The advances of research on the electromagnetic characteristics for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were reviewed systematically. In combination with our latest achievements from studying of transport properties, intrinsic resistance and magnetoresistance of CNTs, the research methods, involving theories, essential findings and their implications of the uniquely electromagnetic quantum properties for CNTs were discoursed concisely.

Long lasting alkaline aluminate phosphorescent materials have become a new kind of energy storing materials
because of their excellent luminescent properties. This paper reviewed the recent progress on the research in this field. The luminescence
characteristics and the long lasting phosphorescent properties of the materials were summarized and new methods for the preparation of the
materials were summed up in detail. Two different mechanisms of the afterglow behavior were discussed, then the new research direction and
latent application fields were pointed out.

The application of transparent ceramics can be found in a variety of fields , such as luminous tubes, new laser materials and scintillators. The fabrication and developments of transparent ceramics were reviewed in this paper.

Ce-doped Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ single crystal with size of φ10mm×40mm was successfully grown in space on board of the spacecraft Shenzhou No.3. The surface morphology of space-grown crystal is different from that of ground-grown crystal.The space- and ground-grown crystals were measured by X-ray rocking curves, absorption spectra and micro-Raman spectra. The results show that the quality of Ce-doped crystal grown in space is better than that of the ground-grown one. The effect of doping on optical properties of BSO grown in space is evient in comparison with the ground-grown crystal.

The optimum process for preparing nanometer nickel oxide by the citrate-gel method was studied.
The gel and products derived from the consequent thermal decomposition were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and BET techniques.The thermal decomposition
of the gel was analysed by TG/DTA. The effects of heat-treatment temperature, time on particle shape, size and specific surface area were studied and the
preparation process was optimized. The NiO prepared in the optimum conditions (CA: Ni²⁺ mole ratio 1.2:1.0, 400℃ heat-treatment for 1h) has
particle size <50nm, specific surface area >180m²/g. The metallic nickel formation during the gel heat treatment is due to the in situ reduction
of nickel oxide by carbon or carbon monoxide produced from the gel precursor.

Y₂(OH)₅(N0₃)·nH₂O precursor was produced using Y(NO₃)₃ solution containing small amount of ammonia sulfate and NH₃·H₂O solution. Yttria powders (60nm in average size) were obtained by calcining the precursor at 1100℃ for 4h. The Y₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and Nd₂O₃ powders were mixed by ball milling, and then sintered into a fully transparent Nd:YAG ceramic body by vacuum sintering at 1700℃ for 4h by a solid-state reaction method. The optical properties of the transparent Nd:YAG ceramic was investigated.

The purpose of this study is to explore new methods to prepare reaction bonded silicon carbide(RBSC)
materials with high performance in a lower cost. Unlike the traditional RBSC process, a pure carbonaceous preform was made of petroleum coke in
which cornstarch was incorporated to adjust the preform carbon density and micropore structure as well. The pure carbonaceous preform was then
infiltrated with liquid silicon and the sintered materials has a density of 3.12g/cm³ and bending strength of 580MPa. The results of observation
on the preform microstructure show that the preform with starch contains more fine pore, which is believe to be vital for complete infiltration.
XRD analysis shows that the sintered materials contain β-SiC and free Si and a little free carbon. SEM shows the average granule size in
the sintered materials is about 2-4μm and is less than that of the traditional RBSC. We conclude that finer grain is the main cause to
the higher strength of the material in comparison with the traditional RBSC.

Polar piezoelectric glass-ceramics of composition Ba_2-xSr_xTiSi₂O₈ with c-axis oriented growth
were prepared by crystallizing the BaO-SrO-TiO₂-SiO₂ glasses in a high temperature gradient. The structure was determined by XRD and SEM. The
physical model of driving force of the polar piezoelectric Ba_2-xSr_xTiSi₂O₈ crystal along c-axis dimension was set up,
in accord with the experiment. The results show that the c-axis oriented growth of polar crystal is synchronously driven by gradient of temperature, dipole field and c-axis maximum energy of crystal lattice. The interior
driving forces are both the difference of energy of ionic crystal lattice in different axis and dipole field produced by spontaneous polarization of polar
crystal. The exterior driving force is the gradient of temperature.

