Inorganic Bioactive Materials Regulate Myocardial Regeneration

doi:10.15541/jim20250013

Abstract

Abstract: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with myocardial infarction (MI) being a serious threat to human health and life. Current pharmacological and surgical interventions primarily serve as palliative measures, failing to address the root cause of cardiomyocyte death post-MI. Recent advances in regenerative biomedical materials, however, offer promising solutions. Inorganic bioactive materials, capable of interacting with cells and tissues to activate cellular responses and modulate tissue regeneration, have garnered significant attention in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Silicate-based biomaterials (e.g., bioceramics, bioactive glasses), carbon-based nanomaterials, and metal oxides exhibit remarkable potential in promoting myocardial repair and regeneration. This review highlights the latest progress in inorganic bioactive materials for myocardial regeneration and repair, elucidates their material categories and mechanisms of action, and discusses current challenges in clinical translation, while providing insights into future research directions.

Key words: inorganic bioactive material, myocardial regeneration, metal oxide, carbon-based material, silicate biomaterial, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

LUO Xiaomin, QIAO Zhilong, LIU Ying, YANG Chen, CHANG Jiang. Inorganic Bioactive Materials Regulate Myocardial Regeneration[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, DOI: 10.15541/jim20250013.

References

[1] ROTH G A, MENSAH G A, FUSTER V.The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks: a compass for global action.Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020, 76(25): 2980.
[2] De GASPARI M, Toscano G, BAGOZZI L,et al. Endomyocardial fibrosis and myocardial infarction leading to diastolic and systolic dysfunction requiring transplantation. Cardiovascular Pathology, 2019, 38: 21.
[3] 梁婷婷. 多功能水凝胶包裹Chrysin-7-O-glucuronide促进心肌梗死修复的研究. 重庆: 重庆理工大学硕士学位论文, 2024.
[4] PAULINO E T.Development of the cardioprotective drugs class based on pathophysiology of myocardial infarction: A comprehensive review.Current Problems in Cardiology, 2024, 49(5): 102480.
[5] SABATINE M S, BERGMARK B A, MURPHY S A,et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in left main coronary artery disease: an individual patient data meta-analysis. The Lancet, 2021, 398(10318): 2247.
[6] Wang Y, Li G, Yang L,et al. Development of innovative biomaterials and devices for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(46): 2201971.
[7] Xin M, OLSON E N, BASSEL-DUBY R.Mending broken hearts: cardiac development as a basis for adult heart regeneration and repair.Nature reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2013, 14(8): 529.
[8] ITOU J, OISHI I, KAWAKAMI H,et al. Migration of cardiomyocytes is essential for heart regeneration in zebrafish. Development, 2012, 139(22): 4133.
[9] BASSAT E, MUTLAK Y E, GENZELINAKH A,et al. The extracellular matrix protein agrin promotes heart regeneration in mice. Nature, 2017, 547(7662): 179.
[10] LIU T, Hao Y, ZHANG Z,et al. Advanced Cardiac Patches for the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation, 2024, 149(25): 2002.
[11] LIANG J, LVR, Li M,et al. Hydrogels for the treatment of myocardial infarction: design and therapeutic strategies. Macromolecular Bioscience, 2024, 24(2): 2300302.
[12] YAN W, XIA Y, ZHAO H,et al. Stem cell-based therapy in cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: Promise, challenges, and future directions. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2024, 188: 1.
[13] FENG Y, WANG Y, LI L,et al. Exosomes Induce Crosstalk Between Multiple Types of Cells and Cardiac Fibroblasts: Therapeutic Potential for Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2024, 19: 10605.
[14] 高龙. 生物玻璃-高分子复合微球/水凝胶的制备及组织再生应用研究. 上海: 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所硕士学位论文, 2020.
[15] FRTTAGE L, Bertrand G, LENORMAND P,et al. A review of the additive manufacturing (3DP) of bioceramics: Alumina, zirconia (PSZ) and hydroxyapatite. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 2017, 53: 11.
[16] STEFANIC M, KOSMAČ T.β-TCP coatings on zirconia bioceramics: The importance of heating temperature on the bond strength and the substrate/coating interface.Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2018, 38(15): 5264.
