The synthetic methods for the preparation of LiMn₂O₄ were classified into two methods approximately in this paper, the first called the solid phase method and the other called the liquid phase method. The main obstacles existed in the research of LiMn₂0₄ was introduced, and the solutions to restrain the capacity fading were also discussed.

Superhard nanocomposite films are attracting more and more interests due to their excellent mechanical and chemical properties since S. Veprek et al. presented the concept in 1994. The concept, classification, superhard mechanisms, synthesis technologies and processes, properties, applications, and development of superhard nanocomposite films were reviewed in this paper.

Both doping support and fixative support were definited as immobilization of nano-TiO₂ photocatalyst. The progress in research on doping modification and fixative callback was reviewed. The influence factors were simply discussed. Further research directions of TiO₂ photo-catalyst in the future were proposed.

This paper presented the introduction of new thermoelectric materials with half-Heusler structure. The crystal structure and recent progress were demonstrated. The effects of doping and isoelectronic alloying on thermoelectric properties were discussed. Some problems that should be paid great attentions to were given.

Er³⁺-doped fluoride lead silicate glasses were fabricated. The physical properties, thermal properties, absorption
spectra, fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes of the samples were investigated. The absorption and stimulated
emission cross-sections of ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 transition of the samples were calculated by McCumber theory.
The results show that densities, refractive indices, thermal stability, absorption and stimulated emission cross-sections of
the samples decrease, but the fluorescence full width at half max maximum and fluorescence lifetimes of the ⁴I_13/2
level of Er³⁺ increase. Compared with other glass hosts, the gain bandwidth property of Er³⁺-doped 50SiO₂-50PbF₂
glass is close to those of tellurite and bismuth glasses, and has advantage over those of silicate, phosphate and germante lasses, which shows that Er³⁺-doped fluoride lead silicate glasses can be as host materials for broadband optical amplifier.

The sealant materials for planar intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC) are required for
the sealing of the different components to prevent from leakage. Besides the gas tightness, the sealants should show good wetting behavior, matching
thermal expansion, chemical stability, dimension stability and insulation. It was investigated that a glass-ceramic based on the SiO₂-CaO-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃
system as sealant material applied for ITSOFC operated at 850℃. After heat treatment at 850℃ for 2h, the glass ceramic maintained
its shape, bonded with 8YSZ electrolyte and Ni-Cr bipolar producing a good gas-tight seal, and its thermal expansion coefficient of 8.9×10^-6/℃ was close to 8YSZ. After 100h, no decrease in pressure caused by H₂ or O₂
leaking was observed, its micrograph showed a good connection with clear interface and the thickness of the diffusive layer of elements was less than
5～10μm. This study shows the glass ceramic sealant is suitable for ITSOFC.

Five kinds of erbium doped phosphate glass samples named WM1～WM5 with different contents of
Al₂O₃, Na₂O, La₂O₃, Y₂O₃ and AlF₃ were prepared, and their chemical durability, thermal, mechanical and spectroscopic properties
were investigated. The chemical durability of these glasses was tested by immerging the samples in boiling water. The results obtained show that
the glass with Al₂O₃ content of 9.8wt% has the best chemical durability and has the highest Knoop hardness, higher glass transition temperature and lower thermal
expansion coefficient. Al₂O₃ greatly improves the chemical durability of phosphate glass. AlF₃ deteriorates the chemical
durability of the glasses a little. For improving thermal stability, Y₂O₃ is better than La₂O₃. The spectral properties of Er³⁺ in these glasses
were evaluated by measuring their absorption and emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime. The glass with 9.8wt% Al₂O₃ has the largest
absorption cross section for both Yb³⁺ and Er{3+ ions. Based on chemical durability, thermal, mechanical and spectral properties, WM1 glass
, containing 9.8 wt% Al₂O₃ and 6.9 wt% Na₂O, is the best candidate for ion exchange processing.

