Progress in Preparation of Graphene

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1077.2011.00561

Abstract

Abstract: Graphene has attracted much interest in recent years due to its unique and outstanding properties. Different routes to prepare graphene have been developed and achieved. Preparation methods of graphene used in recent years are intensively introduced, including micromechanical cleavage, chemical vapor deposition, liquid/gas- phase-based exfoliation of graphite, epitaxial growth on an insulator, chemical reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide, etc. And their advantages and shortcomings are further discussed in detail. The preparations of graphene are also prospected.

Key words: graphene, graphene oxide, preparation, functional graphene, review

CLC Number:

O613
TB332

YUAN Xiao-Ya. Progress in Preparation of Graphene[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2011, 26(6): 561-570.

References

[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666-669.

[2] Geim A K, Novoselov K S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(3): 183-191.

[3] Geim A K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science, 2009, 324(5934): 1530-1534.

[4] Wu J S, Pisula W, Mullen K. Graphenes as potential material for electronics. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107(3): 718-747.

[5] Rao C N R, Sood A k, Voggu R, et al. Some novel attributes of graphene. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2010, 1(2): 572-580.

[6] Allen M J, Tung V C, Kaner R B. Honeycomb carbon: a review of Graphene. Chem. Rev., 2010, 110(1): 132-145.

[7] Zhang Y, Tan J W, Stormer H L, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene. Nature, 2005, 438: 201-204.

[8] Bolotin K I, Sikes K J, Jiang Z, et al. Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun., 2008, 146(9/10): 351-355.

[9] Balandin A A, Ghosh S, Bao W Z, et al. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett., 2008, 8(3): 902-907.

[10] Schadler L S, Giannris S C, Ajayan P M. Load transfer in carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1998, 73(26): 3842-3847.

[11] Chae H K, Siberio-Pérez D Y, Kim J, et al. A route to high surface area, porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals. Nature, 2004, 427: 523-527.

[12] Lee C, Wei X, Kysar J W, et al. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 2008, 321(5887): 385-388.

[13] Van den Brink J. Graphene-from strength to strength. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2007, 2(4): 199-201.

[14] Weitz R T, Yacoby A. Graphene rests easy. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2010, 5(10): 699-700.

[15] Kim J, Kim F, Huang J. Seeing graphene-based sheets. Materials today, 2010, 13(3): 28-38.

[16] Park R, Ruoff R S. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2009, 4(4): 217-224.

[17] 徐秀娟, 秦金贵, 李振. 石墨烯研究进展. 化学进展, 2009, 21(12): 2559-2567.

[18] 黄毅, 陈永胜. 石墨烯的功能化及其相关应用. 中国科学B辑, 2009, 39(9): 887-896.

[19] 李旭, 赵卫峰, 陈国华. 石墨烯的制备与表征研究. 材料导报, 2008, 22(8): 48-52.

[20] Müllen M, Kübel C, Müllen K. Giant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem. Eur. J., 1998, 4(11): 2099-2109.

[21] Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Piner R D, et al. Synthesis of graphene- based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon, 2007, 45(7): 1558-1565.

[22] Hernandez Y, Nicolosi V, Lotya M, et al. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008, 3(9): 563-568.

[23] Khan U, O'Neill A, Lotya M, et al. High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene. Small, 2010, 6(7): 864-871.

[24] Hamilton C E,-Lomeda J R, Sun Z, et al. High-yield organic dispersions of unfunctionalized graphene. Nano Lett., 2009, 9(10): 3460-3462.

[25] Biswas S, Drzal L T. A novel approach to create a highly ordered monolayer film of graphene nanosheets at the liquid-liquid interface. Nano Lett., 2009, 9(1): 167-172.

[26] Qian W, Hao R, Hou Y, et al. Solvothermal-assisted exfoliation process to produce graphene with high yield and high quality. Nano Res., 2009, 2: 706-712.

[27] Lotya M, Hernandez Y, King P J, et al. Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131(10): 3611-3620.

