I, LEONYUK L I. Growth and characterization of RM₃(BO₃)₄ crystals. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 1995, 31: 179. DOI URL
[105]	FILIMONOV A A, LEONYUK N I, MEISSNER L B, et al. Nonlinear optical properties of isomorphic family of crystals with yttrium-aluminium borate (YAB) structure. Kristall and Technik, 1974, 9(1): 63.
[106]	DEKKER P, BURNS P A, DAWES J M, et al. Widely tunable yellow-green lasers based on the self-frequency-doubling material Yb:YAB. Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics, 2003, 20(4): 706.
[107]	WU Y C, LIU J G, FU P Z, et al. A new class of nonlinear optical crystals R₂CaB₁₀O₁₉ (RCB). International Society for Optics and Photonics, 1998, 10: 8.
[108]	WU Y, HU Z, JING F, et al. Growth and property of Ce³⁺-doped La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉ crystal. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(5): 583.
[109]	CHENG Y, FENG J, WANG F, et al. Enhanced electron-phonon coupling effect in rare-earth borate vrystals containing a “Quasi- Free-Oxygen” motif. Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 61(26): 10228.
[110]	GUO R, WU Y, FU P, et al. Growth and spectroscopic properties of ytterbium-doped lanthanum calcium borate (Yb³⁺:La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉) crystal. Optics Communications, 2005, 244(1-6): 321. DOI URL
[111]	BRENIER A, WU Y, ZHANG J, et al. Lasing Yb³⁺ in crystals with a wavelength dependence anisotropy displayed from La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉. Applied Physics B, 2012, 107(1): 59.
[112]	CHENG Y, FENG J, LIANG F, et al. Diode-pumped continuous- wave laser of a self-frequency-doubling Yb:La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉ crystal. Optics Letters, 2022, 47(23): 6145.
[113]	CHENG Y L, LIANG F, LU D Z, et al. Phonon engineering in Yb:La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉ crystal for extended lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum. Light: Science & Applications, 2023, 12(1): 1.
[114]	CHENG Y, LIANG F, FENG J, et al. Multiphonon-coupling yellow laser in Yb:La₂CaB₁₀O₁₉ crystal. Optics Express, 2024, 32(11): 20316.
[115]	HUAQING X, JUN L, TONGGENG X, et al. Research on the thermophysical properties of Ca₂YO(BO₃)₃ crystals. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2002, 17(2): 226.
[116]	LIU F F, CAI S X, LIU J H. Research of Yb-doped rare-earth calcium oxyborate crystal lasers. Laser and Optoelectronics Progress, 2020, 57(7): 071604.
[117]	MOUGEL F, DARDENNE K, AKA G, et al. Ytterbium-doped Ca₄GdO(BO₃)₃: an efficient infrared laser and self-frequency doubling crystal. Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics, 1999, 16(1): 164.
[118]	LU D Z, FANG Q N, YU H H, et al. Yb:YCOB self-frequency- doubled yellow laser crystal and device. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2020, 49(2): 247.
[119]	FANG Q, LU D, YU H, et al. Self-frequency-doubled vibronic yellow Yb:YCOB laser at the wavelength of 570 nm. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(5): 1002.
[120]	WANG F, LIANG F, JING F, et al. Phonon-assisted photoluminescence-excited (PLE) spectrum in Eu³⁺-doped single crystals. Crystal Growth & Design, 2025, 25(3): 838.
[121]	WANG F, LIANG F, LU D, et al. Dimensionality effect of the “Free-Oxygen” motif on the crystal field splitting in rare-earth crystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2023, 127(30): 15011.
[122]	WANG F, LIANG F, LIU W, et al. Anion-centered polyhedron strategy for strengthening photon emission induced by electron- phonon coupling. Inorganic Chemistry, 2022, 61(9): 4071.
[123]	BLASSE G. Interaction between optical centers and their surroundings: an inorganic chemist’s approach. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 1990, 35: 319.
[124]	LIANG F, HE C, LU D, et al. Multiphonon-assisted lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum. Nature Physics, 2022, 18(11): 1312.
