Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1077.2013.12480

Abstract

Abstract:

The dual-readout calorimeter is a new designed equipment to detect high-energy particles. It can collect the Cherenkov light and scintillation light at the same time, thus scientists can understand the particles comprehensively in the field of high-energy physics. Three types of dual-readout calorimeters have been designed so far: (1) Quartz fibers as Cherenkov emitter and plastic fibers as scintillator; (2) Undoped and doped scintillation crystals act as Cherenkov and scintillator respectively; (3) Scintillation crystal act as Cherenkov as well as scintillator. The last attracted much attention because it can avoid sampling fluctuations and enhance energy resolution of calorimeters. The progress on the scintillation crystals, including lead tungstate (PbWO₄), bismuth germinate (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂), bismuth silicate (Bi₄Si₃O₁₂) and lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu₃Al₅O₁₂), were presented for the application of dual-readout calorimeter. Pr: PWO crystal and Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal have potential application in dual-readout calorimeter. It’s easy to separate the Cherenkov and scintillation light for Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal because the short-wavelength cut-off of Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal is small in comparison with Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ crystal. Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal shows more advantages and its properties can be further optimized by doping rare earth ions.

Key words: scintillation crystal, dual-readout, Cherenkov light, Bi₄Si₃O₁₂, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

XIAO Xue-Feng, XU Jia-Yue, XIANG Wei-Dong. Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2013, 28(4): 347-357.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 General scheme of relaxation of electronic excitations in an insulating material[14]

Fig. 2 Experimental setup of the tests performed on single crystals. The angle θ is negative when the crystal is oriented as drawn here[25]

Table 1 Some relevant properties of PWO, BGO and BSO crystals [13,25,41-43]

Property	PWO	BGO	BSO
Density/(g·cm^-3)	8.28	7.13	6.80
Radiation length/mm	9.2	11.2	11.5
Radiation hardness/rad	10⁵-10⁶	10⁴-10⁵	10⁵-10⁶
Decay constant/ns	2.2(50%),9.9(34%), 39 (16%)-10	5.2(2%), 45(9%), 279 (89%)-300	2.4(6%), 26(12%), 99 (82%)-100
Peak emission/nm	430	480	480
Peak excitation/nm	325	295	285
Refractive index, n	2.20	2.15	2.06
Light yield, LY(relative)	5	100	20
Melting point/℃	1123	1050	1030
Hardness	3	5	5
Cleavage	(101)	none	none
Hygroscopicity	no	no	no
Temperature coefficient/(%·℃^-1)	-1.9	-1.6	-2.0
Energy loss/MeV	13.0	24.1	22.9
Moliere radius/cm	2.0	2.3	-
Energy resolution(662 keV,%)	15(1GeV)	16	22

Fig. 3 Average time structure of the signals from a PbWO4 crystal doped with 5% Mo(a) and 1% Mo(b), generated by 50 GeV electrons[4]

Fig. 4 Average time structure of the signals from the light traversing a U330 filter for PbWO4 crystals with different levels of Mo doping[44]

Fig. 5 The time structure of a typical shower signal measured in the BGO em calorimeter equipped with a UV filter. The UV BGO signals were used to measure the relative contributions of scintillation light (gate 2) and Cherenkov light (gate 1)[12]

Fig. 6 Phase diagram of Bi2O3-SiO2 system[72]

Fig. 7 Average time structure of the signals from light generated by 180 GeV pions traversing the BSO and BGO crystals at θ=30°, and transmitted by the U330 filter[25]

Fig. 8 Emission and absorption spectra (left-hand scale) of the BSO and BGO crystals, and the transmission curve of the U330 and UG11 filters (right-hand scale)[25]

Table 2 Properties of dual-read for PWO(50 GeV), BGO and BSO (180 GeV) crystals

Crystal	Dopants	Attenuation constants	Attenuation of Cherenkov light	Intensity of Cherenkov light /mV	Separation the scintillation and Cherenkov light
PWO	Un-doped	9.7 ns	—	—	No separation
	1%Mo	26.3 ns	Reducing with Mo concentration decreasing	115	Good separation
	5%Mo	26.3 ns	Reducing with Mo concentration decreasing	86	Good separation
	0.5%Pr	4.9 μs	Reducing with Pr concentration increasing	—	No separation
	1.5%Pr	3.1 μs	Reducing with Pr concentration increasing	—	No separation
BGO	Un-doped	300 ns	Same	68	Good separation
BSO	Un-doped	100 ns	Same	105	Good separation

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