双氧水路线合成稳定无表面活性剂SnO2胶体用于钙钛矿太阳能电池电子传输层

doi:10.15541/jim20260122

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 二氧化锡(SnO₂)胶体对于高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)至关重要,其性能在很大程度上取决于SnO₂纳晶粒尺寸与物化性质。然而,SnO₂具有氧空位和纳米颗粒易团聚等问题,会导致薄膜质量劣化,最终限制其作为电子传输层(ETL)的性能。目前添加有机表面活性剂的湿化学制备方法会引入残留杂质,增加界面缺陷,降低器件的光电性能。为此,本研究提出了一种基于双氧水路线的无表面活性剂SnO₂胶体的合成策略,通过结合过氧化氢解胶与水热生长工艺,制备出了具有较低氧空位浓度、高结晶度的超细SnO₂纳米颗粒(3 nm)。在120~180 ℃的水热温度下,SnO₂纳米晶由于定向附着生长机制会进一步演化为长径比为3.02±0.42的纳米棒。通过调控水热温度与时间,可获得纳米棒与等轴纳米晶的混合结构。成膜时纳米棒填充了因纳米球颗粒堆积不完整而产生的空隙,形成了致密的SnO₂薄膜。当其作为以FA_0.85MA_0.15Pb(I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ 为钙钛矿层的n-i-p结构PSCs的ETL时,所得薄膜具备更致密的晶粒堆积结构,可提升电学连通性、增强亲水性并降低表面粗糙度。PSC实现了23.99%的功率转换效率(PCE),且未封装的PSCs在环境条件(30%湿度)下放置30 d后仍能保持初始效率的93.5%,优于商业SnO₂的PSC(84.5%)。本研究开发了一种环境友好的高性能SnO₂胶体的合成方法,不仅有助于减少界面缺陷,也为下一代光伏技术的规模化生产提供了可行路径。

关键词: 二氧化锡胶体, 过氧路线合成, 钙钛矿太阳能电池, 电子传输层, 定向附着

Abstract: Tin dioxide (SnO₂) colloid is critical for high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which depends on the grain size and properties of SnO₂ nanocrystals (NPs). However, SnO₂ suffers from intrinsic oxygen vacancies and particle aggregation, which lead to poor film quality as an electron transport layer (ETL). Wet chemical methods using organic surfactants introduce residual impurities that exacerbate interfacial defects and degrade the performances of PSCs. This work reported a surfactant-free SnO₂ colloid synthesis via a peroxo-route, combining hydrogen peroxide peptization and hydrothermal growth to achieve ultrafine and highly crystalline nanoparticles (~3 nm in diameter) with lower oxygen vacancies. SnO₂ NPs were further evolved into nanorods with aspect ratio (AR) to 3.02±0.42 under the hydrothermal temperature of 120-180 ℃ due to oriented attachment growth. Tailoring hydrothermal temperature and duration yielded a mixture of nanorods and nanoparticles, enhancing interfacial compaction for the SnO₂ film. When those serviced as ETL in n-i-p structured PSCs with FA_0.85MA_0.15Pb(I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ as the perovskite layer, the resulting films have denser grain packing, which enhances electrical connectivity, increases hydrophilicity and reduces surface roughness. The devices achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.99%, while the unencapsulated PSCs retain 93.5% of initial efficiency after 30 d under ambient conditions (30% relative humidity (RH)), showing superior performance over the commercial SnO₂-based counterparts (84.5%). The methodology establishes an environmentally friendly technology for high-performance SnO₂nanocrystals, addressing both the mitigation of interfacial defect and the challenges of scalable production in next generation photovoltaics.

Key words: tin dioxide colloid, peroxo-route synthesis, perovskite solar cell, electron transport layer, oriented attachment

中图分类号:

TM914

赵紫琪, 张蒙蒙, 李克睿, 侯成义, 李耀刚, 王宏志, 张青红. 双氧水路线合成稳定无表面活性剂SnO₂胶体用于钙钛矿太阳能电池电子传输层[J]. 无机材料学报, DOI: 10.15541/jim20260122.

ZHAO Ziqi, ZHANG Mengmeng, LI Kerui, HOU Chengyi, LI Yaogang, WANG Hongzhi, ZHANG Qinghong. Peroxo-route Synthesis of Stable and Surfactant-free SnO₂ Colloids for Perovskite Solar Cell Electron Transport Layer[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, DOI: 10.15541/jim20260122.

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双氧水路线合成稳定无表面活性剂SnO₂胶体用于钙钛矿太阳能电池电子传输层

Peroxo-route Synthesis of Stable and Surfactant-free SnO₂ Colloids for Perovskite Solar Cell Electron Transport Layer

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