[17] EGE D, LU H H, BOCCACCINI A R.Bioactive glass and silica particles for skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, 2024, 30(4): 448.
[18] XU W F.Biocompatibility and Medical Application of Carbon material.Key Engineering Materials. 2011, 452: 477.
[19] O. ROUALDES, M.E. DUCLOS, D. GUTKNECHT,et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of an alumina-zirconia composite for arthroplasty applications. Biomaterials. 2010, 31(8): 2043.
[20] ZHAO C, WANG X, GAO L,et al. The role of the micro-pattern and nano-topography of hydroxyapatite bioceramics on stimulating osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomaterialia, 2018, 73: 509.
[21] WANG X, WANG L, WUQ,et al. Chitosan/calcium silicate cardiac patch stimulates cardiomyocyte activity and myocardial performance after infarction by synergistic effect of bioactive ions and aligned nanostructure. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 11(1): 1449.
[22] MEIRA RM, RIBEIRO S, IRASTORZA I,et al. Electroactive poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/graphene composites for cardiac tissue engineering applications. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2024, 663: 73.
[23] OTTERSBACH A, MYKHAYLYK O, HEIDSIECK A,et al. Improved heart repair upon myocardial infarction: Combination of magnetic nanoparticles and tailored magnets strongly increases engraftment of myocytes. Biomaterials, 2018, 155: 176.
[24] ZULKIFLEE I, Masri S, ZAWANI M,et al. Silicon-based scaffold for wound healing skin regeneration applications: a concise review. Polymers, 2022, 14(19): 4219.
[25] BAI R, LIU J, ZHANG J,et al. Conductive single-wall carbon nanotubes/extracellular matrix hybrid hydrogels promote the lineage-specific development of seeding cells for tissue repair through reconstructing an integrin-dependent niche. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2021, 19: 616.
[26] LI Y, CHEN X, JIN R, ,et al. Injectable hydrogel with MSNs/microRNA-21-5p delivery enables both immunomodification. Injectable hydrogel with MSNs/microRNA-21-5p delivery enables both immunomodification and enhanced angiogenesis for myocardial infarction therapy in pigs. Science Advances, 2021, 7(9): eabd6740.
[27] SUN C, XIE Y, ZHU H,et al. Highly Electroactive Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Based on Nanocellulose/Sulfonated Carbon Nanotube Composite Hydrogels for Myocardial Tissue Repair. Biomacromolecules, 2023, 24(12): 5989.
[28] SARAVANAN S, SAREEN N, ABU-EL-RUB E,et al. Graphene oxide-gold nanosheets containing chitosan scaffold improves ventricular contractility and function after implantation into infarcted heart. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 15069.
[29] MALDA J, FRONDOZA C G.Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone.Trends in Biotechnology, 2006, 24(7): 299.
[30] FENG J, XING M, QIAN W, ,et al. An injectable hydrogel combining medicine. An injectable hydrogel combining medicine and matrix with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties for potential treatment of myocardial infarction. Regenerative Biomaterials, 2023, 10: rbad036.
[31] SUN L, ZHU X, ZHANG X,et al. Induced cardiomyocytes-integrated conductive microneedle patch for treating myocardial infarction. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 414: 128723.
[32] MENG J, XIAO B, WU F,et al. Co-axial fibrous scaffolds integrating with carbon fiber promote cardiac tissue regeneration post myocardial infarction. Materials Today Bio, 2022, 16: 100415.
[33] CHEN F, ZHAO E R, HABLEEL G,et al. Increasing the efficacy of stem cell therapy via triple-function inorganic nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(6): 6605.
[34] LI H, ZHU J, XU Y,et al. Notoginsenoside R1-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles targeting the site of injury through inflammatory cells improves heart repair after myocardial infarction. Redox Biology, 2022, 54: 102384.
[35] HASAN A, KHATAAB A, ISLAM M A,et al. Injectable hydrogels for cardiac tissue repair after myocardial infarction. Advanced Science, 2015, 2(11): 1500122.
[36] YI M, LI H, WANG X,et al. Ion therapy: a novel strategy for acute myocardial infarction. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(1): 1801260.
[37] LIN K, XIA L, LI H,et al. Enhanced osteoporotic bone regeneration by strontium-substituted calcium silicate bioactive ceramics. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(38): 10028.