By optimizing the composition and microstructure, a new mica glass-ceramic with excellent machinability
was obtained. For this kind of mica glass-ceramic, a continuous band chips can be formed in machining at a high velocity and cut depth after
crystallizing at 650℃ and containing 40vol% of mica crystals (the rest is a glass phase), while the flexible strength reaches to 150MPa.
The test results show that the mechanism of ductile-mode material removal of the brittle material is attributed to a combination of mica crystal
guidance for crack propagation and the ability of glass phase to produce intense shearing strain. The further crystallizing at 750℃ can
enhance the flexible strength to 210MPa with increasing the amount of crystalline phase after cutting.

Polar glass-ceramic of Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ was prepared by the technology of isothermal oriented crystallization, based on the composition of 1.2BaO-1.0TiO₂-2.6SiO₂, added with 0.2CaO and 0.1ZrO₂ respectively, to investigate the crystallinity of the polar glass ceramic of Ba₂TiSi₂O₈ with different additive oxide. The experiment results show that CaO and ZrO₂ additives affect the crystallization of the main crystal phase. ZrO₂ additive results in BaZrSiO₃ phase in the glass ceramic especially. In addition, adding 0.2CaO is advantageous for the oriented crystallization of BTS, and adding ZrO₂ is disadvantageous.

Nanocrystalline SnO₂ powders doped with CeO₂ and CuO were prepared by the polymeric precursors method. XRD, TG-DSC, TEM and SEM techniques were used to characterize the as-prepared powders and the sintered compacts. The molar ratios of citric acid to metallic elements and ethylene glycol to citric acid were 3:1 and 2:1, respectively. The precursors after burning were calcined at 550℃ in air, and spherical, well-dispersed doped SnO₂ powders with an average diameter of ～15nm were obtained. The relative density of 1.0%CeO₂-1.5%CuO-doped SnO₂ ceramics sintered at 1050℃ is over 96%; the 1.5%CuO-doped SnO₂ ceramics can be densified at 1100℃. The grain size of the 1.0%CeO₂-1.5%CuO-doped SnO₂ ceramics densified by tqo-step sintering (first at 1050℃ for 15min, then cooling down to 980℃ and holding for 5h) is smaller than 800nm.

A novel and general route to synthesize transition metal nitrides (CrN and ζ-Fe₂N) from metal-urea nitrate complexes was presented. Metal-urea nitrate complex is proved to be a useful
precursor to prepare transition metal nitrides. FTIR and TG-DSC were adopted for the characterization of the complexes. Urea molecules bond with metal ion through oxygen-to-metal coordinate bonds. The
transformation from metal-urea nitrate to metal nitride is thought through the reaction between oxide powder and ammonia gas after its pyrolysis. The influences of the reaction temperature and the
holding time on the nitridation of different metal-urea nitrate were investigated by using XRD. The holding time for the complete nitridation of iron-urea nitrate is shorter, compared with that for
chromium-urea nitrate, and the temperature needed by the former is lower. The morphology of nitride powders was observed by using SEM.

The effect of NH₄Cl/KCl as the additives on the nitridation of aluminium powders was investigated.
Pure nanosized AlN powders were obtained after nitriding Al powders at 1000℃ for 5h when NH₄Cl/KCl was used as the additives.
TG/DSC analysis was used to record the nitridation process of aluminium powders when different additives such as NH_4Cl, KCl and NH₄Cl/KCl
were used. The resulting powders under different experiment conditions were characterized by XRD, SEM and XRF. The results show that NH₄Cl
can lower the nitridation temperature and prevent the melting and coalescence of reactant Al particles, thus nanosized AlN particles will be
obtained. Apertures generated by the evaporation of KCl avoid the formation of a dense nitride layer on Al particles and enable the diffusion of NH₃
to complete the nitridation of Al. NH₃ as the reactant gas can eliminate the effect of moisture impurity introduced by additives. NH₄Cl/KCl is
a good additive with low residue and for the production of high purity AlN.

