光-热双响应材料研究进展: 从设计策略到智能窗应用

doi:10.15541/jim20250361

无机材料学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (6): 723-738.DOI: 10.15541/jim20250361 CSTR: 32189.14.10.15541/jim20250361

光-热双响应材料研究进展: 从设计策略到智能窗应用

陈明俊¹(), 缪洪康², 肖英俊², 邓建波³, 张翔¹(), 赵九蓬³, 李垚¹^,⁴()

¹ 哈尔滨工业大学复合材料与结构研究所, 哈尔滨 150001
² 上海卫星工程研究所, 上海 201100
³ 哈尔滨工业大学化工与化学学院, 哈尔滨 150001
⁴ 苏州实验室, 苏州 215123

收稿日期:2025-09-18 修回日期:2025-11-05 出版日期:2026-06-20 网络出版日期:2025-11-11
通讯作者: 张翔, 副教授. E-mail: zhangxhit@hit.edu.cn;
李垚, 教授. E-mail: yaoli@hit.edu.cn
作者简介:陈明俊(1996-), 男, 副研究员. E-mail: mingjunchen@hit.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发项目(2022YFB3902704);黑龙江省博后面上资助项目(LBH-Z24130);国家自然科学基金(52472157)

Photo- and Thermo-chromic Dual-responsive Materials: A Review on Design Strategies and Applications in Smart Windows

CHEN Mingjun¹(), MIAO Hongkang², XIAO Yingjun², DENG Jianbo³, ZHANG Xiang¹(), ZHAO Jiupeng³, LI Yao¹^,⁴()

¹ Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
² Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201100, China
³ School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
⁴ Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China

Received:2025-09-18 Revised:2025-11-05 Published:2026-06-20 Online:2025-11-11
Contact: ZHANG Xiang, associate professor. E-mail: zhangxhit@hit.edu.cn;
LI Yao, professor. Email: yaoli@hit.edu.cn
About author:CHEN Mingjun (1996-), male, associate professor. E-mail: mingjunchen@hit.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3902704);Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(LBH-Z24130);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472157)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球人口增长与工业化进程加速, 建筑能耗持续攀升, 节能降耗成为建筑领域实现“双碳”目标的关键任务。窗户作为建筑光热交换的核心构件, 其隔热与采光性能直接影响室内热环境调控能耗, 决定了建筑整体节能效率。传统节能窗因其静态结构而难以适应变化的环境, 单一刺激响应智能窗也因调控形式单一而无法满足多元化节能需求。光-热双响应智能窗可同步响应光照与温度变化, 实现动态协同调控, 成为建筑节能的创新解决方案。本文系统综述了光-热双响应材料及其智能窗的最新研究进展, 聚焦三类核心设计策略: 一是具备功能协同效应的单组分光-热双响应材料; 二是融合光致变色与热致变色特性的光-热双响应多组分复合物; 三是光热材料与热致变色耦合体系。针对每类策略, 详细阐述其设计思路、微观结构特征及光-热双响应变色机制。同时, 深入探讨光-热双响应智能窗在实际建筑场景中的应用潜力, 系统分析当前面临的技术挑战, 并对未来发展前景进行展望。本文旨在为光-热双响应智能窗的结构设计优化、性能提升及工程化开发提供全面的理论参考与实践指引, 助力建筑节能技术的革新与产业升级。

关键词: 光致变色, 热致变色, 光-热双响应材料, 智能窗, 零能耗建筑, 综述

Abstract:

With the continuous growth of the global population and accelerated advancement of industrialization, energy consumption in the construction sector has been rising steadily. Energy conservation and consumption reduction have become a key task for this field to achieve the "dual carbon" goals. As a central component for photothermal exchange within buildings, the thermal insulation and daylighting performance of windows directly determine the energy consumption for regulating the indoor thermal environment, and play a decisive role in the overall energy-saving efficiency of buildings. Traditional energy-saving windows are limited by their static structure, rendering them ill-suited to adapt to changing environments. Smart windows with single-stimulus response, characterized by their singular regulation mode, cannot meet the diversified energy-saving demands. In contrast, photo-thermal dual-responsive smart windows can simultaneously and accurately respond to changes in external light intensity and temperature, realizing dynamic and coordinated regulation of light transmission and heat conduction. This innovation provides an effective solution for building energy conservation. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress of photo-thermal dual-responsive materials and their smart windows, focusing on three core design strategies: firstly, single-component photo-thermal dual-responsive materials with functional synergy; secondly, photo-thermal dual-responsive multi-component composites integrating photochromic and thermochromic properties; thirdly, coupled systems of photothermal materials and thermochromic materials. For each strategy, the design concept, microstructural characteristics, and photo-thermal dual-responsive color-changing mechanism are elaborated in detail. Meanwhile, the application potential of photo-thermal dual-responsive smart windows in actual building scenarios is deeply discussed, the current technical challenges are systematically analyzed, and the future development prospects are prospected. This review aims to provide comprehensive theoretical references and practical guidance for the structural design optimization, performance improvement, and engineering development of photo-thermal dual-responsive smart windows, thereby promoting the innovation and industrial upgrading of building energy-saving technologies.

Key words: photochromic, thermochromic, dual-responsive material, smart window, zero-energy building, review

中图分类号:

TB34

陈明俊, 缪洪康, 肖英俊, 邓建波, 张翔, 赵九蓬, 李垚. 光-热双响应材料研究进展: 从设计策略到智能窗应用[J]. 无机材料学报, 2026, 41(6): 723-738.

CHEN Mingjun, MIAO Hongkang, XIAO Yingjun, DENG Jianbo, ZHANG Xiang, ZHAO Jiupeng, LI Yao. Photo- and Thermo-chromic Dual-responsive Materials: A Review on Design Strategies and Applications in Smart Windows[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(6): 723-738.

图/表 11

图1 用于零能耗建筑的光-热双响应材料和智能窗的设计策略、结构及原理

Fig. 1 Overview of the design strategy, structure and principle for the photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials and smart windows in zero-energy buildings

图2 有机功能分子的光-热双响应性能[31,33,35]

Fig. 2 Photo-thermal dual-responsive of organic functional molecules[31,33,35] (a) π-π stacking controlled salicylaldehyde Schiff base derivatives[31]; (b) Spiropyran compounds[33]; (c) Cd(II)-viologen coordination polymer[35]

图3 (a) PZNNT钙钛矿陶瓷的PC、TC性能及机制[41]; (b) Cs2ZrCl6:Bi3+卤化物钙钛矿的结构、光-热双响应性能及机制[43]

Fig. 3 (a) Photochromic, thermochromic properties and mechanism of PZNNT perovskite ceramics[41]; (b) Structure, photo-thermal dual-responsive properties and mechanism of Cs2ZrCl6:Bi3+ halide perovskite[43]

图4 (a, b)超疏水光-热双响应涂层的(a)多色响应原理示意图及(b)其照片[44]; (c)光热双响应超分子复合物CBV-CD的原理图及PC和TC性能图[45]

Fig. 4 (a) Schematic diagram and (b) photographs of multicolor response of the superhydrophobic photo-thermal dual-responsive coatings[44]; (c) Schematic diagram and photo- and thermo-chromic performance of photo-thermal dual-responsive supramolecular complexes CBV-CD[45]

图5 (a)全无机CdSe/MoO3复合薄膜[47]和(b) W18O49/PAM-PNIPAM有机-无机复合薄膜[27]的结构示意图及光-热双响应性能

Fig. 5 Schematic diagrams and photo-thermal dual-responsive performance of (a) all-inorganic CdSe/MoO3 composite films[47] and (b) organic-inorganic W18O49/PAM-PNIPAM composite films[27]