ZnO tetrapod nanowhiskers and Sb₂O₃ quasi-spherical nanoparticles were prepared by metallic vapour-phase oxidation, and the conductivity and gas sensitivity of thick films based on
ZnO-Sb₂O₃ sintered system were investigated. The changes in conductivity and gas sensitivity of the thick film were discussed in according to the phase change of the mixed-powder sintered at
650℃ for 2h examined by XRD. The result showed that the nanoparticles could take place solid-phase reaction at lower sintering temperature and the conductivity and gas sensitivity
of the thick film could be modified and controlled by newly formed complex oxide, i.e., ZnSb₂O₆ and Zn_2.33Sb_0.67O₄.

The microstructure and piezoelectric properties of Pb_0.98Sr_0.02(Mn_1/3 Sb_2/3)_x-(Zr_0.5Ti_0.5)_1-xO₃ ceramics were investigated systematically as a function of NiO-doping contents. Results show that, phases shift from tetragonal to rhombohedral phase with the increase of doping amounts, the solubility of NiO in PMS-PZ-PT ceramics is very small, and the composition with doping amount of 0.02wt% has superior piezoelectric properties. The modified compositions are practically suitable for ultrasonic motor (USM) applications.

Al-pillared montmorillonite prepared with Keggin cation and the calcined products at different
temperature were studied by means of XRD, specific surface area analyses and pore size distribution. The results showed that, when calcined
from 300 to 650℃, the d value of pillared-montmorillonite changed from 2.13nm to 1.74nm, and the specific surface area was
increased to 231.6m²/g. The microporosity of pillared montmorillonite changed because of calcination, with the increase of
temperature, the specific surface area was reduced, average pore size was increased, and volume of micropores decreased. Calcination destroyed the
micro-structure of Al pillared montmorillonite.

MCM-41 mesoporous materials doped with Cerium, Neodymium, Europium and Erbium were synthesized by
hydrothermal methods. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ sorption and high resolution transmission electron microscopy-X-ray energy dispersive
spectroscopy techniques (HRTEM-EDX) were used to investigate the effects of Lanthanides to the structure of MCM-41. Results show that Lanthanides
have been incorporated into the framework and/or walls of the silica matrix. The ordering of the mesoporous structure is dependent
on the doping content and ionic diameters of Lanthanides. An increase in the content of Ln leads to the increase in the average pore diameter and
a decrease in the diameter of Ln leads to the decrease in the average pore diameter.

A new woodceramics was fabricated from basswood powder and phenolic resin. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to reveal
the pyrolysis behaviors of wood powder and phenolic resin. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to
characterize and analyze the microstructures and phase identification of woodceramics. The effects of carbonization temperature and content of
phenolic resin on the apparent porosity, volume electrical resistivity and bending strength of woodceramics were discussed, respectively. The
results show that woodceramics is a kind of composite of porous amorphous carbon from wood powder and glassy carbon from phenolic resin, and is not
composed of a completely graphitized carbon structure but has a turbostratic structure. With the increase in the carbonization temperature, apparent
porosity and bending strength increase, while volume electrical resistivity decreases, the broad (002) peak gradually becomes sharper, and the (002)
interplanar spacing becomes smaller. However, when content of phenolic resin increases, no detectable changes of the broad (002) peak and the (002)
interplanar spacing take place. The apparent porosity, bending strength, and volume electrical resistivity of woodceramics prepared from wood powder/
phenolic resin composite in a ratio of 100:160 by weight carbonized at 1350℃ are about 50%, 25MPa, and 2.0×10^-2Ω·cm, respectively.

The synthesis kinetic parameters of spinel LiMn₂O₄ produced in air were studied
by the non-isothermal multiple scanning method with DSC at the four heating rates. An optimal solid-state synthesis method was then obtained
based on the above investigations. It employed the two-step method to prepare the spinel-phased LiMn₂O₄: firstly, the well-mixed raw
materials preheated at 600℃ for several hours and subsequently, raised the temperature to 830℃ and fired at this temperature
for a longer time to get the final products. The microstructures of the final LiMn₂O₄ samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The
electrochemical properties of LiMn₂O₄ as the cathode materials of Li-ion batteries were measured by the constant current charge-discharge
method: an initial capacity of 122mAh/g and relatively high capacity retention were obtained.