Sr_xBa_1-xNb₂O₆(x=0.5) ceramic powders were synthesized by the aqueous organic gel routes. The desired
metal cations were chelated in a solution by using citric acid and ethylenediaminetertraacetic acid (EDTA) as the chelating agents. The
thermal decompostion of the metal carboxylate precursor gels was studied by TG/DTA and the products derived from calcinations of the gels at
different temperatures were characterized by XRD and TEM. The results reveal that tetragonal tungsten bronze-type structural SBN with fine
particle size can be achieved at 800℃. The influences of pH and molar ratio of citric acid: Nb cation on the formation of
homogeneous Sr-Ba-Nb precursor gels were also studied. pH=8 used during the preparation of Sr-Ba-Nb precursor gels was determined
by calculation of the conditional formation constant K_cf of Sr-EDTA and Ba-EDTA complexes.

PbZr_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ nano-powders were synthesized with a modified sol-gel method at low calcining temperatures. Pb(CH₃COO)₂·3H₂O, Zr(NO₃)₄·5H₂O and Ti(C₄H₉O)₄ were used as parent reagents. The sol-gel method was modified by cutting down certain procedures and calcining wet gel in a proper heating sequence. XRD and TEM testy show that the PZT nano-particles are ultrafine and uniform, their diameters are around 10 nanometers.

A thin film of active tin that can reversibly react with lithium was electrodeposited onto a copper
foil collector and employed as anode for lithium ion battery after a heat-treatment in argon atmosphere. The analysis results of scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical tests of model cells show that the initial discharge specific capacity of the electrodeposited
tin electrode is higher than that of the slurry-coating tin electrode. They are 747mAh·g^-1 and 442mAh·g^-1 respectively.
The electrode surface structure, chemical composition, and crystal size are different before and after heat-treatment (e.g. tin crystal size:
102.4nm and 121.0nm, respectively). Despite of a lower initial discharge specific capacity (4.9mAh·g^-1, the annealed tin electrode has a much higher initial
coulomb efficiency (92%) and more excellent cycle performance (the capacity retention after 30 cycles: 58%) compared with no annealing tin electrode.

By means of SEM observation and complex AC impedance, as well as I-V polarization curve,
the electrics characteristic and electrode appearance of Pt/YSZ(yttria stabilized zirconia) electrode structure at different aging
time were studied. In addition, a new model of the electrode and electrolyte interface (Pt/YSZ) was proposed, the length of triple
phase boundary of the electrode at different aging time was calculated by using this model. Both the experimental result and the result calculated by using
the theoretic model show that the electrics characteristic and electrode appearance of Pt/YSZ will obviously change with aging time.

The microstructure and piezoelectric properties of Pb_0.98Sr_0.02(Mn_1/3Sb_2/3)_x-(Zr_0.5Ti_0.5)_1-xO₃
ceramics with different dopants of Nb₂O₅, NiO, Fe₂O₃ and doping amounts were Investigated. Results show that phases shift from tetragonal phase to rhombohedral phase with the increase of doping amounts. The solubility
of B-site dopants in PMS-PZ-PT ceramics is very small. The compositions with small doping amount have optimized property values of d₃₃, K_p and Q_m. The Q_m can be improved with small amount of acceptor
dopants, but deceases all through with the increase of Nb-doping concentration. The modified compositions have superior piezoelectric properties, so they are practically suitable for the applications in ultrasonic motors.

La-PZT/Al-ZnO piezoelectric ceramics with gradients of resistivity and piezoelectric modulus
were fabricated by using a powder metallurgical process. They are a kind of monolithic Piezoelectric Actuator with Functional Gradients (FGMPA),
which can effectively reduce or smooth its interfacial stress concentration and requires much lower driving field than that of La-PZT/Fe-PZT FGMPA.
The distributions of composition, phase and microstructure were examined respectively by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray Diffraction
(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the gradient distributions of structural and electrical properties are mainly caused by
the diffusion and aggregation of Zn ions in the PZT layer. It is also the main cause of reducing the resistivity in partial gradient PZT region
adjacent to ZnO layer. The existence of ZnO in the PZT region as a second phase was detected by XRD.

