MXene: Nanoengineering and Application as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

doi:10.15541/jim20220566

Abstract

Abstract:

Excessive emission of greenhouse gases has serious adverse effects on global climate. How to reduce carbon emissions has become a global problem. Supercapacitors have advantages of long cycle life, high power density and relatively low carbon emissions. Developing supercapacitor energy storage is an effective measure to build the reliable future energy system. In recent years, MXene materials have achievedgreat popularity in the field of supercapacitor energy storage applications due to their excellent hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, high electrochemical stability, and surface chemical tunability. However, the serious self-stacking problem of MXene limits its performance in energy storage. Developing advanced MXene materials is critical for next generation high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. This paper reviews the research progress of MXene material in the field of supercapacitor energy storage. Firstly, the structure and energy storage properties of MXene are introduced, followed by analysis of the energy storage mechanism of MXene. Secondly, nanoengineering of structure design to improve the performance of MXene electrode is depicted. Thirdly, structure-performance relationship of MXene composite materials and its latest research progress in application of supercapacitor are summarized. Finally, research and development trends of MXene as an electrode for supercapacitor are broadly prospected.

Key words: MXene, energy storage property, nanoengineering, composite material, supercapacitor, review

CLC Number:

TM53
TB33

DING Ling, JIANG Rui, TANG Zilong, YANG Yunqiong. MXene: Nanoengineering and Application as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(6): 619-633.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of structural and electronic structural changes of MXene in (a) aqueous and (b) nonaqueous Li+ electrolytes[21] φ, inner potential; ηe, electron electrochemical potential

Fig. 2 Preparation method and electrochemical performance of iodine-containing terminated MXene[43] (a) Preparing strategy by Lewis-acid melt etching; (b) CV curves of I-Ti3C2 MXene and HF-Ti3C2Tx MXene at 5 mV·s−1; WE, working electrode; RE, reference electrode; CE, counter electrode Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 3 Synthesis procedure and electrochemical performance of 900N-Ti2CTx nanosheets[49] (a) Synthesis procedure; (b) CV curves at 100 mV·s−1; (c) Discharge current density as a function of scanning rate; 1 Å = 0.1 nm Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 4 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation and (b) electrochemical performance of the MXene ribbon MR-0.5[53] Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 5 Schematic illustration and electrochemical performance of d-Ti3C2/NF composite[58] (a) Schematic illustration; (b) CV curves at 20 mV·s−1; (c) GCD curves at 1 A·g−1 Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 6 Preparative schematic illustration and electrochemical performance of MXene/PANI film[61] (a) Preparative schematic diagram; (b) CV plots of MP0, MP2, MP5 and MP8 at a scan rate of 50 mV·s−1 Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of the equipment used for size grading MXene and size-refinement effect characterization[69] (a) Schematic diagram of the equipment; (b) Stress-strain curves; (c) GCD curves at 1 A·g−1 Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 8 Preparative schematic illustration of multi-scale structural engineering strategy and electrochemical performance of ordered MXene hydrogel supercapacitor electrode[70] (a) Preparative schematic illustration; (b) CV plots at 100 mV·s−1; (c) Rate performance Colorful figures are available on website

Table 1 Examples of electrochemical properties of MXene-based electrodes

Electrode	Specific capacity	Rate capability	Power density/energy density	Electrolyte	Ref.
MXene-rHGO	1445 F·cm⁻³@2 mV·s⁻¹	988 F·cm⁻¹@500 mV·s⁻¹	38.6 Wh·L⁻¹/206 W·L⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[75]
Ti₃C₂/CNTs	134 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	2.77 Wh·kg⁻¹/311 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[76]
MnO₂@MXene/CNT	371.1 F·cm⁻³@1 A·cm⁻³	-	8.22 mWh·cm⁻³/ 276.28 mW·cm⁻³	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[77]
MnO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x	130.5 F·g⁻¹@0.2 A·g⁻¹	130.5 F·g⁻¹@0.2 A·g⁻¹	-	1 mol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄	[16]
Co₃O₄-Nb₂C	1061 F·g^-1@2 A·g^-1	547 F·g⁻¹@50 A·g⁻¹	60.3 Wh·kg⁻¹/670 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[78]
Co-MXene	1081 F·g^-1@0.5 A·g^-1	-	26.06 Wh·kg⁻¹/700 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[79]
MXene/MnCo₂O₄	806.67 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	545.83 F·g⁻¹@5 A·g⁻¹	26.8 Wh·kg⁻¹/2.88 kW·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[80]
NiMoO₄/Ti₃C₂T_x	545.5 C·g⁻¹ (1364 F·g⁻¹)@0.5 A·g⁻¹	66.5 C·g⁻¹ @5 A·g⁻¹	33.36 Wh·kg⁻¹/400.08 W·kg⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[3]
MoO₃ NWs/MXene@CC	775 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	-	2 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[81]
Ti₃C₂T_x/CoS₂	1320 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	1320 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	-	2 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[82]
MXene-NiCo₂S₄@NF	596.69 C·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	596.69 C·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	-	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[83]
Ti₃C₂-DA-NiMoS₄	1288 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	1288 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	40.5 Wh·kg⁻¹/810 W·kg⁻¹	Not mentioned	[84]
NiCo₂Se₄/MXene	953.8 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	22.4 Wh·kg⁻¹/800 W·kg⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[85]
Co Ni(Ox)Se @MXene	1782 F·g^-1@5 mV·s^-1	-	7.2 kW·kg⁻¹/131.9 Wh·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[86]
NS-MXene	495 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	180 F·g⁻¹@10 A·g⁻¹	-	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[46]
MXene-PANI/a-Fe₂O₃-MnO₂/MXene-PANI	661 F·g^-13138 mF·cm⁻³@3 mV·s ^-1	-	53.32 Wh·L⁻¹/17.45 Wh·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[87]
Ti₃C₂T_x/Ni-MOFs	1124 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	697 F·g⁻¹@20 A·g⁻¹	24 Wh·kg⁻¹/8 kW·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[88]
BiOCl-Ti₃C₂T_x	396.5 F·cm⁻³@1 A·g^-1	228 F·cm⁻³@15 A·g⁻¹	15.2 Wh·kg⁻¹/567.4 W·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[89]

