双模板-水热炭化制备马蹄形中空多孔炭及其电化学性能

doi:10.15541/jim20220711

无机材料学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (8): 954-962.DOI: 10.15541/jim20220711 CSTR: 32189.14.10.15541/jim20220711

所属专题：【能源环境】储能电池(202506)；【能源环境】超级电容器(202409)

双模板-水热炭化制备马蹄形中空多孔炭及其电化学性能

徐州(), 刘宇轩, 池俊霖, 张婷婷, 王姝越, 李伟, 马春慧, 罗沙(), 刘守新()

东北林业大学生物质材料科学与技术教育部重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150040

收稿日期:2022-11-28 修回日期:2023-02-25 出版日期:2023-03-24 网络出版日期:2023-03-24
通讯作者: 罗沙, 工程师. E-mail: luo.sha.85@163.com;
刘守新, 教授. E-mail: liushouxin@126.com
作者简介:徐州(1993-), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: xuzhou0194@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31971601);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572021BB12);东北林业大学大学生国家级创新训练计划(202210225234)

Horseshoe-shaped Hollow Porous Carbon: Synthesis by Hydrothermal Carbonization with Dual-template and Electrochemical Property

XU Zhou(), LIU Yuxuan, CHI Junlin, ZHANG Tingting, WANG Shuyue, LI Wei, MA Chunhui, LUO Sha(), LIU Shouxin()

Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Received:2022-11-28 Revised:2023-02-25 Published:2023-03-24 Online:2023-03-24
Contact: LUO Sha, engineer. E-mail: luo.sha.85@163.com;
LIU Shouxin, professor. E-mail: liushouxin@126.com
About author:XU Zhou (1993-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: xuzhou0194@126.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971601);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572021BB12);National Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovations(202210225234)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以木糖为碳源, 利用嵌段共聚物聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷 (P123)/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)混合乳液构筑微反应器, 水热炭化制备马蹄形中空多孔炭。研究表明木糖在微反应器与溶液界面发生水热反应, 160 ℃水热条件下P123的亲水聚环氧乙烷嵌段(PEO)亲水性下降并向乳液内部增溶, 使乳液逐渐润胀和破裂。P123/SDS质量比会影响微反应器的完整度, 而水热时间可以调控微反应器的开口角度和空腔直径。开放性空腔能储存更多电荷和离子并缩短传输距离, 使多孔炭的比电容和能量密度增大且与空腔直径呈正相关关系。当P123/SDS质量比为1.25 : 1、水热时间为12 h时, 马蹄形中空多孔炭的开口角度(63°)和空腔直径(80 nm)最大、电化学性能最佳, 在6 mol·L^-1 KOH三电极体系中电流密度1 A·g^-1时比电容达292 F·g^-1; 在两电极体系中电流密度0.2 A·g^-1时比电容达185 F·g^-1, 能量密度达6.44 Wh·kg^-1; 电流密度5 A·g^-1时5000次充放电循环后电容保持率达94.83%。

关键词: 马蹄形, 中空多孔炭, 木糖, 水热炭化, 模板, 界面

Abstract:

The microreactor was constructed by using the block copolymer (P123)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) hybrid emulsion. Horseshoe-shaped hollow porous carbon was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of xylose. The results showed that hydrothermal reaction of xylose occurred at interface between microreactor and solution. Hydrophilicity of PEO (hydrophilic block in P123) decreased at hydrothermal temperature of 160 ℃. Hybrid emulsion was swelled and destroyed gradually because PEO ran into the interior of emulsion. Furthermore, the morphology of microreactor could be regulated by the mass ratio of P123/SDS and the opening angle, and cavity diameter could be controlled by the hydrothermal time. Owing to the open cavity, the capacity of charges and ions was magnified and transport distance was reduced. In addition, specific capacitance and energy density of porous carbons were improved and showed positive correlation with cavity diameter. The horseshoe-shaped hollow porous carbon with largest opening angle (63°), cavity diameter (80 nm) and optimal supercapacitor performance was obtained at a P123/SDS mass ratio of 1.25 : 1 by hydrothermal method for 12 h. In a three-electrode system, the product showed a high specific capacitance of 292 F·g^-1 at a current density of 1 A·g^-1. In a two-electrode system, the product showed an excellent energy density (6.44 Wh·kg^-1), specific capacitance of 185 F·g^-1 at a current density of 0.2 A·g^-1 and outstanding cycling stability (94.83%) after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5 A·g^-1.