The multilayer composites were prepared by cofiring Pb(Ni_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ based ferroelectrics and
NiZnCu ferrite. Their interaction, cofiring properties and interface microstructure were investigated. The difference factor d_D
was proposed to describe the microstructure difference between the interface and the inner parts. The results show that there is no chemical reaction exsting
between the ferroelectrics and ferrite materials. The multilayer composites cofired by ferroelectrics and ferrite at low temperature
(950℃) with no camber and crack defects can be successfully prepared. The grain of ferroelectrics adjacent to the interface is
larger than that far from the interface. The interface bonding property of the multilayer composites testified by quenching into water from 500℃
to room temperature, showing no cracks or delaminations, is excellent.

The ceramic oxygen permeation membranes of La_0.2Ba_0.8(Co_0.2Fe_0.8)_1-xZr_xO_3-δ
with x=0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 were fabricated by a solid state reaction method. The phase structure, microstructure, including morphology, size of
crystal grain and second phase in the sample, were investigated by XRD and SEM, respectively. The influence to the properties of oxygen separation and
mechanics of samples, caused by microstructure, was also studied. The research results show that the synthesis of single perovskite-structured
phase of x=0 by the solid reaction method is difficult, but it can be realized by means of the wet synthesis method or by adding some suitable
amounts of ZrO₂ into the parent phase. A small amount of BaZrO₃ as second phase appeared in the sample with x=0.1 makes
the sample possess small crystal grains, with high stability during long time oxygen permeation at high temperature, and larger mechanical
strength compared to other composition samples. For the membrane with x=0.1, the oxygen permeation flux can reach to 4.6×10^-7mol·cm^-2·s^-1
at 1010℃ with thickness of 1.2mm under one side exposed to air and the other side feeding with He flow.

The electrodeposition process of bismuth-tellurium co-deposition was studied, and the effects of temperature and HNO3 concentration on the co-deposition process were also analyzed. Based on the work, n-type bismuth-tellurium nanowire array thermoelectric materials were fabricated through DC electrodeposition by using anodic alumina template with a pore diameter of 50nm as the cathode. The results show that electrodeposition potential has great effect on the compositon of bismuth-tellurium alloy.

Microporous silica membranes on Υ-Al₂O₃/α-Al₂O₃ porous supports were prepared by a sol-gel process, and characterized by IR, TG, FE-SEM,N₂ adsorption as well as gas permeation. The H₂ permeance of 2.3×10^-7mol·m^-2·Pa^-1·s^-1 and H₂/CO₂ separation factor of 8.0 were measured with the as-prepared membrane at 200℃. Deterioration of the membrane performance in the humid atmoshphere was observed, which can be attributed to the collapse of the pore structure caused by the reaction between surface hydroxy group and water vapor.

Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films were prepared on the surface of active carbon via a sol-gel
dip-coating method by using PbNO₃ and Ti(OBt)₄ as precursors. The as-prepared thin films were characterized by UV-VIS spectrophotometry,
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photocatalytic activities of the thin films were evaluated by photocatalytic
decoloration of methyl orange aqueous solution and photocatalytic degradation of omethoate aqueous solution, respectively. The results show that the rutile
phase is precipitated ad well as anatase phase. With an increase in the Pb amount in the films, the rutile content increases. Therefore, the band edges of
the various Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films exhibit slightly red shift compared with un-doped TiO₂ thin film. Photocatalytic activities
of the thin films are obviously enhanced due to Pb-doping. The thin film shows the highest photocatalytic activity when the Pb/TiO₂ mass ratio
=1.7%. This is probably ascribed to the fact that Pb(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅳ) in the Pb-doped TiO₂ thin films can transform each other via low-potential-
capturing the photo-generated holes and electrons of TiO₂ under UV illumination. Thus, the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes is
reduced, and the photocatalytic activity of thin film is enhanced.