Table 1 Examples of electrochemical properties of MXene-based electrodes

Electrode	Specific capacity	Rate capability	Power density/energy density	Electrolyte	Ref.
MXene-rHGO	1445 F·cm⁻³@2 mV·s⁻¹	988 F·cm⁻¹@500 mV·s⁻¹	38.6 Wh·L⁻¹/206 W·L⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[75]
Ti₃C₂/CNTs	134 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	2.77 Wh·kg⁻¹/311 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[76]
MnO₂@MXene/CNT	371.1 F·cm⁻³@1 A·cm⁻³	-	8.22 mWh·cm⁻³/ 276.28 mW·cm⁻³	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[77]
MnO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x	130.5 F·g⁻¹@0.2 A·g⁻¹	130.5 F·g⁻¹@0.2 A·g⁻¹	-	1 mol·L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄	[16]
Co₃O₄-Nb₂C	1061 F·g^-1@2 A·g^-1	547 F·g⁻¹@50 A·g⁻¹	60.3 Wh·kg⁻¹/670 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[78]
Co-MXene	1081 F·g^-1@0.5 A·g^-1	-	26.06 Wh·kg⁻¹/700 W·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[79]
MXene/MnCo₂O₄	806.67 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	545.83 F·g⁻¹@5 A·g⁻¹	26.8 Wh·kg⁻¹/2.88 kW·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[80]
NiMoO₄/Ti₃C₂T_x	545.5 C·g⁻¹ (1364 F·g⁻¹)@0.5 A·g⁻¹	66.5 C·g⁻¹ @5 A·g⁻¹	33.36 Wh·kg⁻¹/400.08 W·kg⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[3]
MoO₃ NWs/MXene@CC	775 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	-	2 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[81]
Ti₃C₂T_x/CoS₂	1320 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	1320 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	-	2 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[82]
MXene-NiCo₂S₄@NF	596.69 C·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	596.69 C·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	-	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[83]
Ti₃C₂-DA-NiMoS₄	1288 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	1288 F·g⁻¹@1 A·g⁻¹	40.5 Wh·kg⁻¹/810 W·kg⁻¹	Not mentioned	[84]
NiCo₂Se₄/MXene	953.8 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	-	22.4 Wh·kg⁻¹/800 W·kg⁻¹	3 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[85]
Co Ni(Ox)Se @MXene	1782 F·g^-1@5 mV·s^-1	-	7.2 kW·kg⁻¹/131.9 Wh·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[86]
NS-MXene	495 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	180 F·g⁻¹@10 A·g⁻¹	-	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[46]
MXene-PANI/a-Fe₂O₃-MnO₂/MXene-PANI	661 F·g^-13138 mF·cm⁻³@3 mV·s ^-1	-	53.32 Wh·L⁻¹/17.45 Wh·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	[87]
Ti₃C₂T_x/Ni-MOFs	1124 F·g^-1@1 A·g^-1	697 F·g⁻¹@20 A·g⁻¹	24 Wh·kg⁻¹/8 kW·kg⁻¹	6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[88]
BiOCl-Ti₃C₂T_x	396.5 F·cm⁻³@1 A·g^-1	228 F·cm⁻³@15 A·g⁻¹	15.2 Wh·kg⁻¹/567.4 W·kg⁻¹	1 mol·L⁻¹ KOH	[89]

Fig. 9 (a) Schematic and (b) atomic-scale schematic of intercalated PPy in the interlayer of I-Ti3C2[94]

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