[125]	SI H, LIANG F, LU D, et al. Coherent phonon excitation in multiphonon-coupled lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 192: 113932.
[126]	FU Y, LIANG F, HE C, et al. Photon-phonon collaboratively pumped laser. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 8110. DOI PMID
[127]	SI H, LIANG F, LU D, et al. Efficient direct laser generation by three-phonon-assisted transition with Yb:YCOB crystal. Advanced Photonics Research, 2023, 4(6): 2300092.
[128]	SI H, LIANG F, ZHOU Y, et al. Monolithic 591-nm laser with cooperative multiphonon-coupling and nonlinear frequency-doubling. Optics Letters, 2023, 48(18): 4913.
[129]	OGILVY H, WITHFORD M J, DEKKER P, et al. Efficient diode double-end-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser operating at 1342 nm. Optics Express, 2003, 11(19): 2411.
[130]	FU Y, HAO H, LIANG F, et al. Intracavity frequency-doubled yellow laser in an electron-phonon-coupled Nd:YVO₄ crystal. Optics Letters, 2024, 49(3): 578.
[131]	WAN X B, WANG Q P, LIU Z J, et al. Comparison of c-Nd:YVO₄/YVO₄ Raman lasers and c-Nd:YVO₄ self-Raman lasers. Laser Physics, 2011, 22(1): 106.
[132]	DING X, LIU J, SHENG Q, et al. Efficient eye-safe Nd:YVO₄ self-Raman laser in-band pumped at 914 nm. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2015, 7(6): 1503807.
[133]	WANG A Y, YU X S, YUAN G. Self-frequency doubling yellow laser with low thermal effect and high beam quality. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(13): 1314001.

Crystal	Absorption wavelength, λ_abs/nm	Absorption cross-section, σ_abs/(×10^-21, cm²)	Emission wavelength, λ_em/nm	Emission cross-section, σ_em/(×10^-21, cm²)	Fluorescence lifetime, τ_f/μs	Ref.
Dy:Y₃Al₅O₁₂	447.4	1.6	582.7	3	376	[23]
Dy:YAlO₃	450	0.743 (E//a) 0.690 (E//b) 0.870 (E//c)	574	2.98 (E//a) 4.5 (E//b) 4.52 (E//c)	185	[24]
Dy:LiGd(MoO₄)₂	455	2 (σ) 3.3 (π)	575	1.52 (σ) 2.23 (π)	139	[25]
Dy:Lu₂O₃	446	0.71	574	5.3	112.1	[26]
Dy:LiLuF₄	447	0.98	582	3	582	[27]
Dy:Sr₃Y(BO₃)₃	454	0.6 (σ) 0.8 (π)	576	1 (σ) 1.2 (π)	820	[28]
Dy:Ca₃NbGa₃Si₂O₁₄	453	1.3	572	1.8	240	[29]
Dy:GdMgB₅O₄	452	0.66 (E//X) 1.04 (E//Y) 0.3 (E//Z)	578.5/581	2.48 (E//Y) 1.58 (E//X)	459	[11]
Dy:GdCa₄O(BO₃)₃	454	0.28 (E//X) 0.93 (E//Y) 1.09 (E//Z)	585	1.29 (E//X) 1.19 (E//Y) 0.87 (E//Z)	495	[30]
Dy:LaMgB₅O₁₀	452	0.97 (E//X) 1.69 (E//Y) 1.08 (E//Z)	581/578	3.48/1.58	516	[31]
Tb:LiLuF₄	488.8	~0.2 (E//a) ~0.3 (E//c)	587	~0.5 (E//a) ~1 (E//c)	4800	[32]
Tb:LiYF₄	488.7	~0.3 (E//a) ~0.2 (E//c)	587	~1 (E//a) ~0.5 (E//c)	5000	[32]
Tb:KY₃F₁₀	485.3	~0.3	584	~0.5	4800	[32]
Tb:BaLu₂F₈	486	~0.1 (E//X) ~0.2 (E//Y) ~0.1(E//Z)	581	~0.5	4900	[32]

Crystal	Absorption wavelength, λ_abs/nm	Absorption cross-section, σ_abs/(×10^-21, cm²)	Emission wavelength, λ_em/nm	Emission cross-section, σ_em/(×10^-21, cm²)	Fluorescence lifetime, τ_f/μs	Ref.