Sol-gel-derived TiO₂ colloid films were prepared with various amount of hydroxypropy-lcellulose (HPC) as additive. The function mechanism of HPC on the microstructure of titania films was studied. FRIR analysis shows that HPC anchors on the surface of titania colloid. The action between the polymers decides the distribution of titania colloid in the solution. Scanning electrical microscope (SEM) and transmitting electrical microscope (TEM) analysies show that when the concentration of HPC is 4.5×10^-3g/g, the adsorption of HPC on titania colloid reaches its fitting amount, the titania colloid disperses well in the solution and the particle size of titania is smallest.

In order to fabricate high quality ferroelectric thin films qualified for ferroelectric memories, different ferroelectric thin film systems, with the structures of MFM and MFS, were deposited by using the sol-gel technique. The ferroelectric properties and the P-V hysteresis loops characteristics of these different ferroelectric thin film systems were analyzed with comparison. Based on the test results, a new practicable configuration of Ag/Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃/ Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂/p-Si was fabricated, which can improve the ferroelectric properties and hysteresis loops characteristics of the ferroelectric thin films.

The coefficient of static friction of friction pairs, which were composed of plasma sprayed tungsten
carbide coating and aluminium alloy, titanium alloy and plasma sprayed titanium coatings, respectively, were examined. The results obtained show
that surface roughness and hardness of friction pairs are important to the coefficient of static friction. The lower the hardness of contact
material against WC coating, the higher the static friction coefficient of a pair. The roughening WC coating and the smoothing pair material against
WC are useful for improving the static friction coefficient of the wear pair.

2～18GHz complex permittivity and complex permeability spectra of directionally grown
carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were studied. The permittivity of directionally grown CNTs is lower than that of CNTs prepared by common chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
method, but permittivity is evidently higher. TEM micrographs show that Fe nano-particles regularly
distribute in the center cavity of directionally grown CNTs. There are also Fe particles covered by carbon layers deposited on the outer surface
of directionally grown CNTs. The existence of Fe particles may explain the higher permeability of directionally grown CNTs. During the preparation of
directionally grown CNTs, the amount and velocity of catalyst feed-in can adjust the distribution of Fe particles in the sample of CNTs, thus providing a new route to modulate the electrical and magnetic properties
of CNTs.

Porous carbon was prepared by the polymerization-dependent phase separation technique. The characterizations of the
porous carbon were determined with mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscope and BET surface analyzer.
The effects of various processing parameters (thermal process and the type of used glycols) on the properties of porous
carbon were studied. The results show that porous carbon obtained is amorphous. The carbon particulate size and pore
size decrease with increasing thermal polymer temperature, whereas porosities increase. When the thermal process
[40℃(3h)→100℃(24h)] employed, the porous carbon is with average pore size of 1.75μm and porosity of 51.86%. By varying glycol, porous carbon with narrow pore size distributions can be obtained and the
average pore size of porous carbon is between 0.01 and 5μm, with BET surface area range from 350 to 400m²·g^-1$.

The xenon adsorption on different based activated carbon fibers(ACFs) and activated carbon fiber modified was studied. The results show that the xenon adsorption amounts of the ACFs are not increased with the increasing of specific surface area of the ACFs. The micropore size of the ACFs becomes narrow after the ACFs modification, meanwhile the xenon adsorption amounts of the ACFs increase a little. The structures of the AC.Fs do not change before and after the adsorption of xenon.

