Influence of Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles on Hysteresis Effect and Ion Migration Kinetics in Perovskite Solar Cells

doi:10.15541/jim20230424

Abstract

Abstract:

Hysteresis effect greatly impacted performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. Ion migration and the resulting accumulation of interface ions were widely recognized as the most important origins. In this study, upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (UCNP) were used to modify the interface of the electron transport layer/perovskite active layer and the intrinsic perovskite active layer, and the effects of UCNP on the morphology, structure, spectral/optoelectronic properties, and ion migration kinetics of perovskite were systematically explored. The results indicated that the device with UCNP modified perovskite active layer has the best photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE, 16.27%) and significantly improves the hysteresis factor (HF, 0.05). Furthermore, circuit switching transient optoelectronic technology was employed to investigate the ion migration kinetics without interference from photo-generated carriers, revealing the dual role of UCNP in suppressing ion migration and accumulation during the optoelectronic conversion process of perovskite solar cells. On the one hand, UCNP formed barrier layers that hinder ion accumulation. On the other hand, UCNP infiltrated into grain boundaries of perovskite phase during annealing, hindering ion migration and reducing the recovery voltage from 0.43 V to 0.28 V. The mechanism of carriers and ions interaction was explained based on the polarization-induced trap state model to declare the process of UCNP suppressing the hysteresis of perovskite photovoltaic devices. This work provides effective solution for regulating the hysteresis of perovskite solar cells.

Key words: upconversion luminescent nanoparticles, perovskite solar cell, hysteresis effect, ion migration

CLC Number:

O649

YU Man, GAO Rongyao, QIN Yujun, AI Xicheng. Influence of Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles on Hysteresis Effect and Ion Migration Kinetics in Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(4): 359-366.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 Schematic diagrams of structures of (a) perovskite solar cells and (b) UCNP

Fig. 2 SEM images of (a) Compact/PVK, (b) UCNP+ Compact/PVK, (c) Compact/PVK+UCNP, and (d) UCNP+ Compact/PVK+UCNP

Fig. 3 XRD patterns of Compact/PVK, UCNP+Compact/PVK, Compact/PVK+UCNP, and UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP samples

Fig. 4 (a) UV-Vis absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectra of perovskite films deposited on quartz substrates, and (b) time resolved fluorescence spectra of four perovskite thin films

Fig. 5 J-V curves under forward and reverse scanning conditions for perovskite solar cells with champion performances of (a) Compact/PVK, (b) UCNP+Compact/PVK, (c) Compact/PVK+UCNP, and (d) UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP

Table 1 Photovoltaic parameters and hysteresis factors (HF) of four perovskite devices upon forward and reverse scanning conditions

Sample	Scan direction	Open-circuit voltage/ mV	Short-circuit current/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	HF
Compact/PVK	Reverse	996	19.56	63.45	12.36	0.42
Compact/PVK	Forward	912	17.89	44.13	7.20	0.42
UCNP+Compact/PVK	Reverse	1038	20.37	0.74	15.65	0.07
UCNP+Compact/PVK	Forward	1045	19.84	0.70	14.52	0.07
Compact/PVK+UCNP	Reverse	1034	20.96	0.75	16.27	0.05
Compact/PVK+UCNP	Forward	1032	20.39	0.73	15.37	0.05
UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP	Reverse	1016	18.31	0.66	12.28	0.15
UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP	Forward	976	17.76	0.60	10.40	0.15

Fig. 6 (a) Open-circuit photovoltage buildup curves and (b) cs-TPT kinetics curves of different perovskite solar cells

Fig. 7 Mechanism of UCNP inhibiting ion migration (a) Control group and (b) UCNP regulated perovskite solar cells

Fig. S1 (a) Schematic illustration of the cs-TPT setup ](ND filter: neutral density filter, DUT: device under test, Sync.: synchronizing, Trig.: trigger, Sig.= signal); (b) Time sequences of typical cs-TPT settings (Trigger, Laser, VG, and RS)

Fig. S2 (a) TEM image and (b) XRD pattern of NaLuF4:20%Yb3+, 2%Er3+

Fig. S3 Mixed solutions of (a) UCNP+Compact and (b) PVK+ UCNP irradiated with 980 nm laser

Fig. S4 Pictures of (a) UCNP+Compact/PVK, (b) Compact/PVK+UCNP and (c) UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP irradiated with 980 nm laser

Fig. S5 PCE and HF statistical data of different devices under forward and reverse scanning

Table S1 HF and variance of PCE under forward and reverse scanning conditions of cells

Sample	S²(PCE_reverse)	S²(PCE_forward)	S²(HF)
Compact/PVK	0.55956	0.58046	0.01156
UCNP+Compact/PVK	0.41318	0.40968	0.01130
Compact/PVK+UCNP	0.25838	0.33691	0.00810
UCNP+Compact/PVK+UCNP	0.19304	0.96262	0.01451

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