可注射无机材料及其生物医学应用

doi:10.15541/jim20250441

无机材料学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 751-763.DOI: 10.15541/jim20250441

可注射无机材料及其生物医学应用

王金文¹^,²(), 杨振², 周欢², 夏丹¹(), 杨磊¹^,²()

¹ 河北工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 天津 300130
² 河北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 河北省生物医学材料与智能诊疗重点实验室, 健康科学与工程中心, 天津 300130

收稿日期:2025-10-31 修回日期:2026-01-19 出版日期:2026-06-20 网络出版日期:2026-01-22
通讯作者: 夏丹, 副教授. E-mail: xiad@hebut.edu.cn;
杨磊, 教授. E-mail: ylei@hebut.edu.cn
作者简介:王金文(1997-), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: wangjinwen166@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(82025025);国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2412300);国家自然科学基金联合基金(U23A6008);河北省自然科学基金(H2022202007);国家自然科学基金(32571559)

Biomedical Applications of Injectable Inorganic Biomaterials

WANG Jinwen¹^,²(), YANG Zhen², ZHOU Huan², XIA Dan¹(), YANG Lei¹^,²()

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
² Center for Health Science and Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China

Received:2025-10-31 Revised:2026-01-19 Published:2026-06-20 Online:2026-01-22
Contact: XIA Dan, associate professor. E-mail: xiad@hebut.edu.cn;
YANG Lei, professor. E-mail: ylei@hebut.edu.cn
About author:WANG Jinwen (1997-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: wangjinwen166@126.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82025025);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2412300);Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A6008);Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(H2022202007);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571559)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着医工交叉领域和生物医学新兴研究方向的迅速发展, 可注射医用材料因其在微创手术等领域的应用优势, 在组织修复与再生、医学影像、疾病精准诊疗及微创化治疗等前沿领域得到广泛关注, 并形成了一系列创新性医疗器械产品。在各类可注射医用材料中, 无机材料因其独特的材料生物学特性、流变学性能以及自固化等特点, 在微创骨科、肿瘤诊疗、组织替代与修复等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力和前景。本文综述了可注射无机材料的相关概念、原理及其在生物医学领域的最新进展。首先, 介绍了无机材料可注射性的基本概念、原理及其调控因素(包括无机材料颗粒的几何特征、体系的液固比、液相黏度及材料体系的物理化学反应等); 然后, 从临床应用角度阐述了可注射无机材料在硬组织修复、医学影像诊断、肿瘤治疗、皮肤和整形等领域的应用现状和研究进展, 并分析了其优势和不足; 最后, 探讨了当前面临的挑战及未来发展趋势。本文有望为推动医用无机材料的应用研究和临床转化提供有益参考, 进而促进相关医疗器械产品的技术创新和研发。

关键词: 无机材料, 可注射性, 生物医学, 微创手术, 综述

Abstract:

The rapid advancement at the interface of medicine and engineering, as well as emerging biomedical research, has led to a new research area of injectable biomaterials. Owing to their advantages in minimally invasive surgery, injectable biomaterials have been extensively investigated for biomedical research fields such as tissue repair and regeneration, medical imaging, precision diagnosis and therapy, and other minimally invasive therapies. Furthermore, many injectable biomaterials have been successfully translated into medical devices and products. Among injectable biomaterials, inorganic materials possess distinctive materiobiological properties, rheological properties, and unique self-setting behaviors, making them highly promising for biomedical applications including minimally invasive orthopedics, cancer theranostics, and tissue substitution and repair. This review aims to introduce the basics of injectable inorganic materials and summarize their latest research advances and application progress. Firstly, the fundamental concepts and governing principles of injectability are introduced, along with a discussion of key regulatory factors (e.g., geometric properties of the particles, liquid-to-solid ratio of the system, liquid phase viscosity, and physicochemical reactions). Secondly, clinically oriented research and development progress in inorganic injectable biomaterials are summarized, covering areas such as hard tissue repair, medical imaging diagnosis, cancer therapy, dermatology, and plastic surgery. Advantages and limitations of these materials are also analyzed. Finally, the key challenges and future research directions for injectable inorganic biomaterials are discussed. This article is expected to provide valuable references for advancing application-oriented research and facilitating the clinical translation of injectable inorganic biomaterials, thereby promoting the technological innovation and development of related medical devices.

Key words: inorganic material, injectability, biomedicine, minimally invasive surgery, review

中图分类号:

R318

王金文, 杨振, 周欢, 夏丹, 杨磊. 可注射无机材料及其生物医学应用[J]. 无机材料学报, 2026, 41(6): 751-763.

WANG Jinwen, YANG Zhen, ZHOU Huan, XIA Dan, YANG Lei. Biomedical Applications of Injectable Inorganic Biomaterials[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(6): 751-763.

图/表 8

图1 目前临床使用的可注射无机材料产品及其典型成分

Fig. 1 Current injectable inorganic materials for clinical use and their typical components

图2 无机材料体系的液固比及颗粒堆积状态对可注射性的影响[35-39]

Fig. 2 Effects of liquid-to-solid ratio and particle packing on the injectability of inorganic materials[35-39] (a) Effect of liquid-to-solid ratio on injectability[35]; (b) Packing state of particles of a single size[36]; (c) Packing state of particles of multiple sizes[36]; (d) Bimodal size distribution versus ϕmax[36]. Experimental maximum packing fraction data from Fiske et al.[38] and McGeary[39] for a bimodal size distribution (diameter ratio αp = D2/D1 = 20 (D1: diameter of small particles; D2: diameter of large particles; αp: diameter ratio of particles)) versus the small-to-large particle concentration ratio were compared with the predictions of the Ouchiyama & Tanaka[37] model