[38] MAO L, XIA L, CHANG J,et al. The synergistic effects of Sr and Si bioactive ions on osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis for osteoporotic bone regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia, 2017, 61: 217.
[39] XING M, JIANG Y, BI W, ,et al. Strontium ions protect hearts against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Science Advances. Strontium ions protect hearts against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Science Advances, 2021, 7(3): eabe0726.
[40] HONG X, TIAN G, DAI B,et al. Copper-loaded Milk-Protein Derived Microgel Preserves Cardiac Metabolic Homeostasis After Myocardial Infarction. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(35): 2401527.
[41] LU Q, MA B, LI W,et al. Nanomaterials-mediated therapeutics and diagnosis strategies for myocardial infarction. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2022, 10: 943009.
[42] SONG L, JIA K, YANG F,et al. Advanced Nanomedicine Approaches for Myocardial Infarction Treatment. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2024, 19: 6399.
[43] LIU C J, YAO L, HU Y M,et al. Effect of quercetin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and its mechanism. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2021, 16: 741.
[44] FERREIRA M, RANJAN S, KINNUNEN S,et al. Drug‐Loaded Multifunctional Nanoparticles Targeted to the Endocardial Layer of the Injured Heart Modulate Hypertrophic Signaling. Small, 2017, 13(33): 1701276.
[45] QI S, ZHANG P, MA M,et al. Cellular Internalization-Induced Aggregation of Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Ultrasound Imaging and Protein-Mediated Protection of Stem Cells. Small, 2019, 15(1): 1804332.
[46] GALAGUDZA M, KOROLEV D, POSTNOV V,et al. Passive targeting of ischemic-reperfused myocardium with adenosine-loaded silica nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2012, 7: 1671.
[47] LIU S, CHEN X, BAO L,et al. Treatment of infarcted heart tissue via the capture and local delivery of circulating exosomes through antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. Nature biomedical engineering, 2020, 4(11): 1063.
[48] KIM M, SAHU A, HWANG Y,et al. Targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokine by nanocarrier reduces atherosclerosis in Apo E-/-mice. Biomaterials, 2020, 226: 119550.
[49] HONG X, TIAN G, ZHU Y, ,et al. Exogeneous metal ions as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease. Exogeneous metal ions as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease and their delivery strategies. Regenerative Biomaterials, 2024, 11: rbad103.
[50] NORDIN A H, AHMDA Z, HUSNA S M N,et al. The state of the art of natural polymer functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticle composites for drug delivery applications: A review. Gels, 2023, 9(2): 121.
[51] WANG F, HAN D, QIAO Z,et al. Neutrophil-targeted Mn₃O₄ nanozyme treats myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Research Square, 2022, DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2288620/v1.
[52] XIONG F, WANG H, FENG Y,et al. Cardioprotective activity of iron oxide nanoparticles. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 8579.
[53] NASEROLESLAMI M, ABOUTALEB N, PARIVAR K.The effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in the presence of a magnetic field on attenuation of injury after heart failure.Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2018, 8(5): 1214.
[54] HAN K, MAO M, FU L,et al. Multimaterial Printing of Serpentine Microarchitectures with Synergistic Mechanical/Piezoelectric Stimulation for Enhanced Cardiac‐Specific Functional Regeneration. Small, 2024, 20(42): 2401561.
[55] LI B, ZHANG Q, DU W,et al. Reshaping cardiac microenvironments by macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles-coated Pd@CeO₂ heterostructures for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury therapy. Materials Today, 2023, 65: 47.
[56] NISA F Y, RAHMAN M A, SAHA S,et al. Unraveling Tamarindus indica Pulp-Derived Green Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for Cardioprotective Potential against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Biochemical and Gene Expression Study. ACS Omega, 2023, 8(48): 45626.
[57] BARUI A K, VEERIAH V, MUKHERJEE S,et al. Zinc oxide nanoflowers make new blood vessels. Nanoscale, 2012, 4(24): 7861.
[58] KUMAR A, JENA P, BEHERA S,et al. Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for targeted delivery. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2010, 6(1): 64.
[59] CHAUDEURGE A, WILHELM C, CHEN-TOURNOUX A,et al. Can magnetic targeting of magnetically labeled circulating cells optimize intramyocardial cell retention. Cell Transplantation, 2012, 21(4): 679.
