Preparation of MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells/Module via Volatile Solvents

doi:10.15541/jim20240138

Abstract

Abstract:

The fabrication of large-area, high-efficiency perovskite solar cell module (PSM) represents a pivotal stage in the industrialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Leveraging volatile solvents within perovskite precursors is a streamlined approach which offers distinct advantages in the industrialization trajectory of PSCs, but often exhibits accelerated crystallization kinetics, diminutive grain dimensions and elevated defect densities within the films, consequently compromising device efficiency and stability. This study devised a volatile solvent system comprising methylamine/acetonitrile (MA/ACN) for the production of MAPbI₃ perovskite solar cells/module. Incorporation of an optimal quantity of PbCl₂ into the perovskite precursor solution served to retard crystallization kinetics and passivate grain boundary imperfections. Notably, small-area device fabricated via this methodology demonstrated a peak photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.21%, alongside enhanced operational stability. Furthermore, PSM engineered through this approach achieved a PCE of 18.89%. This study presents a novel paradigm for advancing the large-scale industrial manufacturing of PSCs.

Key words: perovskite solar cell, MAPbI₃, volatile solvent, large-scale perovskite solar cell module

CLC Number:

O649

ZHOU Zezhu, LIANG Zihui, LI Jing, WU Congcong. Preparation of MAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells/Module via Volatile Solvents[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(11): 1197-1204.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Surface morphologies and phase structures of PVK-0PbCl2 and PVK-5PbCl2 (a, b) SEM images of PVK-0PbCl2 and PVK-5PbCl2; (c) EDS mappings of PVK-5PbCl2; (d) Histogram of particle size distribution; (e) XRD patterns of PVK-0PbCl2 and PVK-5PbCl2; (f) UV-Vis absorption spectra of PVK-0PbCl2 and PVK-5PbCl2 Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 2 Photovoltaic properties of PVK-0PbCl2 and PVK-5PbCl2 (a) PL spectra; (b) TRPL spectra; (c) SCLC curves; (d) Dark state J-V curves; (e) Conductivity; (f) Nyquist plots Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 3 Photovoltaic performance of PSCs with different PbCl2 additions (a) Schematic diagram and cross-sectional SEM image of PSC; (b1-b4) Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs with different PbCl2 additions; (c) Forward and reverse sweep J-V curves of PSC-0PbCl2 and PSC-5PbCl2; (d) EQE spectra of PSC-5PbCl2; (e) SPO curves of PSC-5PbCl2; (f) Stability tests of PSC-0PbCl2 and PSC-5PbCl2

Fig. 4 Photovoltaic performance of 5 cm×5 cm PSM and uniformity of large-area perovskite film (a) Structure diagram and physical images; (b) I-V and P-V curves of the PSM with champion efficiency; (c) SPO curve; (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra and (e) XRD patterns of different sub-films; (f) PL intensity distribution mapping. Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. S1 EQEEL curves of PSC-0PbCl2 and PSC-5PbCl2

Fig. S2 Normalized calculated radial grain size distribution map

Fig. S3 Surface and cross-sectional SEM images, and crystallite size distribution histogram for different positions on a 5 cm×5 cm thin film

Table S1 Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs with different PbCl2 additions

Sample		PCE/%	FF/%	V_OC/V	J_SC/(mA·cm^-2)
PSC-0PbCl₂	Average	18.26	74.26	1.04	23.48
PSC-0PbCl₂	Champion	19.31	77.40	1.02	24.35
PSC-2.5PbCl₂	Average	19.11	75.87	1.07	23.65
PSC-2.5PbCl₂	Champion	20.17	76.70	1.08	24.03
PSC-5PbCl₂	Average	20.35	77.72	1.08	24.20
PSC-5PbCl₂	Champion	21.21	79.70	1.08	24.72
PSC-7.5PbCl₂	Average	19.23	76.25	1.07	23.61
PSC-7.5PbCl₂	Champion	20.37	78.10	1.08	24.21

Table S2 VOC loss analysis of PSC-0PbCl2 and PSC-5PbCl2

Sample	EQE_EL/%	∆V_OC/V^*
PSC-0PbCl₂	1.03×10^-4	0.268
PSC-5PbCl₂	2.02×10^-5	0.226

Table S3 Comparison of the reported photovoltaic performance of MA/ACN solvent system PSCs/PSM

Ref.	Year	PCE_PSC/%	PCE_PSM/%
[S1]	2015	15.1	-
[S2]	2017	19.0	-
[S3]	2017	15.9	-
[S4]	2018	16.32	-
[S5]	2019	17.82	-
[S6]	2019	18.4	-
[S7]	2020	23.1	-
[S8]	2020	20.78	-
[S9]	2021	19.67	-
[S10]	2022	19.6	-
[S11]	2022	19.14	17.12 (15 cm²)
[S12]	2023	21.04	19.03 (70 cm²)
This work	2024	21.21	18.89 (14.88 cm²)

References 33

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Preparation of MAPbI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells/Module via Volatile Solvents

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