Li_2+2xTi_1-xCu_x(NbO₄)_₂ was prepared by high temperature solid state reaction. XRD analysis shows that a olivine structure of LiFePO_4 can be found in the composition range
of x≤0.8. A.C. impedance measurements show that the initial composition of x=0.6 possesses the best conductivity of 1.26×10^-5 S/cm at room temperature, and that all samples with a
composition of x≥0.6 show the character of fast ion conductor. The sample with composition of x=0.6 was selected for electrode performance test, the results show that it has a very high
discharge specific capacity of 805.8mAh/g with a long discharge plateau at 2.0V during the first cycle in the voltage range of 0.5-4.6V vs Li⁺/Li at 0.10mA/cm² rate in 1mol/L LiPF₆/EC+DMC(1:1)
electrolyte and that its reversibility and cycle performance need to be improved.

Lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O₃, PZT) ferroelectric thin films were
deposited onto platinum coated silicon substrates with and without lead titanate(PbTiO₃,PT) seeding layers by a modified sol-gel processing
using zirconium nitrate as the zirconium source. The precursor solution for spin coating was prepared from lead acetate, tetrabutyl titanate, and
zirconium nitrate. The effect of the prepared PZT thin films with PT seedings on the microstructure and electrical properties were investigated.
The results show that the PZT thin films are of uniformity, density, and crack-free. The corresponding remanent polarization(P_r) and coercive
field(E_c) are 20μC/cm² and 59kV/cm respectively. Dielectric constant and loss tangent of PZT thin films with PT seedings are 385 and 0.03,
respectively.

Using lead acetate, lanthanum acetate, zirconium oxide acetate and titanium butoxide as precursors, lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate gel fibers were fabricated by the sol-gel method. After being
prolyzed and sintered, The PLZT ceramic fibers with a diameter of 25μm were obtained. The morphology and cross-section of the fibers were studied by SEM. The micrographs show that, these
ceramic fibers are dense and uniform. The density of the fibers is 7.78×10³kg/m³, which was measured by Archimedes method. For a PLZT fiber/epoxy 1-3 composite disk with a diameter
of 4.4mm, a thickness of 43μm and ceramic volume fraction of 0.7, its piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ and electromechanic coefficient k_t are 410pC/N and 0.631, respectively.

A coating of atomic oxygen resistant was obtained through the sol-gel method, and the precursors for
the coating were synthesized and analyzed. The precursor liquid was prepared by using methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) and
tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). IR spectra of different precursor liquids were compared, and the strength of Si-O bonds was discussed. The coatings
prepared from the precursor liquid were exposed on atomic oxygen in an amount of 5.4×10²⁰/cm². The results obtained demonstrate that
the amount of TEOS addition has greater effects on the strength. SEM experiment shows that they also possess the good performance on the atomic
AO exposed oxygen resistant. The SEM photos show nearly no change for the coatings prepared from the precursors with and without AO exposure,
but the substrate Kapton without protective coating eroded. The coating prepared from this kind of precursor can protect the polymer surface from atomic oxygen erosion, and can be used in the
spacecraft in LEO.

A γ-MnO₂ thin film was prepared using nano-sized γ-MnO₂ powder by the suspending
particles sintering method. The γ-MnO₂ thin film was characterized by AFM, SEM, BET and XRD techniques, and the effects of La, PVA additives and pH value on the
structure of γ-MnO₂ thin film were examined. In additim, catalytic properties of γ-MnO₂ thin film and γ-MnO₂ nanometer
powder were compared by H₂-TPR technique. The results show that La can efficiently suppress the phase transformation of γ-MnO₂ thin film at La/Mn=0.15,
there are no cracks on the surface of γ-MnO₂ thin film dipped at pH=10 and PVA/γ-MnO₂=7%, and the activity of oxygen center of
γ-MnO₂ thin film is slightly lower than that of γ-MnO₂ nanometer powder.