[28] De S, King P J, Lotya M, et al. Flexible, transparent, conducting films of randomly stacked graphene from surfactant-stabilized, oxide-free graphene dispersions. Small, 2010, 6(3): 458-464.

[29] Englert J M, R-hrl J, Schmidt C D, et al. Soluble graphene: generation of aqueous graphene solutions aided by a perylenebisimide- based bolaamphiphile. Adv. Mater., 2009, 21(42): 4265-4269.

[30] Li X, Zhang G, Bai X, et al. Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir–Blodgett films. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2008, 3(9): 538-542.

[31] Janowska I, Chizari K, Ersen O, et al. Microwave synthesis of large few-layer graphene sheets in aqueous solution of ammonia. Nano Res., 2010, 3(2): 126-137.

[32] Pu N W, Wang C, Sung Y, et al. Production of few-layer graphene by supercritical CO2 exfoliation of graphite. Mater. Lett., 2009, 63(23): 1987-1989.

[33] Knieke C, Berger A, Voigt M, et al. Scalable production of graphene sheets by mechanical delamination. Carbon, 2010, 48(11): 3196-3204.

[34] Srivastava S K, Shukla A K, Vankar V D, et al. Growth, structure and field emission characteristics of petal like carbon nano-structured thin films.--Thin Solid Films, 2005, 492(1/2): 124-130.

[35] Zhu M, Wang J, Outlaw R A, et al. Synthesis of carbon nanosheets and carbon nanotubes by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Diam. Relat. Mater., 2007, 16(2): 196-201.

[36] Wang J, Zhu M, Outlaw R A, et al . Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.-Carbon, 2004, 42(14): 2867-2872.

[37] Berger C, Song Z, Li X, et al. Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science, 2006, 312(5777): 1191-1196.

[38] Berger C, Song Z, Li T, et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108(52): 19912-19916.

[39] Kim K S, Zhao Y, Jang H, et al. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature, 2009, 457(7230): 706-710.

[40] Lee Y, Bae S, Jang H, et al. Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of graphene films. Nano Lett., 2010, 10(2): 490-493.

[41] Reina A, Jia X, Ho J, et al. Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett., 2009, 9(1): 30-35.

[42] Faugeras C, Faugeras B, Orlita M, et al. Thermal conductivity of graphene in corbino membrane geometry. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4): 1889-1892.

[43] Sutter P W, Flege J I, Sutter E A. Epitaxial graphene on ruthenium. Nat. Mater., 2008, 7(5): 406-411.

[44] 刘忠良. 碳化硅薄膜的外延生长、结构表征与石墨烯的制备. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学博士论文, 2009.

[45] Compton O C, Nguyen S T. Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide and graphene: versatile building blocks for carbon- based materials. Small, 2010, 6(6): 711-723.

[46] Dreyer D R, Park S, Bielawski C W, et al. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2010, 39(1): 228-240.

[47] Tsuyoshi N, Yoshiaki M. Formation process and structure of graphite oxide.-Carbon, 1994, 32 (3): 469-475.

[48] Staudenmaier L. Verfahren zur darstellung der graphits ure. Ber. Dt. Sch. Chem. Ges., 1898, 31(2): 1481-1487.

[49] Brodie B C. Sur le poids atomique du graphite. Ann. Chim. Phys., 1860, 59: 466-472.

[50] Hummers W, Offeman R. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1958, 80(6): 1339.

[51] Chattopadhyay J, Mukherjee A, Billups W E, et al. Graphite epoxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130(16): 5414-5415.

[52] Wissler M. Graphite and carbon powders for electrochemical applications. J. Power Sources, 2006, 156(2): 142-150.

[53] Lerf A, He H, Forster M, et al. Structure of graphite oxide revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998, 102(23): 4477-4482.

[54] Szabó T, Berkesi O, Forgó P, et al. Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem. Mater., 2006, 18(11): 2740-2749.

[55] Yang D X, Velamakanni A, Bozoklu G, et al. Chemical analysis of graphene oxide after heat and chemical treatments by X-ray photoelectron and micro-Raman sp