A piezoelectric composite was prepared with highly aligned BaTiO₃ whiskers as active phase and
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as matrix. Its dielectric and electromechanical properties were investigated. The experimental results show that the
dielectric constant (ε), piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) and remnant polarization (P_r) are considerably higher in the whisker composite
than in the corresponding composite containing BaTiO₃ powders as the active phase, while the loss factors follow the opposite trend. For the whisker
composite, ε, d₃₃ and P_r along the direction of the whisker orientation (normal specimen) are much higher than the values
normal to the whisker orientation (parallel specimen). The reasons for the observed differences were discussed.

ZrO₂(3Y)/Fe₃ Al composites were synthesized by HP sintering.The results show that their room flexural strength,fracture toughness and hardness(HRA)measured are 1321MPa, 36MPa·m^1/2 and 86.7 respectively,and their critical temperature difierence(ΔT)of thermal shock elevates from 250℃ of ZrO₂(3Y)to 500℃.The elevation of fracture toughness results from the compatible effect of crack bridge,crack deflection,stress-induced transformation toughening and the disturbing of dislocation on crack spread.

The nanostructure ferrites of two-phase ZnFe₂O₄/Fe₂O₃ were prepared by the sol-gel method.
The structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution electron microscope (HREM). The
results indicate that two-phase ferrite is the necessary condition to form tunneling structure. Non-Ohmic character
of I-V curve and magnetoresistance effect of two-phase ferrite also show tunneling character. The tunneling
structure was directly observed by HREM in two-phase ferrite that insulating layer of α-Fe₂O₃
located in interface between ferrets. Approved deeply by phase-transformation dynamics, crystallization of α-Fe₂O₃
is controlled by the interface or surface of ZnFe₂O₄ crystallite.

Long afterglow SrAl₂O₄:Eu,Dy phosphor was prepared by the traditional ceramic synthesis method, and investigated its luminescent mechanism and properties by the thermoluminescence and positron annihilation method. The results indicate that Eu²⁺ ions act luminescent centers and Dy³⁺ ions as trap levels. The positron annihilation experiment reveals that traps with negative charge exist in the Sr_0.94Al₂O₄: Eu_0.02 and Sr_0.94Al₂O₄:Eu_0.02, Dy_0.04, the Dy³⁺ ions enter the Sr²⁺ sites, and produce some Sr²⁺ vacancies simultaneously. The thermoluminescence curves imply that the depth of trap level is about 0.95eV while doped Eu ions simply, and 0.51eV while co-doped Dy³⁺ in the SrAl₂O₄ host. As for the long afterglow luminescence mechanism, the trapped holes released from the trap levels are recombined with electrons accompanying with the luminescence, which result in the long afterglow. Due to the different depths of trap levels, the afterglow properties of phosphors vary greatly.

MoS₂ powders coated with Y-TZP were prepared by heating alcohol-water solution of ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O with particles of MoS₂. Y-TZP/MoS₂ composites with special microstructure and good mechanical properties were fabricated by hot pressing sintering. The tribological properties of Y-TZP/MoS₂ composites sliding against ZrO₂ at room temperature were investigated. Results show that the friction coefficient of the composite with 44wt% MoS₂ added is as low as 0.25, and the wear rate of the composite is 1.05×10^-6mm³/m·N

The interior electric field of a two-phased composite material was simulated by using Monte Carlo and finite
element methods with 3-dimensional model, from which the macro dielectric constant, ε_m, of the material was calculated. The results show
that the percentage of electric field energy stored in the low-permittivity phase to total energy calculated with 3-dimensional model is larger than that
calculated with 2-dimensional model. Since the 3-dimensional model accords with the fact that the particles in real composite material are more
parallel than serial connected, the simulated distribution of the electric field and ε_m with 3-dimensional model are more accurate than with 2-dimensional
model. A new equation for predicting the macro dielectric constant of a two-phased compound derivedis: ε^α_m=V₁ε^α₁+V₂ε^α₂, where α=(V²₁+20V₁V₂+20V₁V₂+5V²₂)/11, V₁+V₂=1 and ε₁<ε₂. This equation agrees
well with the data from some literatures.

