干法后处理熔盐中Sr/Cs去除方法的研究进展

doi:10.15541/jim20250101

无机材料学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 150-158.DOI: 10.15541/jim20250101 CSTR: 32189.14.10.15541/jim20250101

干法后处理熔盐中Sr/Cs去除方法的研究进展

刘占一¹^,²^,³(), 李勉²^,³(), 欧阳晓平⁴, 柴之芳²^,³, 黄庆²^,³()

1.宁波大学材料科学与化学工程学院, 宁波 315211
2.中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所, 先进核能材料实验室, 宁波 315201
3.宁波杭州湾新材料研究院, 宁波 315336
4.西北核技术研究院, 西安 710600

收稿日期:2025-03-08 修回日期:2025-04-16 出版日期:2025-05-09 网络出版日期:2025-05-09
通讯作者: 李勉, 研究员. E-mail: limian@nimte.ac.cn;
黄庆, 研究员. E-mail: huangqing@nimte.ac.cn
作者简介:刘占一(2001-), 男, 硕士研究生. E-mail: liuzhanyi@nimte.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52172254);国家自然科学基金(U23A2093)

Recent Progress on Removal of Sr/Cs from Molten Salt in Dry Reprocessing

LIU Zhanyi¹^,²^,³(), LI Mian²^,³(), OUYANG Xiaoping⁴, CHAI Zhifang²^,³, HUANG Qing²^,³()

1. School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
2. Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
3. Qianwan Institute of CNITECH, Ningbo 315336, China
4. Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710600, China

Received:2025-03-08 Revised:2025-04-16 Published:2025-05-09 Online:2025-05-09
Contact: LI Mian, professor. E-mail: limian@nimte.ac.cn;
HUANG Qing, professor. E-mail: huangqing@nimte.ac.cn
About author:LIU Zhanyi (2001-), male, Master candidate. E-mail: liuzhanyi@nimte.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172254);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A2093)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干法后处理技术具有耐辐照、防扩散和简化废物处理等特点, 是未来先进快堆乏燃料后处理的优选技术。其中, 熔盐电解精炼是干法后处理的核心技术, 主要利用铀、钚等锕系元素与其他裂变元素在熔盐体系中的氧化还原电位差来实现锕系元素的分离回收。然而, 在电解精炼过程中, 镧系元素和Sr/Cs等裂变元素在熔盐中不断积累, 改变了熔盐的理化性质, 严重影响电解精炼效率。另外, ⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs等裂变产物属于水溶性长寿命核素, 若处理不当, 将对环境造成巨大危害。因此, 有效净化熔盐中的Sr/Cs等裂变元素不仅是提高熔盐电解干法后处理效率的迫切需求, 也是减少放射性废物排放的重要手段。本文总结了熔盐中的Sr/Cs去除方法的研究现状, 对比分析了电解法、结晶法、减压蒸馏法、沉淀法和离子交换法等不同方法的分离原理和分离效果, 并探讨了未来的发展方向及潜在的可用材料体系。

关键词: 干法后处理, 电解精炼, Sr, Cs, 熔盐净化, 综述

Abstract:

Dry reprocessing technology has advantages of irradiation resistance, proliferation resistance and simplified waste treatment, thereby rendering it a preferred technology for reprocessing of spent fuel of advanced fast reactors. Molten salt electrolytic refining serves as the core technology of dry reprocessing, primarily capitalizing on the difference in redox potential between actinides such as uranium and plutonium and other fissionable elements within a molten salt system. This technology facilitates separation and recovery of actinides. During the electrolytic refining process, lanthanide elements and fission elements, such as Sr and Cs, tend to accumulate within the molten salt, which can change the physicochemical properties of molten salt, thus seriously affecting the efficiency of electrolytic refining. In addition, fission products such as ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are water-soluble and long-lived nuclides, posing significant environmental hazards if inadequately managed. Therefore, effective purification of fission elements such as Sr and Cs from molten salt is imperative, not only to improve the efficiency of dry reprocessing via molten salt electrolysis, but also as a crucial strategy to reduce the discharge of radioactive waste. This paper summarizes the current research status of Sr and Cs removal methods in molten salts, comparatively analyzes the separation principles and separation effects of different methods, such as electrolysis, crystallization, decompression distillation, precipitation, and ion exchange. Furthermore, it explores prospective direction of development and potential applicability of various material systems.

Key words: dry reprocessing, electrolytic refining, Sr, Cs, molten salt purification, review

中图分类号:

TL24

刘占一, 李勉, 欧阳晓平, 柴之芳, 黄庆. 干法后处理熔盐中Sr/Cs去除方法的研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2026, 41(2): 150-158.

LIU Zhanyi, LI Mian, OUYANG Xiaoping, CHAI Zhifang, HUANG Qing. Recent Progress on Removal of Sr/Cs from Molten Salt in Dry Reprocessing[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(2): 150-158.

图/表 11

图1 乏燃料电解精炼示意图[10]

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of electrorefining for spent metallic fuel[10]

图2 典型轻水反应堆燃料辐照至40000兆瓦天/吨产生的废物[11]

Fig. 2 Wastes arising from typical light water reactor fuel irradiated to 40000 MW·d/t[11] Elements present shadowed in grey. Numbers represent amount in milligram per kilogram of uranium

图3 电解法实验装置示意图[27]

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of experimental setup for the electrolysis method[27]

图4 乏燃料后处理产生的废熔盐净化示意图[30]

Fig. 4 Schematic illustration of purification of waste molten salt from pyro-processing of spent nuclear fuels[30]

图5 冷指分离实验装置示意图[31]

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of experimental setup for the cold finger separation[31]

图6 区域精炼工艺示意图[35]

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of multi-pass zone-refining process[35] 1-Heater; 2-Thermocouple (k type); 3-Melt of the salt; 4-Boat

图7 顺序分离工艺示意图[36]

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of sequential separation process[36]

图8 反应蒸馏实验设备示意图[43]

Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of experimental equipment for the reactive distillation[43]

图9 顺序沉淀法流程图[49]

Fig. 9 Flow chart of sequential precipitation method[49]

图10 沸石结构及沸石离子交换装置示意图[52,56]

Fig. 10 Schematic diagrams of zeolite structure and zeolite ion exchange device[52,56] (a, b) Schematic structure of zeolite[52]; (c) System for molten salt-zeolite ion exchange tests[56]

表1 去除熔盐中Sr/Cs的可用方法及其优缺点

Table 1 Available methods for removing Sr and Cs from molten salts and their advantages and disadvantages

Method		Working salt	Nuclide	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Physical method	Cold finger separation	LiCl	Sr, Cs	No impurities introduced	Difficult to scale application	[31]
	Zone-refining process	LiCl	Sr, Cs	No impurities introduced, high removal rate, easy accessibility	Long processing time	[34]
	Zone-refining process	LiCl-KCl	Sr, Cs		Long processing time	[35-36]
Chemical method	Precipitation	LiCl-KCl	Sr, Cs	Short processing time, low cost	Low removal rate of Cs, introduction of impurities	[11, 49-50]
	Electrolysis	LiCl-KCl	Sr	High efficiency	Low removal rate, high corrosivity to equipment	[27-28]
	Electrolysis	NaCl-KCl	Sr	High efficiency	Low removal rate, high corrosivity to equipment	[29-30]
	Ion exchange	LiCl-KCl/ NaCl-KCl	Sr, Cs	Good selectivity, high removal efficiency	Introduction of new impurities	[57-58, 61]

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干法后处理熔盐中Sr/Cs去除方法的研究进展

Recent Progress on Removal of Sr/Cs from Molten Salt in Dry Reprocessing

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