图3 液相黏度对无机材料可注射性的影响及磷酸钙骨水泥在固化过程中的流变学行为[44,46,49]

Fig. 3 Effect of liquid-phase viscosity on the injectability of inorganic materials and the rheological behavior of calcium phosphate bone cement during setting[44,46,49] (a) Injectability of calcium phosphate bone cement with different cellulose ether composites (A15, E4M, K4M, and K15M represent different grades of cellulose ether, with the viscosity relationship of A15 < E4M = K4M < K15M)[44]; (b) Injection force of solutions with varying viscosities in 27G and 29G-1 mL syringes[46]; (c) Schematic of calcium phosphate bone cement setting kinetics and linear viscoelastic properties over time[49]

图4 可注射无机材料在骨及口腔修复中的应用[55-57]

Fig. 4 Applications of injectable inorganic materials in orthopedics and dentistry[55-57] (a-d) Filling of sheep vertebrae with different bone cements (CPC is calcium phosphate bone cement, CPS is a composite bone cement of CPC and starch, CPB is a composite bone cement of CPS and barium sulfate, and PMMA is polymethyl methacrylate bone cement)[55]; (e) Compressive strength of a complete vertebra and vertebrae filled with different bone cements[55]; (f) XMT axial view of the 12 weeks mandibular specimen (top) and corresponding buccal-lingual section histological images (down)[56]; (g) Percentage of bone area to tissue area (BA/TA) at different time points (left), and the percentage of bone substitute to tissue area (BS/TA) (right)[56]; (h) Recovery of the affected area in a pediatric patient after combined treatment with a rational skin flap repair and absorbable calcium sulfate load-bearing medication[57]

表1 骨科及口腔科硬组织修复领域中的可注射无机材料产品示例[63-74]

Table 1 Examples of injectable inorganic materials for hard tissue repair in orthopedics and dentistry[63-74]

Product	Major component	Application
Self-setting calcium phosphate cement (Rebone)^[63]	Calcium phosphate	Non-load-bearing bone filling and root canal filling
HydroSet (Stryker)^[64]	Calcium phosphate	Cranial defect filling
Pro-Dense (Stryker)^[65]	Calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate	Bone defect filling and repair
AlloMatrix (Stryker)^[66]	Demineralized bone matrix, calcium sulfate	Bone defect filling and repair
DBX®Putty (DePuy Synthes)^[67]	Demineralized bone matrix	Bone defect filling and repair
Drillable bone void filler (DePuy Synthes)^[68]	Calcium phosphate	Bone defect filling and repair
FIBERGRAFT™ Bioactive glass (DePuy Synthes)^[69]	45S5 bioactive glass	Bone graft substitute
Calcium sulfate bone substitute (R&L Medical)^[70]	Calcium sulfate	Bone defect filling and repair
Inductigraft (Baxter)^[71]	Calcium phosphate, silicate	Bone graft substitute
Bone graft material-boneswift (Medgen Life Sciences)^[72]	Hydroxyapatite	Filling of orthopedic trauma and non-structural spinal defects
Vitapex (Morita)^[73]	Calcium hydroxide	Root canal filling
KP-Root SP (Kevin Peter)^[74]	Zirconia, silicate, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide	Root canal filling

图5 可注射无机材料在肿瘤治疗中的应用[81,83 -84]

Fig. 5 Applications of injectable inorganic materials in tumor therapy[81,83 -84] (a) Schematic of the preparation process and synergistic therapy for NGO-AuNPs-FA/MB and NGO-AuNPs-FA/5-Fu[81]; (b) Viability of HeLa cells with or without near-infrared (NIR) irradiation[81]; (c) Magnetic hyperthermia of tumors using Mg0.13-γFe2O3[83]; (d) Temperature-rise profiles under different treatments[83]; (e) Relative tumor volumes under different treatments[83]; (f) Embolization performance of the NeoCast embolic agent in porcine renal vasculature after 7 and 90 d[84]

图6 可注射无机材料在医学监测和诊断中的应用[92-93]

Fig. 6 Applications of injectable inorganic materials in medical sensing and diagnostics[92-93] (a) Schematic illustration of the functions of the Alg-PBA/PVA/GOH hydrogel[92]; (b, c) Impedance spectra of Alg-PBA/PVA/GOH hydrogel after incubation with E. coli (b) and S. aureus (c) suspensions for different times[92]; (d, e) Alg-PBA/PVA/GOH hydrogel monitoring human finger bending (d) and index finger bending from 0° to 90° (e)[92]; (f) Surgical electromagnetic localization of intraluminal gastrointestinal neoplasms using MagLabel-IH[93]; (g) Electromagnetic guidance probe used to gradually approach the tumor site labeled with MagLabel-IH, and ultimately mark the intestinal segment containing the tumor during laparoscopic procedure in rabbits[93]

图7 可注射无机材料在皮肤修复及面部填充中的应用[98,102 -104,107]

Fig. 7 Applications of injectable inorganic materials in skin repair and facial filling[98,102 -104,107] (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of EPPMO hydrogel[98]; (b) Before-and-after comparison using a calcium hydroxylapatite facial filler[102]; (c) Calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres[103]; (d, e) Type I collagen staining 9 months after treatment with calcium hydroxylapatite filler (d) and hyaluronic acid gel (e)[104]; (f) Intensity of type I collagen staining 9 months after treatment with calcium hydroxylapatite filler or hyaluronic acid gel[104]; (g) Facial artery embolization with ischemia of the nasal ala following injection of calcium hydroxylapatite filler in the nasolabial fold near the pyriform aperture[107]

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可注射无机材料及其生物医学应用

Biomedical Applications of Injectable Inorganic Biomaterials

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