Artificial neural network (ANN) technique was applied to model the PZT based piezoelectric ceramics system. After selecting several dopants, the experimental results of 21 PZT
samples were analyzed by a BP network based on the homogenous experimental design. Calculated results indicated that the ANN model was much more accurate than multiple
nonlinear regression analysis (MNLR) model for the same set of data. Optimized formulations were also calculated and the optimized d₃₃ and K_p output values agreed well with predicted values. These results suggest that the ANN based modeling is a very
useful tool in dealing with problems with serious non-linearity encountered in the property analysis of the complicated solid solution material.

Ba₃(Ca_1.18Nb_1.82)O_9-δ(BCN18) powders were synthesized by using a wet chemical method from a mixture of all
water-soluble compounds including Ba, Ca and Nb-citrate. Heating a mixed aqueous solution with the molar ratio of Ba:Ca:Nb:citric acid=3:1.18:1.82:12
produced a light green gelatinous viscous matter without any precipitation, then evaporating, drying and calcinating were conducted. The obtained gels
were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD and TEM. The experimental results show that the heating temperature is 750℃ for getting the powder and
the average particle size is about 50nm. Furthermore a pure BCN18 phase with a complex perovskite structure forms at 1000℃,it is lower about
600℃ than that reported by using the traditional solid-reaction method. The citrate sol-gel method is more practical and ascendant than the wet-chemical method used to the alcohol salt system reported in present literature.

A stable amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was prepared by a wet chemical method at a low temperature in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The effects of
PEG:CaCl₂ ratios and the molecule weight of PEG on the stability of ACP in the aqueous solution were investigated. The results show that the optimized preparation conditions
for stable ACP are PEG:CaCl₂ ratio of 1:1 and the PEG molecule weight of 10000. The role of PEG in stabilizing ACP in the aqueous solution is that PEG is easy to exist in the interstices between the ACP Ca₉(PO₄)₆
clusters and adsorbed around ACP particles, and inhibits ACP transformations to crystalline hydroxyapatite.

The low-temperature sintering characteristics and electrical properties of ZnO-V₂O₅ varistors
were studied through adding oxides with low melting point, which were the lead zinc borate glass frit forming materials. The results show
that the sintering temperature is significantly decreased to 800℃ with conventional electric furnace sintering and the nonlinear
properties are obviously enhanced through adding B₂O₃ and PbO. When the sample with co-doped 6wt% (PbO+B₂O₃) sintered at 800℃ for 4h, its
leakage current density J_L=7.2×10^-6A/cm² and nonlinear coefficient α=22.5.

Carbon nanotubes were produced by catalytic thermal decomposition using metal Ni nanopartical as catalyst.
X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope were used to determine the size and morphology of carbon nanotubes. The results show that carbon
nanotubes are 20--30nm in diameter and longer than 100nm with a high order degree of graphitization. There are a large amount of nanochannels lead to
higher specific capacity. The carbon nanotubes exhibit a high electrochemical storage lithium capacity, being 654mAh/g at first cycle
and having a good cycling stability.

The B₂O₃/MCM-41 material was prepared by the solution-grafting method, using tri-butyl borate as boron source. DTA, XRD, FTIR, XPS and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms were employed to characterize the synthesized materials. The results show that boron specie separates out and exists as cubic B₂O₃ after calcining at 400℃. The trigonal BO₃ is as the basic coordinated unit in B₂O₃/MCM-41. The solution-grafting and following calcination have little effect on the structure of MCM-41 host.

iamond/SiC compositional gradient films were deposited by the microwave plasma CVD, using a gas mixture of hydrogen, methane and tetramethylsilane (TMS). Single crystalline silicon wafers, pretreated with nano-diamond particles
before deposition, were used as substrates. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results show that the content of diamond
and silicon carbide in the films changes with TMS flow rates, and diamond/silicon carbide films with gradient composition and smooth transition can be obtained by adjusting the TMS flow rate during deposition process.