Dy:Y₃Al₅O₁₂	447.4	1.6	582.7	3	376	[23]
Dy:YAlO₃	450	0.743 (E//a) 0.690 (E//b) 0.870 (E//c)	574	2.98 (E//a) 4.5 (E//b) 4.52 (E//c)	185	[24]
Dy:LiGd(MoO₄)₂	455	2 (σ) 3.3 (π)	575	1.52 (σ) 2.23 (π)	139	[25]
Dy:Lu₂O₃	446	0.71	574	5.3	112.1	[26]
Dy:LiLuF₄	447	0.98	582	3	582	[27]
Dy:Sr₃Y(BO₃)₃	454	0.6 (σ) 0.8 (π)	576	1 (σ) 1.2 (π)	820	[28]
Dy:Ca₃NbGa₃Si₂O₁₄	453	1.3	572	1.8	240	[29]
Dy:GdMgB₅O₄	452	0.66 (E//X) 1.04 (E//Y) 0.3 (E//Z)	578.5/581	2.48 (E//Y) 1.58 (E//X)	459	[11]
Dy:GdCa₄O(BO₃)₃	454	0.28 (E//X) 0.93 (E//Y) 1.09 (E//Z)	585	1.29 (E//X) 1.19 (E//Y) 0.87 (E//Z)	495	[30]
Dy:LaMgB₅O₁₀	452	0.97 (E//X) 1.69 (E//Y) 1.08 (E//Z)	581/578	3.48/1.58	516	[31]
Tb:LiLuF₄	488.8	~0.2 (E//a) ~0.3 (E//c)	587	~0.5 (E//a) ~1 (E//c)	4800	[32]
Tb:LiYF₄	488.7	~0.3 (E//a) ~0.2 (E//c)	587	~1 (E//a) ~0.5 (E//c)	5000	[32]
Tb:KY₃F₁₀	485.3	~0.3	584	~0.5	4800	[32]
Tb:BaLu₂F₈	486	~0.1 (E//X) ~0.2 (E//Y) ~0.1(E//Z)	581	~0.5	4900	[32]

Raman crystal	Raman shift/ cm^-1	Raman linewidth/ cm^-1	Raman gain@ 1064 nm/ (cm·GW^-1)	Thermal conductivity/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)
KGd(WO₄)₂	901.0	3.3	5.9	2.6
BaWO₄	925.0	1.6	8.5	2.6
CaWO₄	910.7	7.0	3.8	16
SrWO₄	921.0	3.0	5.0	-
YVO₄	890.0	3.5	4.5	5.2
GdVO₄	882.0	3.5	4.5	10.5
CaMoO₄	879.3	5.0	3.5	3.9
BaTeMo₂O₉	904.8	5.6	-	<2.0
Diamond	1332.9	2.7	13.5	>1000
Ba(NO₃)₂	1047.3	0.4	11.0	1.17
LiIO₃	822.0	5.0	4.8	-

Raman crystal	Raman shift/ cm^-1	Raman linewidth/ cm^-1	Raman gain@ 1064 nm/ (cm·GW^-1)	Thermal conductivity/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)
KGd(WO₄)₂	901.0	3.3	5.9	2.6
BaWO₄	925.0	1.6	8.5	2.6
CaWO₄	910.7	7.0	3.8	16
SrWO₄	921.0	3.0	5.0	-
YVO₄	890.0	3.5	4.5	5.2
GdVO₄	882.0	3.5	4.5	10.5
CaMoO₄	879.3	5.0	3.5	3.9
BaTeMo₂O₉	904.8	5.6	-	<2.0
Diamond	1332.9	2.7	13.5	>1000
Ba(NO₃)₂	1047.3	0.4	11.0	1.17
LiIO₃	822.0	5.0	4.8	-

Principle	Pump wavelength/ nm	Laser/Raman/SHG crystals	Saturable absorber	Wavelength/ nm	Output power/W	Repetition rate	Pulse width	Year	Ref.