[60] JANSMAN M, HOSTA-RIGAU L.Cerium-and iron-oxide-based nanozymes in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Catalysts, 2019, 9(8): 691.
[61] KORNFELD O, HWANG S, DISATNIK M,et al. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species at the heart of the matter: new therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases. Circulation research, 2015, 116(11): 1783.
[62] FAN Q, TAO R, ZHANG H,et al. Dectin-1 contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating macrophage polarization and neutrophil infiltration. Circulation, 2019, 139(5): 663.
[63] CELARDO I, PEDERSEN JZ, TRAVERSA E,et al. Pharmacological potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 2011, 3(4): 1411.
[64] NIU J, AZFER A, ROGERS L,et al. Cardioprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a transgenic murine model of cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular Research. 2007, 73(3): 549.
[65] ZHAO Y, YANG Y, WEN Y,et al. Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on myocardial cell apoptosis induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2022, 68(3): 43.
[66] WU X, REBOLL M R, KORF-KLINGEBIEL M,et al. Angiogenesis after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Research, 2021, 117(5): 1257.
[67] JACOBS A, RENAUDIN G, FORESTIER C,et al. Biological properties of copper-doped biomaterials for orthopedic applications: A review of antibacterial, angiogenic and osteogenic aspects. Acta Biomaterialia, 2020, 117: 21.
[698] GAO P, FAN B, YU X,et al. Biofunctional magnesium coated Ti₆Al₄V scaffold enhances osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo for orthopedic application. Bioactive materials, 2020, 5(3): 680.
[69] BEJARANO J, DRTSCH R, BOCCACCINI A R,et al. PDLLA scaffolds with Cu‐and Zn‐doped bioactive glasses having multifunctional properties for bone regeneration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2017, 105(3): 746.
[70] SHABANKHAH M, MOGHADDASZADEH A, NAJMODDIN N.3D printed conductive PCL/GO scaffold immobilized with gelatin/CuO accelerates H9C2 cells attachment and proliferation.Progress in Organic Coatings, 2024, 186: 108013.
[71] FARANI M R, FARSADROOH M, ZARE I,et al. Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites for photocatalytic antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antifungal applications. Catalysts, 2023, 13(4): 642.
[72] MOHAMED A T A E A, RAGHEB M A, SHEHATA M R,et al. In vivo cardioprotective effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles against doxorubicin-induced myocardial infarction by enhancing the antioxidant system and nitric oxide production. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2024, 86: 127516.
[73] NGUYEN T P, QUZ, WEISS J N. Cardiac fibrosis and arrhythmogenesis: the road to repair is paved with perils.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2014, 70: 83.
[74] SUN H, LÜ S, JIANG X,et al. Carbon nanotubes enhance intercalated disc assembly in cardiac myocytes via the β1-integrin-mediated signaling pathway. Biomaterials, 2015, 55: 84.
[75] AHADIAN S, YAMADA S, RAMÓN-AZCÓN J,et al. Hybrid hydrogel-aligned carbon nanotube scaffolds to enhance cardiac differentiation of embryoid bodies. Acta Biomaterialia, 2016, 31: 134.
[76] MARTINS A M, ENG G, CARIDADE S G,et al. Electrically conductive chitosan/carbon scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules, 2014, 15(2): 635.
[77] SHI M, BAI L, XU M,et al. Micropatterned conductive elastomer patch based on poly (glycerol sebacate)-graphene for cardiac tissue repair. Biofabrication, 2022, 14: 035001.
[78] BAO R, TAN B, LIANG S,et al. A π-π conjugation-containing soft and conductive injectable polymer hydrogel highly efficiently rebuilds cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Biomaterials, 2017, 122: 63.
[79] GARIBALDI S, BRUNELLI C, BAVASTRELLO V,et al. Carbon nanotube biocompatibility with cardiac muscle cells. Nanotechnology, 2005. 17(2): 391.
[80] MCCAULEY M D, VITALE F, YAN J S,et al. In vivo restoration of myocardial conduction with carbon nanotube fibers. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 2019, 12(8): e007256.
[81] REN J, XU Q, CHEN X,et al. Superaligned carbon nanotubes guide oriented cell growth and promote electrophysiological homogeneity for synthetic cardiac tissues. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(44): 1702713.
