Recent Progress in Photocatalysis of g-C3N4

doi:10.15541/jim20130633

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on photocatalysts, solar energy can be converted into the energy that human can directly utilize, so as to solve the problems such as the depletion of the Earth’s resources and the deterioration of living environments. The unique structure of g-C₃N₄ gives it good photocatalytic performance. Its development and utilization have been a research hotspot recently. Generally, g-C₃N₄ can be used in the degradation of pollutions, hydrolysis to generate hydrogen and oxygen, organic synthesis and oxygen reduction. However, in practical, its performance is not satisfactory. Researchers have tried many new methods to improve its photocatalysis, which include physical coupling modification, chemical bonding modification and microstructural modification. The review summarizes its photocatalysis and improving methods, briefly illustrates the catalysis mechanism, and presents detailed discussions and analysis on the existing problems as well as potential applications.

Key words: g-C3N4, photocatalysis, improving methods, review

CLC Number:

TB321

CHU Zeng-Yong, YUAN Bo, YAN Ting-Nan. Recent Progress in Photocatalysis of g-C₃N₄[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2014, 29(8): 785-794.

Figures/Tables 8

References 99

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Photocatalyt	Application	Photocatalytic performance <br/>of pure g-C₃N₄^[a]/ <br/>(min^-1 or μmol•g•h^-1)	photocatalytic performance <br/>of modified g-C₃N₄^[a]/ <br/>(min^-1 or μmol•g•h^-1)	Reference
Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of MO	0.0030	0.0163	[27]
AgX/g-C₃N₄(X=Br, I)	Degradation of MO	0.0006	0.1900^[b]<br/>0.0068^[c]	[70]
ZnO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0078	0.0239	[28]
SmVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0143	0.0338	[72]
GdVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0142	0.0434	[80]
DyVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0142	0.0365	[81]
Formate anion/g-C₃N₄	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0010	0.0033	[37]
MoS₂/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	0.15	23.10	[41]
CdS QDs/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	38	4494	[40]
Gr/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	147	451	[74]
P3HT/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	1.8	555.0	[76]
TiO₂/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of phenol	0.022	0.053	[30]
g-C₃N₄/rGO/MoS₂	Degradation of MB	0.0054	0.0338	[82]
g-C₃N₄/rGO/MoS₂	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0028	0.0157	[82]
GO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0041	0.0156	[32]
GO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of 2,4-DCP	0.0037	0.0077	[32]

Photocatalyt	Application	Photocatalytic performance <br/>of pure g-C₃N₄^[a]/ <br/>(min^-1 or μmol•g•h^-1)	photocatalytic performance <br/>of modified g-C₃N₄^[a]/ <br/>(min^-1 or μmol•g•h^-1)	Reference
Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of MO	0.0030	0.0163	[27]
AgX/g-C₃N₄(X=Br, I)	Degradation of MO	0.0006	0.1900^[b]<br/>0.0068^[c]	[70]
ZnO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0078	0.0239	[28]
SmVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0143	0.0338	[72]
GdVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0142	0.0434	[80]
DyVO₄/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0142	0.0365	[81]
Formate anion/g-C₃N₄	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0010	0.0033	[37]
MoS₂/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	0.15	23.10	[41]
CdS QDs/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	38	4494	[40]
Gr/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	147	451	[74]
P3HT/g-C₃N₄	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	1.8	555.0	[76]
TiO₂/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of phenol	0.022	0.053	[30]
g-C₃N₄/rGO/MoS₂	Degradation of MB	0.0054	0.0338	[82]
g-C₃N₄/rGO/MoS₂	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0028	0.0157	[82]
GO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of RhB	0.0041	0.0156	[32]
GO/g-C₃N₄	Degradation of 2,4-DCP	0.0037	0.0077	[32]

Introduced<br/>component	Application	Photocatalytic performance of unmodified g-C₃N₄^[a]<br/>/(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Photocatalytic performance<br/>of modified g-C₃N₄^[a]/<br/>(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Reference
PMDA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	7.0	20.6	[44]
	Oxygen generation by hydrolysis	0.8	7.7
	Degradation of MO	0.0050	0.0557
ABN<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	18^[b]	147^[b]	[83]
ABN<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	127^[c]	229^[c]	[83]
BA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	148.2^[d]	253.1^[d]	[84]
BA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	6.5^[e]	29.4^[e]	[84]
B, F	Oxidation of cyclohexane	1.6^[f]	5.3^[f]	[91]
F	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	4.9	13.0	[87]
F	Oxidation of benzene	0.0001	0.0021	[87]
S	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	20^[d]	160^[d]	[29]
S	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	10^[e]	75^[e]	[29]
B	Degradation of RhB	0.055	0.199	[86]
C	Degradation of RhB	0.0081	0.0362	[90]
	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0010	0.0017
	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	17.8	25.3

Introduced<br/>component	Application	Photocatalytic performance of unmodified g-C₃N₄^[a]<br/>/(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Photocatalytic performance<br/>of modified g-C₃N₄^[a]/<br/>(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Reference
PMDA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	7.0	20.6	[44]
	Oxygen generation by hydrolysis	0.8	7.7
	Degradation of MO	0.0050	0.0557
ABN<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	18^[b]	147^[b]	[83]
ABN<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	127^[c]	229^[c]	[83]
BA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	148.2^[d]	253.1^[d]	[84]
BA<br/>	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	6.5^[e]	29.4^[e]	[84]
B, F	Oxidation of cyclohexane	1.6^[f]	5.3^[f]	[91]
F	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	4.9	13.0	[87]
F	Oxidation of benzene	0.0001	0.0021	[87]
S	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	20^[d]	160^[d]	[29]
S	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	10^[e]	75^[e]	[29]
B	Degradation of RhB	0.055	0.199	[86]
C	Degradation of RhB	0.0081	0.0362	[90]
	Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ)	0.0010	0.0017
	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	17.8	25.3

Microstructure	Application	Photocatalytic performance of bulk g-C₃N₄^[a] <br/>/(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Photocatalytic performance<br/>of modified g-C₃N₄^[a]/<br/>(μmol•h^-1, min^-1 or %)	Reference
Porous structure	Degradation of RhB	0.014	0.131	[94]
Porous structure	Oxidation of toluene	24^[b]	>99^[b]	[47]
Porous structure	Friedel-Crafts reaction of benzene	0^[c]	90^[c]	[53]
Nanosheet	Degradation of RhB	0.0012	0.0163	[20]
Nanorod	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	28	84	[23]
Nanorod	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	3.9	7	[23]
Nanorod	Degradation of MB	0.0017^[d]	0.0025^[d]	[97]
Nanorod	Degradation of MB	0.0021^[e]	0.0029^[e]	[97]
Nanosheet	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	31.0^[f]	169.7^[f]	[51]
Nanosheet	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	10.7^[g]	31.8^[g]	[51]
Nanosheet	Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis	10.4	93.1	[39]

Recent Progress in Photocatalysis of g-C₃N₄

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