图1 P-SOFCs与O-SOFCs的比较[16]

Fig. 1 Comparison of P-SOFCs and O-SOFCs[16] (a) Performances comparison of P-SOFCs and O-SOFCs; (b) Schematic illustration of ionic transport mechanism of O-SOFCs and P-SOFCs

图2 燃料分子结构对P-SOFCs电化学性能的影响[33]

Fig. 2 P-SOFCs performance across a range of fuels[33] (a) Current density versus voltage (j-V) and current density versus power density (j-P) curves of P-SOFCs under a range of fuels; (b) Peak power densities, lifetime and degradation rates of P-SOFCs on 12 different fuel streams at 600 ℃

图3 单腔室SOFCs示意图[39]

Fig. 3 Schematics of single chamber SOFCs[39] (a) Single chamber SOFCs with coplanar electrodes; (b) Single chamber SOFCs with fully porous electrolyte in flow-by configuration; (c) Single chamber SOFCs with fully porous electrolyte in flow-through configuration

图4 常见的SOFCs阳极碳沉积表征手段[54,56,59,61,67]

Fig. 4 Common characterization methods for carbon deposition on SOFCs anodes[54,56,59,61,67] (a) SEM images and EDS carbon elemental mappings of the spent cell. (A-I, A-II and A-III: spent cell without catalyst; B-I, B-II and B-III: spent cell with catalyst)[54]; (b) XRD patterns of different SOFCs anode materials (A: GDC; B: Au-Mo-Ni/GDC; C: Ni/GDC; D: Au-Ni/GDC)[56]; (c) HR-TEM images of formation of the graphitic layer in NiO (A) and MgO-modified NiO (B)[59]; (d) TPO results of the carbon deposits (A: weight loss curves and derivative plots; B: yields of different types of carbons deposits at different pyrolysis temperatures)[61]; (e) Time-resolved normal Raman and SERS analysis of coking and carbon removal on nickel surface (carbon deposition on (A) blank Ni and (B) Ag@SiO2 loaded Ni, and (C) integrated intensity of the carbon D-band; removal of carbon deposition on (D) blank Ni and (E) Ag@SiO2 loaded Ni, and (F) integrated intensity of the carbon D-band)[67]

图5 BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ电解质的物化性质[76]

Fig. 5 Physicochemical properties of BaZr0.4Ce0.4Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ electrolyte[76] (a) XRD patterns before and after exposure to 100% CO2 at 500 ℃; (b) Thermogravimetric analysis profile on exposure to 60% CO2 (balance N2) at 500 ℃; (c) Conductivity under humidified N2 atmosphere (pH2O=3.1×103 Pa) compared to that of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ (BZY20) sintered under similar conditions; (d) SEM image of the as-sintered surface morphology

图6 在550 ℃下不同载体镍基催化剂的氨转化率[93]

Fig. 6 Ammonia conversions at 550 ℃ for ammonia decompositions on nickel-based catalysts with different supports[93]

图7 在OCV和600 ℃条件下DA-SOFCs采用不同燃料的电化学阻抗谱图[99]

Fig. 7 Electrochemical impedance spectra at OCV and 600 ℃ of DA-SOFCs supplied with various fuels[99]

图8 SFMC修饰的P-SOFCs的电化学性能和耐久性[106]

Fig. 8 Electrochemical performance and durability of SFMC-modified P-SOFCs[106] (a) Current density versus voltage (j-V) and current density versus power density (j-P) curves of the cell with the SFMC-modified Ni-BZCYYb anode at 600-700 ℃ using wet H2 and dry NH3 as fuels and ambient air as an oxidant; (b) Comparisons on the PPD of the cells with the bare Ni-BZCYYb and SFMC active catalytic layer (ACL) modified Ni-BZCYYb anodes at 600-700 ℃ in wet H2 and dry NH3; (c) Operation stabilities of the single cells with the bare Ni-BZCYYb and SFMC-modified Ni-BZCYYb anodes at 650 ℃ under a current density of 0.5 A/cm2 using dry NH3 as fuel

图9 新型DA-SOFCs结构设计方案[109-110]

Fig. 9 Novel structural design schemes for DA-SOFCs[109-110] (a) Test schematic diagram of tubular catalyst embedded P-SOFCs[109]; (b) Illustration of the cell anode preparation using the grid-assisted phase transformation method[110]