2D平纹和3D针刺C/SiC复合材料的低速冲击破坏行为和失效机理

doi:10.15541/jim20240269

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

连续碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)复合材料用作热防护结构材料时, 可能遭受低速冲击损伤。然而, 目前对于C/SiC复合材料面内冲击损伤和多次冲击损伤的研究尚不充分。本研究通过落锤冲击试验, 测试了C/SiC条状试样的面内冲击破坏行为, 并与C/SiC复合板的落锤冲击试验进行了比较。结果表明, C/SiC条状试样的面内冲击行为与C/SiC复合板相似, 冲击载荷随位移的变化可分为三个阶段: 近似线性阶段、载荷骤降阶段、冲击能量超过峰值后试样位移发生反弹阶段。对二维(2D)平纹C/SiC复合材料和三维(3D)针刺C/SiC复合材料在不同冲击能量和时间下的单次和多次冲击破坏行为进行了研究。借助计算机断层扫描(CT)技术研究了C/SiC复合材料的裂纹扩展。对于2D平纹C/SiC复合材料, 冲击过程中载荷难以在预制体的层间传播, 导致分层和90°纤维脆性断裂。随着冲击能量增大, 垂直于冲击方向的裂纹长度增加, 0°纤维断裂加剧, 纤维损失面积增大。对于3D针刺C/SiC复合材料, 冲击过程中载荷通过针刺纤维的连接在层间传播, 纤维依然起到良好的支撑作用, 出现纤维拉断和脱黏现象, 其抗冲击性能优于2D平纹C/SiC复合材料。对于受到两次1.5 J冲击的3D针刺C/SiC复合材料, 第二次冲击的能量吸收率明显降低, 冲击位移减小, 两次1.5 J冲击的总能量吸收效率低于单次3.0 J冲击。

关键词: 陶瓷基复合材料, 断裂, 低速冲击, 计算机断层扫描分析

Abstract:

Continuous carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites are often subjected to low-velocity impacts when utilized as structural materials for thermal protection. However, research on in-plane impact damage and multiple impact damage of C/SiC composites is limited. To investigate the in-plane impact damage behavior of C/SiC composites, a drop-weight impact test method was developed for strip samples, and these results were subsequently compared with those of C/SiC composite plates. Results show that the in-plane impact behavior of C/SiC strip samples is similar to that of C/SiC composite plates. Variation of the impact load with displacement is characterized by three stages: a nearly linear stage, a severe load drop stage, and a rebound stage where displacement occurs after the impact energy exceeds its peak value. Impact damage behavior under single and multiple impacts on 2D plain and 3D needled C/SiC composites was investigated at different impact energies and durations. Crack propagation in C/SiC composites was studied by computerized tomography (CT) technique. In the 2D plain C/SiC composite, load propagation between layers is hindered during impact, leading to delamination and 90° fiber brittle fracture. The crack length perpendicular to the impact direction increases with impact energy increases, resulting in more serious 0° fiber fracture and a larger area of fiber loss. In the 3D needled C/SiC composite, load propagates between the layers during impact through the connection of needled fibers. The fibers continue to provide substantial structural support, with notable instances of fiber pull-off and debonding. Consequently, the impact resistance is superior to that of 2D plain C/SiC composite. When the 3D needled C/SiC composite undergoes two successive impacts of 1.5 J, the energy absorption efficiency of the second impact is significantly lower, accompanied by a smaller impact displacement. Moreover, the total energy absorption efficiency of these two impacts of 1.5 J is lower than that of a single 3.0 J impact.

Key words: ceramic-matrix composite, fracture, low-velocity impact, computerized tomography analysis

中图分类号:

TB332

栾新刚, 何典蔚, 涂建勇, 成来飞. 2D平纹和3D针刺C/SiC复合材料的低速冲击破坏行为和失效机理[J]. 无机材料学报, 2025, 40(2): 205-214.

LUAN Xingang, HE Dianwei, TU Jianyong, CHENG Laifei. 2D Plain and 3D Needle-punched C/SiC Composites: Low-velocity Impact Damage Behavior and Failure Mechanism[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2025, 40(2): 205-214.

