Dynamic Mechanical Analysis in the Investigation on Ferroelectrics

doi:10.15541/jim20190492

Abstract

Abstract:

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) has the advantage of high sensitivity, excellent cooling system, flexible rotation testing part, multiple deformation mode, and continuous frequency and temperature scanning mode. DMA is able to characterize the strain response under alternating stress, creep, stress relaxation, and thermomechanical properties, which has application in the investigation of plastic, thermoset, composite, high elastomer, coating, alloy and ceramic. This paper briefly introduced the fundamental and method about DMA, the application of DMA in the investigation of ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transformation, low frequency relaxation, ferroelectric fatigue, and ferroelectric composite damping. In the measurement of relaxation behavior of PZT ceramics and single crystals, and BaTiO₃ ceramics, DMA tended to be more sensitive than dielectric characterization especially in the low frequency range. DMA has been one of the critical instruments for ferroelecric investigation.

Key words: dynamic mechanical analysis, ferroelectrics, low frequency relaxation, ferroelectric fatigue, damping, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

CHEN Yun, WANG Xusheng, LI Yanxia, YAO Xi. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis in the Investigation on Ferroelectrics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(8): 857-866.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 The lagging difference between strain and stress (a) Elastic material; (b) Viscous material; (c) Viscoelastic material

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)[22]

Fig. 3 Dependence of modulus (a) and loss factor (b) on temperature for BZT-BCT ceramic[28]

Fig. 4 Dielectric spectra (a) and dynamic mechanical properties (b) of BNT-BT ceramic[29]

Fig. 5 The elastic response to different external stress of PbZrO3 single crystal[31]

Fig. 6 Dependence of modulus on temperature and frequency of PbZrO3 single crystal from [110]c direction (a) Real part of modulus; (b) Imaginary part of modulus[31]

Fig. 7 Dyanamic mechanical properties (a) and dielectric spectra (b) of PZT-4 ceramic[35]

Fig. 8 Dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties of (K,Na) NbO3 based ceramic[39]

Fig. 9 Fatigue properties of PZT-5H and PZT-8 ceramics[41] (A) Modulus vs circles; (B) d33 vs circles

Fig. 10 The S-N curves of BTWC ceramics[42,43] (a) BTWC ceramics sintered at different temperatures; (b) Unpoled and poled BTWC ceramics sintered at 1150 ℃

Fig. 11 Dynamic mechanical properties of 1-3 type PZT/epoxy resin composite (a-b) and dynamic mechanical properties of 0-3 type ZnOw/epoxy resin composite (c-d)[49]

Table 1 The relationship between CB content and the properties of 0-3 type PMN/CB/EP ferroelectric composite damping[50]

CB/wt%	T_g/℃	tanδ_max	TA	ΔT/℃(tanδ>0.3)
0	85.86	0.405	18.21	20.28
2	96.73	0.442	19.27	22.81
4	100.26	0.429	18.73	20.86
6	88.76	0.480	20.80	24.26
8	93.40	0.439	19.64	21.23

Fig. 12 Influence of grain size and electrical boundary on piezoelectric composite (a) Influence of PZT grain size on the loss factor of 0-3 type piezoelectric composites; (b) Influence of PZT grain size on the modulus of 0-3 type piezoelectric composites; (c-d) Influence of different electrical boundary conditions on the dynamic mechanical properties of 1-3 type piezoelectric composites[51]

