无机材料学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 256-270.DOI: 10.15541/jim20240424
所属专题: 【信息功能】忆阻器材料与器件(202506)
        
               		范晓波1( ), 祖梅1(
), 祖梅1( ), 杨向飞2, 宋策1, 陈晨1, 王子3, 罗文华2, 程海峰1(
), 杨向飞2, 宋策1, 陈晨1, 王子3, 罗文华2, 程海峰1( )
)
                  
        
        
        
        
    
收稿日期:2024-10-07
									
				
											修回日期:2024-11-03
									
				
									
				
											出版日期:2025-03-20
									
				
											网络出版日期:2025-03-12
									
			通讯作者:
					程海峰, 研究员. E-mail: chenghf@nudt.edu.cn;作者简介:范晓波(2000-), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: fanxiaobo18@163.com
				
							基金资助:
        
               		FAN Xiaobo1( ), ZU Mei1(
), ZU Mei1( ), YANG Xiangfei2, SONG Ce1, CHEN Chen1, WANG Zi3, LUO Wenhua2, CHENG Haifeng1(
), YANG Xiangfei2, SONG Ce1, CHEN Chen1, WANG Zi3, LUO Wenhua2, CHENG Haifeng1( )
)
			  
			
			
			
                
        
    
Received:2024-10-07
									
				
											Revised:2024-11-03
									
				
									
				
											Published:2025-03-20
									
				
											Online:2025-03-12
									
			Contact:
					CHENG Haifeng, professor. E-mail: chenghf@nudt.edu.cn;About author:FAN Xiaobo (2000-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: fanxiaobo18@163.com				
							Supported by:摘要:
作为神经网络中数量最庞大的组成部分, 新型人工突触器件的研发成为了硬件实现神经形态计算的关键挑战。基于电化学晶体管的三端突触器件能够有效利用电解质层中的离子来调节通道电导, 也被称为电化学离子突触,该器件通过离子在具有氧化还原活性的沟道材料中的电化学掺杂和恢复过程来模拟生物突触特性。在调制沟道材料电导的离子中, 采用质子(H+)作为掺杂粒子的电化学离子突触具有能耗更低、运行速度更快和循环寿命更长等优势。本文综述了近年来质子调控型电化学离子突触的研究进展, 归纳了用于质子调控型电化学离子突触沟道层和电解质层的材料体系, 分析了质子调控型电化学离子突触面临的挑战, 并展望了其未来的发展。
中图分类号:
范晓波, 祖梅, 杨向飞, 宋策, 陈晨, 王子, 罗文华, 程海峰. 质子调控型电化学离子突触研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2025, 40(3): 256-270.
FAN Xiaobo, ZU Mei, YANG Xiangfei, SONG Ce, CHEN Chen, WANG Zi, LUO Wenhua, CHENG Haifeng. Research Progress on Proton-regulated Electrochemical Ionic Synapses[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2025, 40(3): 256-270.
 
																													图1 用于质子调控型电化学离子突触的沟道材料及电解质材料的分类
Fig. 1 Classification of channel materials and electrolyte materials for proton-regulated electrochemical ion synapses
 
																													图2 电化学离子突触结构及工作机制示意图[3]
Fig. 2 Device structure and operation principle of an electrochemical ionic synapse[3] (a) Schematic illustration of the device; (b) Schematic illustration of the writing process for an electrochemical ionic synapse based on cation (Mn+) transport and intercalation of M into the channel
| Action ion | Material (channel/electrolyte) | Dynamic range | Operation voltage/current (pulse width) | Energy consumption | Channel dimension | Ref. | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li+ | Li1-xCoO2/LiPON | 4.5-270 μS | 70 mV (2 s) | <10 aJ per write (projection) | L=2 μm | [4] | 
| WO2.7/Li3PO4 | 0.5-3.5 μS | +3 V (1 s)/-2 V (0.5 s) -2.5 V (1 s)/+1 V (0.5 s) | - | W=5 μm L=5 μm | [6] | |
| O2- | TiO2-x/YSZ (work at 160 ℃) | 100-450 nS | ±1.5 V (2 μs) | 8.1 nJ/mm2 | W=250 μm L=8000 μm | [8] | 
| WO3/HfO2 | 1.5-3.5 μS | ±4 V (10 μs) | 1 fJ/(nm2×nS) (projection) | W=20 μm L=80 μm | [9] | |
| H+ | P(g2T-TT)/ EMIM:TFSI+PVDF-HFP | 30-75 μS | ±1 V (20 ns) | 80 fJ per write | W=15 μm L=45 μm | [11] | 
| WO3/PSG | 87.6-4.28 MΩ | ±10 V (5 ns)/-8.5 V (5 ns) | 10 fJ per write | W=50 nm L=150 nm | [12] | |
| Graphene/Nafion | 1.0-2.8 mS | ±10 μA (1 ms) | 50 aJ/μm2 | W=4 mm L=3-5 mm | [13] | |
| Ti3C2Tx/PVA-H2SO4 | 1.6-2.8 mS | ±1 V (4 μs) | 80 fJ/μm2 | W=1000 μm L=20 μm | [14] | 
表1 不同离子调控型电化学离子突触性能比较[4,6,8 -9,11⇓⇓ -14]
Table 1 Comparison of performance of electrochemical ion synapses regulated by different ions[4,6,8 -9,11⇓⇓ -14]
| Action ion | Material (channel/electrolyte) | Dynamic range | Operation voltage/current (pulse width) | Energy consumption | Channel dimension | Ref. | 
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li+ | Li1-xCoO2/LiPON | 4.5-270 μS | 70 mV (2 s) | <10 aJ per write (projection) | L=2 μm | [4] | 
| WO2.7/Li3PO4 | 0.5-3.5 μS | +3 V (1 s)/-2 V (0.5 s) -2.5 V (1 s)/+1 V (0.5 s) | - | W=5 μm L=5 μm | [6] | |
| O2- | TiO2-x/YSZ (work at 160 ℃) | 100-450 nS | ±1.5 V (2 μs) | 8.1 nJ/mm2 | W=250 μm L=8000 μm | [8] | 
| WO3/HfO2 | 1.5-3.5 μS | ±4 V (10 μs) | 1 fJ/(nm2×nS) (projection) | W=20 μm L=80 μm | [9] | |
| H+ | P(g2T-TT)/ EMIM:TFSI+PVDF-HFP | 30-75 μS | ±1 V (20 ns) | 80 fJ per write | W=15 μm L=45 μm | [11] | 
| WO3/PSG | 87.6-4.28 MΩ | ±10 V (5 ns)/-8.5 V (5 ns) | 10 fJ per write | W=50 nm L=150 nm | [12] | |
| Graphene/Nafion | 1.0-2.8 mS | ±10 μA (1 ms) | 50 aJ/μm2 | W=4 mm L=3-5 mm | [13] | |
| Ti3C2Tx/PVA-H2SO4 | 1.6-2.8 mS | ±1 V (4 μs) | 80 fJ/μm2 | W=1000 μm L=20 μm | [14] | 
 