SRS+ SHG	808	Nd:YAG/BaWO₄/KTP	AO	590	8.3	15 kHz	20 ns	2010	[81]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/Nd:YVO₄/LBO	AO	589.17	2.15	40 kHz	16 ns	2011	[82]
	808	Nd:GGG/BaWO₄/KTP	AO	589	0.82	10 kHz	9 ns	2012	[83]
	808	Nd:YAG/SrWO₄/KTP	Cr:YAG	590	1.02	21.9 kHz	3 ns	2012	[84]
	807.5	Nd:GdVO₄/Nd:GdVO₄/LBO	Cr:YAG	586.5	0.01	27.5 kHz	1.8 ns	2012	[85]
	808	Nd:YAG/SrWO₄/KTP	Cr:YAG	590	0.35	~15.3 kHz	~3 ns	2013	[86]
	808	Nd:YAG/KLu(WO₄₎₂/KTP	AO	589	4.33	10 kHz	38 ns	2013	[87]
	1064	-/BaTeMo₂O₉/-	-	589	-	1 Hz	3.5 ns	2013	[88]
	808	Nd:YAG/YVO₄/KTP	Cr:YAG	588	0.105	10.75 kHz	4.95 ns	2014	[89]
	808	Nd:GGG/BaWO₄/KTP	AO	588	4.2	33.3 kHz	13.6 ns	2016	[90]
	804	Nd:YAP/YVO₄/LBO	AO	567.2/597.4	0.305/0.508	20 kHz	4.7/4.1 ns	2019	[91]
	804	Nd:YAP/YVO₄/BBO	Cr:YAG/YAG	567.2/597.4	0.431/0.472	10.9/ 1.9 kHz	2.4/2.6 ns	2020	[92]
	808	Nd:YAG/ YVO₄/KTP	AO	588	13.7	10 kHz	12.5 ns	2020	[77]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/Nd:YVO₄/LBO	AO	588	8.8	200 kHz	8 ns	2020	[93]
	804	Nd:YAP/YVO₄/BBO	AO	567.2/597.4	0.34/0.46	-	4.1/4.7 ns	2020	[94]
	1018	-/Diamond/LBO	-	589	22	-	-	2020	[75]
	940	Yb:YAG/YVO₄/KTP	Cr:YAG/YAG	578.3	0.183	6.5 kHz	6.5 ns	2021	[95]
	808	YVO₄-Nd:YVO₄-YVO₄/-/ LBO	YAG/Cr:YAG/YAG	588	0.66	16 kHz	2.8 ns	2021	[96]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/KGW/LBO	AO	589	15.1	400 kHz	10.2 ns	2021	[78]
	878.4	YVO₄-Nd:YVO₄-YVO₄/YVO₄/LBO	AO	588	2.85	50 kHz	3 ns	2023	[79]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/KGW/LBO	Cr:YAG	589	-	10 kHz	0.91 ns	2023	[97]
SRS+ SHG	808	Nd:YVO₄/KGW/LBO	Cr:YAG	579/589	-	10 kHz	1.25 ns	2023	[98]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/KGW/LBO	Cr:YAG	579/589	1.2/1	10 kHz	0.67/0.7ns	2024	[99]
	808	Nd:YVO₄/YVO₄/LBO	AO	589/598	2.56/1.07	40/ 40 kHz	18.4/11.8 ns	2024	[100]
	1018	-/Diamond/LBO	-	589	32.6	-	-	2024	[76]
	880	Nd:LiYF₄/KGW/LBO	AO	578	4.5	5 kHz	6.7 ns	2025	[14]
	880	Nd:LiYF₄/KGW/LBO	AO	573/582	2.5/3.4	5 kHz	8.3/7.6 ns	2025	[80]
SHG+ SRS	532	-/Diamond/-	-	573	2.2	-	21 ps	2010	[73]
	532	-/KGW/-	-	589	1.4	-	5.5 ps	2010	[101]
	532	-/Diamond/-	-	573	-	10 kHz	1.2 ns	2015	[74]
	532	-/Diamond/-	-	572.5	9.2	10 kHz	-	2021	[15]