[82] WANG L, WU Y, HU T,et al. Electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue and 3D bioactuators. Acta BioMaterialia, 2017, 59: 68.
[83] STOUT DA, BASU B, WEBSTER TJ.Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid): Carbon nanofiber composites for myocardial tissue engineering applications.Acta Biomater, 2011, 7(8): 3101.
[84] ASIRI AM, MARWANI H M, KHAN S B,et al. Greater cardiomyocyte density on aligned compared with random carbon nanofibers in polymer composites. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2014, 9: 5533.
[85] MEHRABI A, BAHEIRAEI N, ADABI M,et al. Development of a novel electroactive cardiac patch based on carbon nanofibers and gelatin encouraging vascularization. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2020, 190: 931.
[86] TASHAKORI-MIYANROUDI M, RAKHSHAN K, RAMEZ M,et al. Conductive carbon nanofibers incorporated into collagen bio-scaffold assists myocardial injury repair. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 163: 1136.
[87] CHEN X, ZOU M, LIU S,et al. Applications of Graphene Family Nanomaterials in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2024, 19: 5459.
[88] KIM T, KAHNG YH, LEE T,et al. Graphene films show stable cell attachment and biocompatibility with electrogenic primary cardiac cells. Molecules and cells, 2013, 36: 577.
[89] PARK J, PARK S, RYU S,et al. Graphene-regulated cardiomyogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells by enhancing the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and cell signaling molecules. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2013, 3(2): 176.
[90] HITSCHERICH P, APHALE A, Gordan R,et al. Electroactive graphene composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2018, 106(11): 2923.
[91] PARK S, AN J, JUNG I,et al. Colloidal suspensions of highly reduced graphene oxide in a wide variety of organic solvents. Nano letters, 2009, 9(4): 1593.
[92] ZHANG K, ZHENG H, LIANG S,et al. Aligned PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds coated with graphene oxide for promoting neural cell growth. Acta Biomaterialia, 2016, 37: 131.
[93] SHIN S R, AGHAEI-GHAREH-BOLAGH B, DANG T T,et al. Cell-laden microengineered and mechanically tunable hybrid hydrogels of gelatin and graphene oxide. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(44): 6385.
[94] SHIN S R, AGHEEI‐GHAREH‐BOLAGH B, Gao X,et al. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of 3D tissue constructs with functionalized graphene. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(39): 6136.
[95] ZHOU J, YANG X, LIU W,et al. Injectable OPF/graphene oxide hydrogels provide mechanical support and enhance cell electrical signaling after implantation into myocardial infarct. Theranostics, 2018, 8(12): 3317.
[96] ALAGARSAMY KN, MATHAN S, YAN W,et al. Carbon nanomaterials for cardiovascular theranostics: Promises and challenges. Bioactive Materials, 2021, 6(8): 2261.
[97] ZARGAR SM, MEHDIKHANI M, RAFIENIA M.Reduced graphene oxide-reinforced gellan gum thermoresponsive hydrogels as a myocardial tissue engineering scaffold.Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 2019, 34(4-5): 331.
[98] ZHAO G, QING H, HUANG G,et al. Reduced graphene oxide functionalized nanofibrous silk fibroin matrices for engineering excitable tissues. NPG Asia Materials, 2018, 10(10): 982.
[99] PARK J, KIM YS, RYU S,et al. Graphene potentiates the myocardial repair efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells by stimulating the expression of angiogenic growth factors and gap junction protein. Advanced Functional Materials, 2015, 25(17): 2590.
[100] SHIN SR, ZIHLMANN C, AKBARI M,et al. Reduced graphene oxide-GelMA hybrid hydrogels as scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Small, 2016, 12(27): 3677.
[101] BAHEIRAEI N, RAZAVI M, GHAHREMANZADEH R.Reduced graphene oxide coated alginate scaffolds: potential for cardiac patch application.Biomaterials Research, 2023, 27(1): 109.
[102] FENG Y, ZHAO G, XU M,et al. rGO/Silk fibroin-modified nanofibrous patches prevent ventricular remodeling via Yap/Taz-TGFβ1/Smads signaling after myocardial infarction in rats. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2021, 8: 718055.