References 51

[1]	DOMENJOUD M, BERTHELOT E, GALOPIN N, et al. Characterization of giant magnetostrictive materials under static stress: influence of loading boundary conditions. Smart Mater. Struct., 2019,28:095012. DOI URL
[2]	LIU N, ACOSTA M, WANG S, et al. Revealing the core-shell interactions of a giant strain relaxor ferroelectric 0.75Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃- 0.25SrTiO₃. Sci. Rep., 2016,6:36910. DOI URL PMID
[3]	LIU X, TAN X, Giant strains in non-textured (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃- based lead-free ceramics. Adv. Mater., 2016,283:574-578. DOI URL PMID
[4]	LI T, LOU X, KE X, et al. Giant strain with low hysteresis in A-site-deficient (Bi_0.5Na_0.5) TiO₃-based lead-free piezoceramics. Acta Mater., 2017,12815:337-344. DOI URL
[5]	LESTER B T, BAXEVANIS T, CHEMISKY Y, et al. Review and perspectives: shape memory alloy composite systems. Acta Mech., 2015,22612:3907-3960. DOI URL
[6]	NARITA F, FOX M. A review on piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and magnetoelectric materials and device technologies for energy harvesting applications. Adv. Eng. Mater., 2018,20:1700743. DOI URL
[7]	WEBBER K G, VOEGLER M, KHANSUR N H, et al. Review of the mechanical and fracture behavior of perovskite lead-free ferroelectrics for actuator applications. Smart Mater. Struct., 2017,266:063001. DOI URL
[8]	SADEGHPOUR S, MEYERS S, KRUTH J P, et al. Single-element omnidirectional piezoelectric ultrasound transducer for under water communication. Proceedings, 2017,1:363.
[9]	MA H K, LUO W F, LIN J Y. Development of a piezoelectric micropump with novel separable design for medical applications. Sensor Actuat. A Phys., 2015,236:57-66. DOI URL
[10]	ZHOU M, LIANG R, ZHOU Z, et al. Potentiality of Bi and Mn co-doped lead-free NaNbO₃ ceramics as a pyroelectric material for uncooled infrared thermal detectors. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 2019,396:2058-2063. DOI URL
[11]	CROSS L E. Relaxor ferroelectric. Ferroelectrics, 1987,761:241-267. DOI URL
[12]	STEEVES J B, GOLINVEAUX F S. Using the ferroelectric/ ferroelastic effect at cryogenic temperatures for set-and-hold actuation. Smart Mater. Struct., 2018,276:065024. DOI URL
[13]	KWEON S Y, LEE K, PARK Y, et al. Low-temperature sintering of (1-x)Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O₃-xBiYO₃ ceramics with nano-powder for piezo-speaker. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2019,585:051008. DOI URL
[14]	MARAKAKIS K, TAIRIDIS G K, KOUTSIANITIS P. Shunt piezoelectric systems for noise and vibration control: a review. Fron. Built Environ., 2019,5:64.
[15]	GRIPP J A B, RADE D A. Vibration and noise control using shunted piezoelectric transducers: a review. Mech. Syst. Signal PR., 2018,112:359-383. DOI URL
[16]	XU Z, CHEN Z, HUNAG X, et al. Recent advances in multi- dimensional vibration mitigation materials and devices. Fron. Mater., 2019,6:00143.
[17]	POYNTING J H. On pressure perpendicular to the shear planes in finite pure shears, and on the lengthening of loaded wires when twisted. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 1909,82557:546-559.
[18]	GUO L M. The advanced dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and its applications. Modern Scientific Instrumentation, 1997,4:57-60.
[19]	LI Z, SUN D, YAN B, et al. Fractional order model of viscoelastic suspension for crawler vehicle and its vibration suppression analysis. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015,317:72-79.
[20]	过梅丽. 高聚物与复合材料的动态力学热分析. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2002.
[21]	张良莹. 电介质物理. 西安: 西安交通大学出版社, 1991.
[22]	MENARD H P. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. Florida: CRC Press, 2008.
[23]	YAN F, BAO P, WANG Y. Phase transition in relaxor ferroelectrics studied by mechanical measurements. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003,8321:4384-4386. DOI URL
[24]	CORDERO F. Hopping and clustering of oxygen vacancies in SrTiO₃ by anelastic relaxation. Phys. Rev. B, 2007,7617:172106. DOI URL
[25]	DIAZ J C C A, VENET M, CORDERO F, et al. Anelastic and optical properties of Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ and (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ lead- free ceramic systems doped with donor Sm ³⁺. J. Alloy. Compd., 2018,74625:648-652. DOI URL
[26]	ALGUERÓ M, JIMÉNEZ H, AMORÍN, et al. Low temperature phenomena in ferroic BiMO₃-PbTiO₃(M: Mn and Sc). Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011,9820:202904. DOI URL
