高导热C/SiC复合材料的激光烧蚀特性研究

doi:10.15541/jim20260227

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 高导热中间相沥青基碳纤维增强碳化硅(CF_MP/SiC)复合材料因其优异的抗烧蚀性能,在高速飞行器热防护领域展现出广阔的应用前景。为进一步探究CF_MP/SiC复合材料在极端热流环境下的烧蚀特性,本研究采用激光烧蚀考核方法,系统研究了CF_MP/SiC复合材料在不同功率密度(5.09、10.19、15.29 MW/m²)下的激光烧蚀行为,并结合有限元仿真方法分析了烧蚀温度场分布、表面烧蚀情况与能量耗散机制。实验结果表明,相较于传统的聚丙烯腈基碳纤维增强碳化硅(CF_PAN/SiC)复合材料,CF_MP/SiC复合材料的烧蚀温度、线烧蚀率与质量烧蚀率均显著降低,在最高激光功率密度工况下峰值烧蚀温度降低了161.7 ℃,线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别仅为91.6 μm/s和3.26 mg/s。在烧蚀过程中,CF_MP/SiC复合材料的表面烧蚀损伤显著减轻,烧蚀中心区碳纤维不完全升华后呈“针笋状”结构并保留高度取向特征,烧蚀过渡区沉积颗粒状SiC产物,边缘区形成致密SiO₂氧化膜。此外,仿真结果表明CF_MP/SiC复合材料凭借其高导热特性将辐照区热量有效疏导至非辐照区,分散了辐照区积聚的热量,抑制了辐照区的升温过程,进而有效减轻材料表面烧蚀损伤,展现出优异的抗烧蚀性能。本研究有望为高速飞行器热防护结构材料的设计提供重要参考。

关键词: C/SiC复合材料, 中间相沥青基碳纤维, 抗烧蚀性能, 热导率

Abstract: High-thermal-conductivity mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (CF_MP/SiC) composites possess excellent ablation resistance, showing great application potential in thermal protection systems of hypersonic vehicles. The unique highly oriented graphite lamellar structure of CF_MP fibers endows the material with superior thermal and mechanical properties. To clarify the ablation behavior and mechanism of CF_MP/SiC composites under extreme thermal loadings, this study systematically investigated their laser ablation responses under three power densities (5.09, 10.19, and 15.29 MW/m²) through experimental tests and finite element simulations. The temperature field evolution, surface degradation characteristics, and energy dissipation mechanism were comprehensively analyzed. Experimental results revealed that CF_MP/SiC composites exhibit lower ablation temperature, linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate as compared with conventional polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (CF_PAN/SiC) composites. Under the most severe ablation condition, the peak temperature was decreased by 161.7 ℃, with a linear ablation rate of 91.6 μm/s and a mass ablation rate of 3.26 mg/s. Morphological observations indicate that laser-induced surface damage was effectively mitigated in CF_MP/SiC composites. In the central ablation zone, carbon fibers experienced incomplete sublimation and formed a distinctive needle-bamboo microstructure with well-preserved preferred orientation. The transition zone was dominated by granular SiC deposition, while a dense and continuous SiO₂ oxide layer formed on the edge region. Simulation results further reveal that the high thermal conductivity of CF_MP/SiC composites effectively redistributes concentrated heat from the irradiation area to the surrounding regions. Such heat dispersion restrains local temperature accumulation and alleviates surface ablation damage, which demonstrates the superior ablation resistance of CF_MP/SiC composites. This work provides a reliable reference for the structural design and performance optimization of high-performance thermal protection materials.

Key words: C/SiC composite, mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber, ablation resistance, thermal conductivity

中图分类号:

TB332

刘浩楠, 余艺平, 方冰, 李伟, 王松. 高导热C/SiC复合材料的激光烧蚀特性研究[J]. 无机材料学报, DOI: 10.15541/jim20260227.

LIU Haonan, YU Yiping, FANG Bing, LI Wei, WANG Song. Laser Ablation Characteristics of High Thermal Conductivity C/SiC Composites[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, DOI: 10.15541/jim20260227.

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