Key words: horseshoe-shape, hollow porous carbon, xylose, hydrothermal carbonization, template, interface

中图分类号:

TQ174

徐州, 刘宇轩, 池俊霖, 张婷婷, 王姝越, 李伟, 马春慧, 罗沙, 刘守新. 双模板-水热炭化制备马蹄形中空多孔炭及其电化学性能[J]. 无机材料学报, 2023, 38(8): 954-962.

XU Zhou, LIU Yuxuan, CHI Junlin, ZHANG Tingting, WANG Shuyue, LI Wei, MA Chunhui, LUO Sha, LIU Shouxin. Horseshoe-shaped Hollow Porous Carbon: Synthesis by Hydrothermal Carbonization with Dual-template and Electrochemical Property[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(8): 954-962.

图/表 18

图1 不同P123/SDS质量比炭前驱体的(a~f)SEM和(g~l)TEM照片

Fig. 1 (a-f) SEM and (g-l) TEM images of carbon precursors with different P123/SDS mass ratios (a, g) HNS-S-12; (b, h) HNS-0.625-12; (c, i) HNS-1.25-12; (d, j) HNS-2.5-12; (e, k) HNS-5-12; (f, l) HNS-P-12

图2 不同水热时间炭前驱体的(a~e)SEM和(f~j)TEM照片

Fig. 2 (a-e) SEM and (f-j) TEM images of carbon precursors after hydrothermal treatment for different periods (a, f) HNS-1.25-3; (b, g) HNS-1.25-8; (c, h) HNS-1.25-12; (d, i) HNS-1.25-18; (e, j) HNS-1.25-24

表1 不同样品的平均粒径、空腔直径、壁厚、开口角度和pH变化

Table 1 Average diameters of particles, inner cavities, carbon walls, opening angles, and pH dependence of different samples

Sample	Average diameter of particle/nm	Average diameter of inner cavity/nm	Average diameter of carbon wall/nm	Opening angle/(°)	pH dependence
HN_S-1.25-0	-	-	-	-	7.27
HN_S-1.25-3	-	-	-	-	3.53
HN_S-1.25-8	110	60	25	48	3.35
HN_S-1.25-12	140	80	30	63	3.32
HN_S-1.25-18	230	40	95	39	3.25
HN_S-1.25-24	300	0	150	0	3.18

图3 马蹄形中空多孔炭前驱体的形貌调控机理

Fig. 3 Morphology regulation mechanism of the horseshoe- shaped hollow porous carbon precursors

图4 不同样品的(a) N2吸附-脱附曲线和(b)孔径分布曲线

Fig. 4 (a) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and (b) pore size distribution curves of different samples

图5 D-木糖和不同炭前驱体的FT-IR谱图

Fig. 5 FT-IR spectra of D-xylose and different carbon precursors

图6 HNCS-1.25-8、HNCS-1.25-12、HNCS-1.25-18和HNCS- 1.25-24的(a) XPS全谱图和(b)润湿性

Fig. 6 (a) XPS total survey and (b) wettability of HNCS-1.25-8, HNCS-1.25-12, HNCS-1.25-18, and HNCS-1.25-24

图7 HNCS-1.25-12在(a) 5~100 mV∙s-1的CV曲线和(b) 1~20 A∙g-1的GCD曲线; 不同样品(c)在1~20 A∙g-1的比电容和库仑效率(插图), (d)在1 A∙g-1比电容和空腔直径关系及(e) Nyquist曲线(插图为等效电路图); (f) HNCS-1.25-12的循环稳定性能

Fig. 7 (a) CV curves at 5-100 mV∙s-1 and (b) GCD curves at 1-20 A∙g-1 of HNCS-1.25-12; (c) Specific capacitances and Coulombic efficiencies (inset) at 1-20 A∙g-1, (d) relationship between specific capacitance with diameter of cavity at 1 A∙g-1 and (e) Nyquist plots with equivalent circuit (inset) of different samples; (f) Cycling stability of HNCS-1.25-12