图6 (a, b) PNDV/GO水凝胶窗的(a) TC和(b) PC性能[52]; (c) CDs/HPMC复合薄膜的示意图及其TC、PC性能[54]

Fig. 6 (a) Thermochromic and (b) photochromic performance of PNDV/GO hydrogel window[52]; (c) Schematic diagram and photo- and thermo-chromic performance of CDs/HPMC composite film[54]

图7 (a) Au纳米晶与HPMC[55]、(b)一维Au纳米链与PNIPAM水凝胶[56]、(c) Ag纳米线与PNIPAM水凝胶[28]耦合的光-热双响应智能窗的变色机理示意图和热调节性能

Fig. 7 Schematic diagrams of color-changing mechanism and thermal regulation performance for the photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive smart windows integrated with (a) Au nanocrystals and HPMC[55], (b) one-dimensional Au nanochains and PNIPAM hydrogel[56], and (c) Ag nanowires and PNIPAM hydrogel[28]

图8 (a) Cu7S4与VO2基TC薄膜集成的智能窗变色机理示意图[60]; (b) LimCsnWO3与PVA-PNIPAM水凝胶集成的智能窗结构示意图(i)、变色机理示意图(ii)和一天内不同时间的光学照片(iii)[64]; (c)氟掺杂ATO纳米晶体与PNC水凝胶集成的智能窗变色机理示意图和调光控温性能[68]

Fig. 8 (a) Schematic diagram of color-changing mechanism of the smart window integrated with Cu7S4 and traditional VO2-based TC film[60]; (b) Schematic diagram of structure (i), color-changing mechanism (ii), and optical photos at different time of the day (iii) of the smart window integrated with LimCsnWO3 and PVA-PNIPAM hydrogel[64]; (c) Schematic diagram of color-changing mechanism and dimming and temperature control performance of the smart window integrated with fluorine-doped ATO nanocrystals and PNC hydrogel[68]

图9 (a) PDAPs与PNIPAM复合水凝胶基智能窗的光-热双响应性能[70]; (b) Ti3C3Tx MXene/GO复合光热薄膜与PAD水凝胶集成的智能窗的变色机理示意图和光-热双响应性能[72]

Fig. 9 (a) Photo- and thermo-chromic performance of the composite hydrogel-based smart window composed of PDAPs and PNIPAM[70]; (b) Schematic diagram and photo- and thermo-chromic performance of the smart window integrated with Ti3C3Tx MXene/GO composite photothermal film and PAD hydrogel[72]

表1 典型的光-热双响应材料性能比较

Table 1 Properties comparison of typical photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials

Photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials			PC performance			TC performance
Photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials			Stimulus-response condition	Optical modulation or color change	Response time	Stimulus- response condition	Optical modulation or color change
Single- component material	Organic functional molecule	Salicylaldehyde Schiff base^[31]	Irradiation with 365 nm UV light	White to red	—	Heating at 90 ℃	White to yellow
		Spiropyran derivative^[33]	Irradiation with UV light (365 nm) or visible light (>420 nm)	Purplish red to colorless	60 s (UV light), 12 min (visible light)	Heating at 60 ℃	Colorless to purplish red
		Viologen derivativer^[35]	Irradiation with UV light	Yellow to light green	20 s	Heating at 120-170 ℃	Yellow to light green and dark green
	Inorganic transition metal oxide	ZnSe-doped MoO₃^[36]	Irradiation with UV light	Pale-yellow to blue	180 min	Heating at 23-125 ℃	Pale-yellow to deep blue
	Inorganic transition metal oxide	Oxygen-deficient MoO₃^[37]	Irradiation with UV light	Colorless to dark blue	180 min	Heating at 250 ℃	Colorless to dark blue
	Perovskite material	PZNNT ceramic^[41]	Irradiation with 395 nm UV light	~9% (∆R)	120 s	Heating at 250 ℃ for 10 min	~8% (∆R)
	Perovskite material	Cs₂ZrCl₆:Bi^3+[43]	Irradiation with 254 nm UV light	~27% (∆R)	20 min	365 nm excitation after being kept at 250 ℃	Blue to cyan
Multicomponent composite material	All-organic complex	Mixing TC with PC organic pigment^[44]	Irradiation with UV light	Purple to blue	—	Heating from 31 to 45 ℃	Purple to green and then to colorless
	All-organic complex	Host-guest complex CBV-CD^[45]	Irradiation with 365 nm UV light	Colorless to blue	7 s	Heating from 25 to 100 ℃	Colorless to reddish brown
	All-inorganic composite film	MoO₃/CdS^[46]	Irradiation with a 100 W tungsten lamp	1.8 (∆OD)	45-180 min	Heating from 100 to 225 ℃	1.0 (∆OD)
	All-inorganic composite film	MoO₃/CdSe and CdSe/MoO₃^[47]	Irradiation with 254 nm UV light	0.7 (∆A)	180 min	Heating from 25 to 225 ℃	1.0 (∆A)
	Organic- inorganic composite film	W₁₈O₄₉/PAM-PNIPAM hydrogel^[27]	Irradiation with UV light	34.6% (∆T_lum)	20 min	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	79.49% (∆T_lum)
Integrated system combining TC material with photo-thermal material	Carbon-based photothermal material	PNDV hydrogel & GO^[52]	Solar irradiation of 22.8 mW/cm²	Colorless to yellow	—	Heating at 40 ℃	Transparent to opaque
	Carbon-based photothermal material	HPMC & CDs^[54]	Solar irradiation of 100 mW/cm²	65.6% (∆T_sol)	5 min	Heating at 33 ℃	Transparent to opaque
	Nobel metal nanoparticles photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & 1D Au nanochain^[55]	Solar irradiation of 2.8 kW·m⁻²	80% (∆T)	2 h	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	80% (∆T)
	Nobel metal nanoparticles photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & Ag nanowire^[28]	Solar irradiation of 800 W/m²	58.4% (∆T_sol)	40 min	Heating from 25 to 40 ℃	58.4% (∆T_sol)
	Semiconductor nanocrystal photothermal material	VO₂ & Cu₇S₄^[60]	Infrared light irradiation of 100 W	Transparent to opaque	3 min	Heating at 70 ℃	12.3% (∆T_sol)
	Semiconductor nanocrystal photothermal material	PVA-PNIPAM & LimCsnWO₃^[64]	Near-infrared light irradiation	Transparent light blue to translucent blue	—	Heating at 50℃	50.7% (∆T_vis)
	Other photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & PDAPs^[70]	Solar irradiation	87.6% (∆T_lum)	33 s	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	87.6% (∆T_lum)
	Other photothermal material	PAD hydrogel & Ti₃C₃T_xMXene/GO^[72]	One-sun illumination	Transparent to opaque	—	Heating at 37.7 ℃	67.6% (∆T_lum)

表1 典型的光-热双响应材料性能比较

Table 1 Properties comparison of typical photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials

Photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials			PC performance			TC performance
Photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials			Stimulus-response condition	Optical modulation or color change	Response time	Stimulus- response condition	Optical modulation or color change
Single- component material	Organic functional molecule	Salicylaldehyde Schiff base^[31]	Irradiation with 365 nm UV light	White to red	—	Heating at 90 ℃	White to yellow
		Spiropyran derivative^[33]	Irradiation with UV light (365 nm) or visible light (>420 nm)	Purplish red to colorless	60 s (UV light), 12 min (visible light)	Heating at 60 ℃	Colorless to purplish red
		Viologen derivativer^[35]	Irradiation with UV light	Yellow to light green	20 s	Heating at 120-170 ℃	Yellow to light green and dark green
	Inorganic transition metal oxide	ZnSe-doped MoO₃^[36]	Irradiation with UV light	Pale-yellow to blue	180 min	Heating at 23-125 ℃	Pale-yellow to deep blue
	Inorganic transition metal oxide	Oxygen-deficient MoO₃^[37]	Irradiation with UV light	Colorless to dark blue	180 min	Heating at 250 ℃	Colorless to dark blue
	Perovskite material	PZNNT ceramic^[41]	Irradiation with 395 nm UV light	~9% (∆R)	120 s	Heating at 250 ℃ for 10 min	~8% (∆R)
	Perovskite material	Cs₂ZrCl₆:Bi^3+[43]	Irradiation with 254 nm UV light	~27% (∆R)	20 min	365 nm excitation after being kept at 250 ℃	Blue to cyan
Multicomponent composite material	All-organic complex	Mixing TC with PC organic pigment^[44]	Irradiation with UV light	Purple to blue	—	Heating from 31 to 45 ℃	Purple to green and then to colorless
	All-organic complex	Host-guest complex CBV-CD^[45]	Irradiation with 365 nm UV light	Colorless to blue	7 s	Heating from 25 to 100 ℃	Colorless to reddish brown
	All-inorganic composite film	MoO₃/CdS^[46]	Irradiation with a 100 W tungsten lamp	1.8 (∆OD)	45-180 min	Heating from 100 to 225 ℃	1.0 (∆OD)
	All-inorganic composite film	MoO₃/CdSe and CdSe/MoO₃^[47]	Irradiation with 254 nm UV light	0.7 (∆A)	180 min	Heating from 25 to 225 ℃	1.0 (∆A)
	Organic- inorganic composite film	W₁₈O₄₉/PAM-PNIPAM hydrogel^[27]	Irradiation with UV light	34.6% (∆T_lum)	20 min	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	79.49% (∆T_lum)
Integrated system combining TC material with photo-thermal material	Carbon-based photothermal material	PNDV hydrogel & GO^[52]	Solar irradiation of 22.8 mW/cm²	Colorless to yellow	—	Heating at 40 ℃	Transparent to opaque
	Carbon-based photothermal material	HPMC & CDs^[54]	Solar irradiation of 100 mW/cm²	65.6% (∆T_sol)	5 min	Heating at 33 ℃	Transparent to opaque
	Nobel metal nanoparticles photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & 1D Au nanochain^[55]	Solar irradiation of 2.8 kW·m⁻²	80% (∆T)	2 h	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	80% (∆T)
	Nobel metal nanoparticles photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & Ag nanowire^[28]	Solar irradiation of 800 W/m²	58.4% (∆T_sol)	40 min	Heating from 25 to 40 ℃	58.4% (∆T_sol)
	Semiconductor nanocrystal photothermal material	VO₂ & Cu₇S₄^[60]	Infrared light irradiation of 100 W	Transparent to opaque	3 min	Heating at 70 ℃	12.3% (∆T_sol)
	Semiconductor nanocrystal photothermal material	PVA-PNIPAM & LimCsnWO₃^[64]	Near-infrared light irradiation	Transparent light blue to translucent blue	—	Heating at 50℃	50.7% (∆T_vis)
	Other photothermal material	PNIPAm hydrogel & PDAPs^[70]	Solar irradiation	87.6% (∆T_lum)	33 s	Heating from 20 to 40 ℃	87.6% (∆T_lum)
	Other photothermal material	PAD hydrogel & Ti₃C₃T_xMXene/GO^[72]	One-sun illumination	Transparent to opaque	—	Heating at 37.7 ℃	67.6% (∆T_lum)

图10 光-热双响应材料及智能窗的未来发展方向

Fig. 10 Prospective development orientation of photo- and thermo-chromic dual-responsive materials and smart windows

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光-热双响应材料研究进展: 从设计策略到智能窗应用

Photo- and Thermo-chromic Dual-responsive Materials: A Review on Design Strategies and Applications in Smart Windows

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