Silicon nitride thin films (SiN_x) were prepared on silicon wafers from SiHCl₃ (TCS)-NH₃-N₂
system via low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) from 730℃ to 830℃ in a hot-wall horizontal tubular reactor.
By spectroscopic ellipsometer and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), the growth rate and surface morphology of the films were investigated with various
deposition parameters, including total pressure, substrate temperature and reactive gas feed ratio. As total pressure increases, growth rate increases
at lower pressure and then decreases at higher pressure. The dependence of growth rate on substrate temperature is similar to that of total pressure.
However, as NH₃/TCS ratio increases, growth rate gradually increases and eventually amounts to a constant. The apparent activation energy of the
reaction from 730℃ to 830℃ is about 171kJ/mol. AFM results reveal that lower growth rate is favor to improve film uniformity. SiN_x
films with promising surface roughness can be prepared under appropriate deposition conditions.

TiO₂ mesoporous films with aperture in about 4-5nm as photocatalyst on glass beads were synthesized by using the sol-gel method with TBT as the precursor and PEG400 as the template and characterized by SEM, TEM, AES and Raman techniques. The effects of Dipping time, the concentration of PEG and calcining time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ film were studied on the evaluating equipment designed by ourselves. The best photocatalyst can be obtained when the sol containing 15% PEG 400 and the film about 210nm thick and calcined at 400℃ for 2h.

TiO₂ thin film photocatalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method with acrylic acid acted as the surface modifier. The TEM images showed that the aggregation of TiO₂ particles in the sol could be remarkably inhibited due to the modification of acrylic acid. The result of XRD and AFM analysis indicated that rapid grain growth of Nano- TiO₂ particles could be suppressed also by the modification in thermal treatments and the transformation temperature of anatase to rutile (A→R) was extended into more high range of 800-1000℃ compared with the unmodified TiO₂

The silicon carbon nitride (SiCN) films were successfully synthesized on silicon substrate using SiH₄/CH₄/
H₂/N₂ mixture by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) without bias. The resultant films consist of many micro-rods with mean diameter about
3μm and lengths up to 35 μm measured by SEM, and the micro-rods are built with blocks of nanocrystalline SiCN grown in amorphous matrix observed
by HRTEM. Further SAED and XRD analysis indicate that the structure of SiCN nanocrystal is similar to that of α-Si₃N₄ with small deviations.
XPS and FTIR were employed to investigate the compositions of SiCN films, indicating the presence of Si, C, N, O and H, and a chemical bonding network
of C=N, N-Si and N-C bonds in SiCN films, but the C-Si bonds absent. From these results, we suggest that the SiCN growth may mainly include two
processes: the growth of α-Si₃N₄ clusters and the substitution of Si atoms by C atoms.

Gas phase chemistry in C-H-O and C-H-N systems was simulated. Phase diagrams for chemical vapor
deposition diamond films with oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing feed gases were successfully constructed. The influences of oxygen and
nitrogen addition on diamond growth were also discussed. It is shown methyl is the dominant diamond growth precursor, acetylene contributes to
non-diamond carbon deposition and atomic hydrogen etches non-diamond carbon. Oxygen addition varies the concentrations of these radicals, which influences
diamond growth. Nitrogen addition varies their concentrations as well as produces nitrogen-containing radicals such as CN, which participate in
surface chemistry in diamond nucleation and growth.

A new type of limiting current oxygen sensor using yttria (8mol%) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as oxygen ion
conducting solid electrolytes and La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ (LSM) as diffusion barrier was developed successfully through a new and effective technology.
This new technology avoids the problem that the sintering shrinkage percentages of YSZ and LSM are different with each other. The oxygen sensor
made by this technology displays excellent characteristics from 0% oxygen concentration to ambient air oxygen partial pressure, and offers a
simpler design, a shorter response time, a long term working stability and a potentially lower cost than existing limiting current oxygen sensors.

Methyl-modified silica membranes were prepared by acid catalysed co-hydrolysis and condensation reaction of
tetra-ethylortho-silicate(TEOS) and methyl-tri-ethoxy-silane(MTES) in ethanol and characterized by TGA,FTIR and gas permeation. The hydrophobicity of
modified silica membranes increases with MTES/TEOS molar ratio and almost no water can be adsorbed on the surface of the membranes with MTES/TEOS
molar ratio higher than 0.8. For the modified silica membranes with METS/TEOS molar ratio of 1, the hydrogen transport is activated by temperature
with a H₂ flux of 6.0×10^-7mol·m^-2·Pa^-1·s^-1 and H₂/CO₂ separation factor of 6.0 at 200℃, and the hydrogen
permeance shows little change and the H₂/CO₂ separation factor increases after aging at 200℃ and a water vapor pressure of 3564Pa
for 110 hours. It’s shown that CH₃-modified silica membranes are more hydrothermally stable than the unmodified silica membranes.