[27]	ZHANG D, YAO Y, FANG M, et al. Isothermal phase transition and the transition temperature limitation in the lead-free (1-x) Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-xBaTiO₃ system. Acta Mater., 2016,103:746-753. DOI URL
[28]	ZHANG L, REN X, CARPENTER M A. Influence of local strain heterogeneity on high piezoelectricity in 0.5Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃- 0.5(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ ceramics. Phys. Rev. B, 2017,955:054116. DOI URL
[29]	SILVA P, DIAZ J, FLORÉNCIO, et al. Analysis of the phase transitions in BNT-BT lead-free ceramics around morphotropic phase boundary by mechanical and dielectric spectroscopies. Arch. Metall. Mater., 2016,611:17-20. DOI URL
[30]	UDDIN S, ZHENG G P, LQBAL Y, et al. Elastic softening near the phase transitions in (1-x)Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃-xBaTiO₃ solid solutions. Mater. Res. Express, 2014,14:046102. DOI URL
[31]	PUCHBERGER S, SOPRUNYUK V, MAJCHROWSKI A, et al. Domain wall motion and precursor dynamics in PbZrO₃. Phys. Rev. B, 2016,9421:214101. DOI URL
[32]	CHENG B, GABBAY M, FANTOZZI G. Anelastic relaxation associated with the motion of domain walls in barium titanate ceramics. J. Mater. Sci., 1996,3115:4141-4147. DOI URL
[33]	JIMÉNEZ B, VICENTE J. Oxygen defects and low-frequency mechanical relaxation in Pb-Ca and Pb-Sm titanates. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 1998,314:446. DOI URL
[34]	BOURIM E M, TANAKA H, GABBAY M, et al. Domain wall motion effect on the anelastic behavior in lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics. J. Appl. Phys., 2002,9110:6662-6669. DOI URL
[35]	CHEN Y, WANG X S, LI Y S, et al. The low frequency relaxor properties of ferroelectric PZT-4 studied by DMA. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., 2019,308:1-9. DOI URL
[36]	CHEN Y, YE H H, WANG X S, et al. Grain size effects on the electric and mechanical properties of submicro BaTiO₃ ceramics. J. Euro. Ceram., 2020,402:391-400. DOI URL
[37]	KUMAR N, TIRUPATHI P, KUMAR B, et al. Observation of dielectric relaxor behavior in Pb_0.95Sr_0.05( Zr_0.5Ti_0.5)O₃ ceramics. Adv. Mater. Lett., 2015,64:284-289.
[38]	DA SILVA JR P S, VENET M, FLORÉNCIO O. Influence of diffuse phase transition on the anelastic behavior of Nb-doped Pb(Zr_0.53Ti_0.47)O₃ ceramics. J. Alloy. Comp., 2015,647:784-789. DOI URL
[39]	MAZUERA A, SILVA JR P, RODRIGUES A, et al. Origin of discrepancy between electrical and mechanical anomalies in lead-free (K, Na)NbO₃-based ceramics. Phys. Rev. B, 2016,9418:184101. DOI URL
[40]	CORDERO F, CRACIUN F, VERARDI P. Dielectric and anelastic relaxation in PMN-PT relaxors. Ferroelectrics, 2003,2901:141-149.
[41]	YU Y, WANG X S, LI Y S, et al. Fatigue behaviors in PZT ceramics induced by mechanical cyclic load. Ferroelectrics Lett., 2014,414/5/6:123-128. DOI URL
[42]	XIE S, XU J, CHEN Y, et al. Flexural fracture mechanisms and fatigue behaviors of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-based high-temperature piezoceramics sintered at different temperatures. Ceram. Int., 2018,4414:16758-16765. DOI URL
[43]	XIE S, XU J, CHEN Y, et al. Poling effect and sintering temperature dependence on fracture strength and fatigue properties of bismuth titanate based piezoceramics. Ceram. Int., 2018,4416:20432-20440. DOI URL
[44]	ASMATULU R, CLAUS R, MECHAM J. Improving the damping properties of composites using ferroelectric inclusions. J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Str., 2005,165:463-468. DOI URL
[45]	SUMITA M, GOHDA H, ASAI S, et al. New damping materials composed of piezoelectric and electro-conductive, particle-filled polymer composites: effect of the electromechanical coupling factor. Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1991,1212:657-661. DOI URL
[46]	YU J, KANEKO H, ASAI S, et al. Electrical and dynamic mechanical behavior of BaTiO₃/VGCF/LDPE composite. Compos. Interface., 2000,75/6:411-424. DOI URL
[47]	MARRA S, RAMESH K, DOUGLAS A. The mechanical properties of lead-titanate/polymer 0-3 composites. Compos. Sci. Techno., 1999,5914:2163-2173. DOI URL
[48]	ZHANG C, HU Z, GAO G, et al. Damping behavior and acoustic performance of polyurethane/lead zirconate titanate ceramic composites. Mater. Design, 2013,46:503-510. DOI URL
[49]	HONG X Q, WANG X S, LI X M, et al. Damping properties of epoxy-embedded piezoelectric composites. Key Engineering Materials, 2012,512-515:1342-1346. DOI URL
[50]	SHI M X, HUANG Z X, WEI T, et al. Damping properties and mechanism of 0-3 PMN/CB/EP composites. Adv. Mater. Res., 2009,66:45-48.
[51]	武传贵. 有机无机复合材料阻尼性能研究. 上海: 同济大学硕士学位论文, 2011.