图/表 14

Fig. 1 Picture of notched samples

Fig. 2 Impact response of a 3D sample subjected to 1.5 J impact (a) Displacement-load curve; (b) Energy-time curve. Colorful figures are available on website

Table 1 Energy absorption of sample

Sample	Impact energy/J	E_r/%	E_tr/%	Δh/mm	Case of sample fracture
2D	1.0	96.93		1.123	Broken
	1.5	96.01		1.379	Broken
	2.0	89.08		2.458	Broken
3D	1.5	96.98		1.155	Unbroken
	1.5(1)*	96.98	88.11	1.155	Unbroken
	1.5(2)*	80.55	88.11	0.724	Broken
	3.0	87.15		1.997	Unbroken
	3.0	91.54		1.873	Broken

Fig. 3 Macroscopic morphology of samples From left to right, 2D-1.0J, 2D-1.5J, 2D-2.0J, 3D-1.5J, 3D-2×1.5J (broken), 3D-2×1.5J (unbroken), 3D-3.0J (broken), and 3D-3.0J (unbroken)

Fig. 4 Phase and pore analyses of samples using CT technique before impact (Grey for C-fiber bundles, light blue for SiC matrix, red for large pores, dark blue for small pores) Phase (a) and pore (c) analyses of the 2D C/SiC composite: (a1, c1) XY plane, (a2, c2) YZ plane, (a3, c3) XZ plane, and (a4, c4) stereogram; Phase (b) and pore (d) analyses of the 3D C/SiC composite: (b1, d1) XY plane, (b2, d2) YZ plane, (b3, d3) XZ plane, and (b4, d4) stereogram. Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 5 (a) Energy-time curves and (b) displacement-load curves of samples at an impact energy of 1.5 J Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 6 CT photographs of the appearance of fractured C/SiC samples after impact 2 D C/SiC composite: (a) stereoscopic view, (b) YZ plane, and (c) XZ plane;3D C/SiC composite: (d) stereoscopic view, (e) YZ plane, and (f) XZ plane

Fig. 7 Fracture morphologies of samples after impact (a, b) Sample 2D-2.0J-1; (c, d) Sample 3D-3.0J-1

Fig. 8 Energy-time curves and displacement-load curves of 3D C/SiC composite with different impact energies Energy-time: (a) 2×1.5 J and (b) 3.0 J; Displacement-load: (c) 2×1.5 J and (d) 3.0 J

Fig. 9 CT scan results of 3D C/SiC composite after impact XY plane: (a) 1.5 J, (d) 3.0 J, and (g) 2×1.5 J; YZ plane: (b) 1.5 J, (e) 3.0 J, and (h) 2×1.5 J; XZ plane: (c) 1.5 J, (f) 3.0 J, and (i) 2×1.5 J

Fig. 10 Energy-time curves (a-c) and displacement-load (d-f) curves of 2D C/SiC composite with different impact energies of 1.0 J (a, d), 1.5 J (b, e), and 2.0 J (c, f)

Fig. 11 CT scan results of 2D C/SiC composite after impact XY plane: (a) 1.0, (d) 1.5, and (g) 2.0 J; YZ plane: (b) 1.0, (e) 1.5, and (h) 2.0 J; XZ plane: (c) 1.0, (f) 1.5, and (i) 2.0 J

Fig. 12 Fracture morphologies of 2D C/SiC composite at different energies (a, b, e) 1.0 J; (c) 1.5 J; (d, f) 2.0 J

Table S1 Impact energy absorption for all samples

Sample	Number	Impact energy/J	E_r/%	E_tr/%	Δh/mm	Case of sample fracture
2D	1	1.0	97.69		1.289	Broken
	2	1.0	96.93		1.123	Broken
	3	1.0	92.13		1.045	Broken
	1	1.5	96.01		1.379	Broken
	2	1.5	98.58		1.410	Broken
	3	1.5	93.67		2.737*	Broken
	1	2.0	80.79		3.175	Broken
	2	2.0	98.69		3.166	Broken
	3	2.0	89.08		2.458	Broken
3D	1	1.5	91.35		2.277	Unbroken
	2	1.5	97.58		1.188	Unbroken
	3	1.5	96.98		1.155	Unbroken
	1	1.5	98.15	89.72	2.725*	Unbroken
	1	1.5	80.88	89.72	0.754	Broken
	2	1.5	93.60	86.01	1.008	Unbroken
	2	1.5	78.36	86.01	0.712	Unbroken
	3	1.5	96.98	88.11	1.155	Unbroken
	3	1.5	80.55	88.11	0.724	Broken
	1	3.0	95.73		2.212	Unbroken
	2	3.0	87.15		1.997	Unbroken
	3	3.0	91.54		1.873	Broken

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