[103] ZHAO G, FENG Y, XUE L,et al. Anisotropic conductive reduced graphene oxide/silk matrices promote post-infarction myocardial function by restoring electrical integrity. Acta Biomaterialia, 2022, 139: 190.
[104] ZOU S, IRELAND D, BROOKS R A,et al. The effects of silicate ions on human osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009, 90(1): 123.
[105] ZHANG Y, LI X, ZHANG Z,et al. Zn₂SiO₄ bioceramic attenuates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2023, 12(21): 2203365.
[106] SHIMIZU I, MINAMINO T.Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2016, 97: 245.
[107] LI X, ZHANG Y, JIN Q,et al. Silicate Ions Derived from Calcium Silicate Extract Decelerate Ang II-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2023, 20(5): 671.
[108] WANG C, WANG Q, GAO W,et al. Highly efficient local delivery of endothelial progenitor cells significantly potentiates angiogenesis and full-thickness wound healing. Acta Biomaterialia, 2018, 69: 156.
[109] SUN P, ZHANG Z, GAO F, ,et al. Silicate-based therapy for inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy by inhibiting vicious cycle of immune inflammation via FOXO signaling. Science Advances. Silicate-based therapy for inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy by inhibiting vicious cycle of immune inflammation via FOXO signaling. Science Advances, 2025, 11, eadr7208.
[110] BARABADI Z, AZAMI M, SHARIFI E,et al. Fabrication of hydrogel based nanocomposite scaffold containing bioactive glass nanoparticles for myocardial tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2016, 69: 1137.
[111] QI Q, ZHU Y, LIU G,et al. Local intramyocardial delivery of bioglass with alginate hydrogels for post-infarct myocardial regeneration. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020, 129: 110382.
[112] SHI M, ZHAO F, SUN L,et al. Bioactive glass activates VEGF paracrine signaling of cardiomyocytes to promote cardiac angiogenesis. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2021, 124: 112077.
[113] SHI M, CAO X, ZHUANG J, et al. The cardioprotective effect and mechanism of bioactive glass on myocardial reperfusion injury. Biomedical Materials, 2021, 16(4): 045044.
[114] ZHOU Y, GAO L, PENG J,et al. Bioglass activated albumin hydrogels for wound healing. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2018, 7(16): 1800144.
[115] GAO L, YI M, XING M,et al. In situ activated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by bioactive hydrogels for myocardial infarction treatment. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2020, 8(34): 7713.
[116] POPARA J, ACCOMASSO L, VITALE E,et al. Silica nanoparticles actively engage with mesenchymal stem cells in improving acute functional cardiac integration. Nanomedicine, 2018, 13(10): 1121.
[117] CROISSANT JG, FATIEIEV Y, KHASHAB NM.Degradability and clearance of silicon, organosilica, silsesquioxane, silica mixed oxide, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles.Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(9): 1604634.
[118] POUSSARD S, DECOSSAS M, LE BIHAN O,et al. Internalization and fate of silica nanoparticles in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells: evidence of a beneficial effect on myoblast fusion. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2015, 10: 1479.
[119] HE Q, SHI J, ZHU M,et al. The three-stage in vitro degradation behavior of mesoporous silica in simulated body fluid. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2010, 131(1-3): 314.
[120] VALLET‐REGÍ M, BALAS F, ARCOS D. Mesoporous materials for drug delivery.Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2007, 46(40): 7548.
[121] CHEN Y, LIU S, LIANG Y,et al. Single dose of intravenous miR199a-5p delivery targeting ischemic heart for long-term repair of myocardial infarction. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 5565.
[122] TAN H, SONG Y, CHEN J,et al. Platelet‐like fusogenic liposome‐mediated targeting delivery of mir‐21 improves myocardial remodeling by reprogramming macrophages post myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury. Advanced Science, 2021, 8(15): 2100787.
[123] WANG Q, SONG Y, CHEN J,et al. Direct in vivo reprogramming with non-viral sequential targeting nanoparticles promotes cardiac regeneration. Biomaterials, 2021, 276: 121028.
[124] OUYANG M, OUYANG X, PENG Z,et al. Heart-targeted amelioration of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction by microenvironment responsive nitric oxide nanogenerators in situ. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2022, 20(1): 263.