A novel technique was developed to lithographically make fine patterns on Y-stabilized zirconia films (YSZ
films), using methanol as solvent, zirconium oxynitrate and yttrium nitrate as precursor, acetylacetone (AcAcH) as chemical modification. Basing on
sol-gel process, an UV photosensitive sol and gel films by chemical modification in AcAcH to form chelate complexes with Zr ions, were obtained from
which the YSZ films to be patterned can be prepared. By means of UV-Visible spectrophotometers, it was found that the chelate complexes with AcAcH bonded
with Zr ions can exist in the gel films, and show good thermal stability and photochemical stability under the atmosphere and visible light and room
temperature, and have a UV absorption peak located at around wavelength 310nm. The UV laser light with the wavelength of 325nm irradiation can
decompose the chelate complexes in gel films, and change the physical and chemical characteristic of the gel films, from which the solubility of gel
films irradiated by UV laser light in solvents including methanol, etc., is reduced remarkably. Utilizing such characteristics, YSZ films with fine
patterns can be obtained by irradiating the gel film with UV laser light via pattern mask and dissolving the non-irradiated area in suitable solvent
and annealing at 800℃ for 20min. The results via XRD patterns test show that the YSZ fine pattern films are of cubic phase.

Fe₂BP₃O₁₂ was synthesized by high temperature solid state reactions. Its crystal
structure was refined by powder X-ray diffraction methods, belonging to trigonal system with space group P3, a=8.02703(6)A, c=7.40168(9)A,
V=413.02(1)A³, D_x=3.2758(1)(g/cm³), Z=2. The full profile refinement resulted to R(I)=6.35%, R(p)=15.36% and R(dbw)=10.12%
for 55 parameters using 188 reflections and 18001 profile data points. The structure contains [BP₃O₁₂]^4- poly-anion, built by trigonal
planar BO₃ sharing the three corner oxygen atom with three PO₄ tetrahedra. And Fe₂O₉ bi-octahedra fused by two face-sharing FeO₆ connect
with the poly-anions forming three dimensional ordered structure. Compared with its chromium isotypic compound, Cr₂BP₃O₁₂, which shows NLO
property, the title compound may be a potential NLO material.

Low dielectric constant and loss glass ceramics were synthesized from ZnO-Li₂O-B₂O₃-SiO₂ system. The low dielectric glass ceramics can be sintered below 900℃ in air. The typical dielectric properties of the glass ceramics are: dielectric constant <4, dielectric loss < 1.5×10^-3 at the frequency of 1MHz. The glass ceramics are promising as dielectric material in super high frequency MLCIS.

The preparation of Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ materials via react-sintering process was investigated. BaCO₃ and TiO₂
were used as raw materials, after mechanical milling, the mixed powders were pressed into pellets and sintered directly. The reacting mechanism during
sintering process was also investigated.Single phase Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ materials with a high density of about 4.49 can be obtained after sintering
at 1340℃ for 4h. More investigations show that the sintering temperature can be obviously lowered by using high-energy milling process
instead of common mechanical milling process. Single phase Ba₂Ti₉O₂₀ materials with a high density of about 4.44 can be obtained under 1250℃/4h
conditions. Smaller particles and homogeneous distribution of the high-energy milling powders are the main reason for their low sintering temperatures.

Three-dimensional precipitation of large size Au nanoparticles in gold ion-doped silicate glasses was achieved by a femtosecond laser irradiation and successive heat treatment. The effects of PbO on the precipitation of Au nanoparticles were investigated by means of optical absorption, electron spin resonance spectra and TEM. The experimental results show that, introducing PbO results in inhibition of hole-trapped centers induced by femtosecond laser irradiation, and promotion of the formation and growth of Au nanoparticles.