																													图3 有机半导体沟道材料的研究工作[10-11]
Fig. 3 Researches on organic semiconductor channel materials[10-11] (a) A positive Vpre drives protons into the postsynaptic electrode, which results in the compensation of some PSS by the protonated PEI and the reaction is reversed upon applying a negative Vpre[10]; (b) Schematic explaining the decoupling of the read and write operations[10]; (c) Chemical structures of the channel/gate and electrolyte materials[11]; Cycling of device with PEDOT:PSS (d) and p(g2T-TT) (e) as the channel material[11]. Colorful figures are available on website
 
																													图4 基于金属氧化物沟道材料的研究工作[12,22,27,29]
Fig. 4 Researches based on metal oxide channel materials[12,22,27,29] (a) Schematic diagram of synaptic transistor modulation based on VO2 channel material[22]; (b) Calculated electronic structure with protonation in WO3[27]; (c) Electronic conductivity and open circuit voltage changed with hydrogen content in WO3, as well as schematic diagram of the device structure[27]; (d) Ultrafast and energy-efficient modulation characteristics of synaptic transistor (channel, WO3;electrolyte, PSG)[12]; (e) Schematic diagram of device structure and STEM micrograph[29]; (f) Endurance test for 108 write-read pulse cycles[29]. Colorful figures are available on website
 
																													图5 基于二维沟道材料的研究工作[13-14,34,40 -41]
Fig. 5 Researches based on two-dimensional channel materials[13-14,34,40 -41] (a) Schematic diagram of graphene-based artificial synaptic and conductance per pulse number (20 negative and 20 positive pulses)[13]; (b) Raman spectra of hydrogenated graphene at varied VDS in a switching cycle[34]; (c) Raman mappings of the D peak intensity during VDS sweeps from 0 to 2.5 V and a return to -0.8 V[34]; (d) Schematic representation of hydrogenation reactions between graphene lattice and H+ ions[34]; (e) Schematic diagram of synaptic device based on 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene[14]; (f) MXene channel-based synaptic device resilience to high temperature[14]; (g) Schematic diagram of 2D MXene electrochemical transistor[40]; (h) Schematic diagram of the quasi-2D α-MoO3-based three-terminal synaptic device[41]; (i) Gradual channel current modulation under repeated positive and negative gate voltage pulses[41]. Colorful figures are available on website
 
																													图6 离子液体、离子凝胶电解质相关研究[28,46,49 -50]
Fig. 6 Related researches on ionic liquid and ion gel electrolytes[28,46,49 -50] (a) Schematic diagram of a synaptic device using the ionic liquid electrolyte[28]; (b) Contaminated water in ionic liquid could dissociate into H+ and OH−, then the small protons can intercalate into WO3 film to form a HxWO3 phase[28]; (c) FT-IR spectra of double-layered pectin/chitosan composite electrolyte film[46]; (d) FT-IR characterization of sodium alginate thin films[49]; (e) Pictures of konjac tuber and solution, and molecular structure of KGM[50]; (f) AFM image of the prepared KGM film[50]. Colorful figures are available on website
 
																													图7 无机固态电解质相关研究[29-30,56⇓ -58]
Fig. 7 Related researches on inorganic solid electrolytes[29-30,56⇓ -58] (a) Schematic diagram of a synaptic device using SiO2 electrolyte[56]; (b) AFM image of PSG thin film surface deposited on Si surface[30]; (c) FT-IR spectra of SiO2 and PSG[30]; (d) SIMS depth profiles for W (black), Zr (blue) and H (red) across device gate stack[29]; (e) Schematic diagram of the change of conductivity of graphene oxide film with water content and its microstructure at a specific water content[57]; (f) Transport of H+ ion through the weak electron cloud of a hexagonal B-N ring of hBN[58]. Colorful figures are available on website
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