图1 通过直接递送、微针、模具成型、原位注射、静电纺丝、3D打印以及生物3D打印等方式将含有锌(Zn)、镁(Mg)、铜(Cu)、钼(Mo)、硅(Si)、铁(Fe)等元素的生物陶瓷应用于毛囊重建和毛发再生的示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the application of bioceramics containing elements such as zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), silicon (Si), and iron (Fe) in hair follicle reconstruction and hair regeneration through direct delivery, microneedles, mold forming, in-situ injection, electrospinning, 3D printing, and bioprinting

图2 三明治结构ZnCS生物陶瓷创面敷料用于深度烧伤创面修复[37]

Fig. 2 Sandwich-structured wound dressing containing ZnCS bioceramics for deep burn wound repair[37] (a) Schematic diagram of the sandwich structure of the composite dressing by hot compression molding of hydrophilic ZnCS bioceramics and hydrophobic PLA; (b) Promotion of angiogenesis and hair follicle regeneration by Zn and Si bioactive ions released from the composite dressing; (c, d) Hematoxylin-eosin staining (c) and hair follicle marker protein CK19 staining (d) showing new skin tissue in deep burn wounds after 24 days of treatment, with arrows in (c, d) indicating new hair follicles ZnCS bioceramics PLA: polylactic acid; SWD: sandwich- structured wound dressing; CS: calcium silicate without Zn

图3 生物3D打印含MS的微图案多细胞支架用于皮肤血管和毛囊再生[45]

Fig. 3 3D bioprinted micropatterned multicellular scaffolds containing MS for blood vessel and hair follicle regeneration[45] (a) SEM and TEM images of MS nanospheres; (b) Schematic diagram of bioprinted micropatterned multicellular scaffolds containing MS among which distribution forms of vascular endothelial cells and dermal papilla cells simulate vascular network and punctate hair follicles in dermal tissue, respectively; (c) Hair growth in the skin of nude mice after 30 days following transplantation of micropatterned multicellular scaffolds; (d) Immunofluorescence staining images of hair follicle-related markers K5 and AE13 in the newborn skin tissue of nude mice at 30 days; (e) Hair regeneration of AGA mice on 0, 7, 15, 25, and 40 days after scaffold transplantation; (f, g) Relative wound area (f) and hair coverage statistics (g) of AGA mice MS: magnesium silicate; AGA: androgenetic alopecia; Blank: no treatment; EC-2MS-GM: treated by MS-containing scaffold encapsulated with endothelial cells; Co-GM: treated by micropatterned co-cultured scaffold; Co-2MS-GM: treated by micropatterned co-cultured scaffold incorporated with MS

图4 ZCQ/MN微针贴片用于AGA治疗[51]

Fig. 4 ZCQ/MN microneedle patch for AGA treatment[51] (a) SEM images of Cu/Zn dual-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles; (b) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of ZCQ/MN microneedle patch; (c) Gross photos of mice on 0, 6, 10, and 14 days after different microneedle treatments; (d) Statistics of hair coverage rate on the murine skin during 14 days; (e) Hair-covered area on the back of mice in each group after 14 days MN: pure microneedle; Qu/MN: quercetin-loaded microneedle; ZC/MN: microneedle loaded with copper/zinc dual-doped mesoporous silica;ZCQ/MN: microneedle containing copper/zinc dual-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with quercetin