图S1 HNS-1.25-12的(a)SEM和(b~d)TEM照片

Fig. S1 (a) SEM and (b-d) TEM images of HNS-1.25-12

图S2 (a~d)HNS-1.25-12和(e~h)HNCS-1.25-12的(a, e) TEM照片和(b~d)C、(f~h)O元素映射图

Fig. S2 (a, e) TEM images and (b-d) C, (f-h) O element mappings of (a-d) HNS-1.25-12 and (e-h) HNCS-1.25-12

图S3 P123、SDS和混合乳液(P123/SDS的质量比恒定为1.25:1)在溶液中的(a)尺寸分布和Zeta电位、(b)表面张力

Fig. S3 (a) Size distribution and Zeta potential, and (b) surface tension of micelle/emulsion in H2O

图S4 SDS、P123和不同炭前驱体的TG曲线

Fig. S4 TG curves of SDS, P123 and different carbon precursors

图S5 HNS-1.25-12、HNCS-1.25-8、HNCS-1.25-12、HNCS-1.25-18和HNCS-1.25-24的(a) XRD谱图和(b) Raman谱图

Fig. S5 (a) XRD patterns, (b) Raman spectra of HNS-1.25-12, HNCS-1.25-8, HNCS-1.25-12, HNCS-1.25-18, and HNCS-1.25-24

图S6 HNCS-1.25-8、HNCS-1.25-12、HNCS-1.25-18和HNCS-1.25-24的(a) C1s和(b) O1s XPS高分辨率谱图

Fig. S6 (a) C1s and (b) O1s high resolution XPS spectra of HNCS-1.25-8, HNCS-1.25-12, HNCS-1.25-18 and HNCS-1.25-24

图S7 不同样品(a)在5 mV∙s-1的CV曲线和(b)在1 A∙g-1的GCD曲线

Fig. S7 (a) CV curves at 5 mV∙s-1 and (b) GCD curves at 1 A∙g-1 of different samples

图S8 不同材料在二电极体系下的电化学性能

Fig. S8 Electrochemical performance of different materials in two-electrode system (a) CV curves at 10-100 mV∙s-1 and (b) GCD curves at 0.2-5 A∙g-1 of HNCS-1.25-12; (c) Specific capacitances and Coulombic efficiencies (inset) at 0.2-5 A∙g-1;, (d) Ragone plot with inset showing picture of lit-up LED and (e) relationship between energy density and diameter of cavity at power density of 2500 W∙kg-1 for different samples; (g) Cycling stability of HNCS-1.25-12

表S1 不同样品的孔结构参数

Table S1 Textural parameters of different samples

Sample	Specific surface area, S_BET/(m²·g^-1)	Micropore specific surface area, S_micro /(m²·g^-1)	Ratio of micropore, S_micro/S_BET	Total pore volume /(cm³·g^-1)	Pore volume of micropore/(cm³·g^-1)	Average pore size/nm
HN_S-1.25-12	9	-	-	0.03	-	11.90
HNC_S-1.25-8	619	590	95.32%	0.23	0.22	1.49
HNC_S-1.25-12	611	581	95.09%	0.23	0.22	1.52
HNC_S-1.25-18	617	550	89.14%	0.32	0.21	1.84
HNC_S-1.25-24	588	518	88.10%	0.32	0.20	1.87

表S2 文献报道的多孔炭基材料的电容性能

Table S2 Capacitive properties of doped-carbon materials reported in literature

Samples	Capacitance/ (F·g^-1)	Current density/ (A·g^-1)	Electrolyte	Ref.
NMHCS_S	240	0.2	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[9]
HFC	238	0.5	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[10]
Fe₂O₃@Gr-CNT/NF	114	1	2 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[11]
BHPC	187	0.5	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[12]
ACS	218	0.2	6 mol∙L^-1 NaOH	[13]
N-MWCNTs	184	0.5	5 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[14]
SC-ZN	263	0.5	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[15]
PN-ECB	265	0.5	6 mol∙L^-1 NaOH	[16]
NHPC	225	0.25	3 mol∙L^-1 NaOH	[17]
BPC_S	217	1	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[1]
rGONS	200	0.5	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	[18]
HNC_S-1.25-12	292	1	6 mol∙L^-1 KOH	This work

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双模板-水热炭化制备马蹄形中空多孔炭及其电化学性能

Horseshoe-shaped Hollow Porous Carbon: Synthesis by Hydrothermal Carbonization with Dual-template and Electrochemical Property

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