Development on the Preparation and Application of Onion-like Carbon

doi:10.15541/jim20140646

Abstract

Abstract:

Due to unique structure, onion-like carbon has excellent physical and chemical properties that brodens the application in carbon and carbon-based composite materials. The classification and the structure of onion-like carbon were firstly introduced. Its advantages and disadvantages of traditional preparation methods, including arc discharge, plasma, electron-beam radiation, chemical vapor deposition, nanodiamond annealing in vacuum, thermolysis, were summarized. Then, some new synthetic methods developed in recent years were also presented. Subsequently, the application of onion-like carbon on anode materials of lithium ion secondary battery, counter electrode materials of dye-sensitized solar cell, electrodes materials of electrochemical hydrogen storage and super capacitor, friction and wear, and catalyst fields was summarized. Finally, deficiencies of preparation and application on onion-like carbon were pointed out and future research were put forward.

Key words: onion-like carbon, preparation methods, application, research progress

CLC Number:

TQ127

ZHENG Yan-Bin, JIANG Zhi-Gang, ZHU Pin-Wen. Development on the Preparation and Application of Onion-like Carbon[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2015, 30(8): 793-801.

Figures/Tables 8

References 79

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Preparation methods	Advantages	Disadvantages
Arc discharge	High crystallization,low defect density carbon onions prepared in bulk quantities using an arc in water	Containing a large amount of carbonaceous impurities such as amorphous carbon, CNTs, CNT-like structures, graphitic debris, and metallic impurities
Plasma	Low cost and prepared in bulk quantities	Containing amorphous carbon and metallic impurities
Electron-beam radiation	In-situ observations achieved helpful to study the growth mechanism of OLC	High cost and low yield
Chemical vapor deposition	Simple, cheap, easy to implement and to realize mass production	Purification to remove amorphous carbon, CNTs, graphite, catalyst support, etc
Nanodiamond annealing in vacuum	Narrow-sized distribution and produced in massive amount	Requiring nanodiamond precursor and high-temperature vacuum oven
Thermolysis	Massive amount of carbon onions produced at low cost by using simple device	Larger size CNOs and/or purification requirement

Preparation methods	Advantages	Disadvantages
Arc discharge	High crystallization,low defect density carbon onions prepared in bulk quantities using an arc in water	Containing a large amount of carbonaceous impurities such as amorphous carbon, CNTs, CNT-like structures, graphitic debris, and metallic impurities
Plasma	Low cost and prepared in bulk quantities	Containing amorphous carbon and metallic impurities
Electron-beam radiation	In-situ observations achieved helpful to study the growth mechanism of OLC	High cost and low yield
Chemical vapor deposition	Simple, cheap, easy to implement and to realize mass production	Purification to remove amorphous carbon, CNTs, graphite, catalyst support, etc
Nanodiamond annealing in vacuum	Narrow-sized distribution and produced in massive amount	Requiring nanodiamond precursor and high-temperature vacuum oven
Thermolysis	Massive amount of carbon onions produced at low cost by using simple device	Larger size CNOs and/or purification requirement

Metal oxides	Theoretical capacity/(mAh·g^-1)	Ref
SnO₂	782	[54]
CuO	674	[4]
CdO	1046	[55]
Cr₂O₃	1058	[56]
MoO₂	838	[57]
NiO	718	[3]
MnO	755	[58]
MnO₂	1233	[59]
Mn₂O₃	1019	[60]
Fe₂O₃	1007	[60]
Fe₃O₄	926	[61]
CoO	715	[62]
Co₃O₄	890	[5]

Metal oxides	Theoretical capacity/(mAh·g^-1)	Ref
SnO₂	782	[54]
CuO	674	[4]
CdO	1046	[55]
Cr₂O₃	1058	[56]
MoO₂	838	[57]
NiO	718	[3]
MnO	755	[58]
MnO₂	1233	[59]
Mn₂O₃	1019	[60]
Fe₂O₃	1007	[60]
Fe₃O₄	926	[61]
CoO	715	[62]
Co₃O₄	890	[5]

Anode materials	OLC encapsulation	Initial discharge ability of nanoparticles electrode at different rates	Cycle performance	Ref
NiO	No	NiO, 2C, 558.8 mAh/g	0.5C, 1150 mAh/g (initial discharge) and 383.5 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[3]
NiO	Yes	NiO/C, 2C, 1105.6 mAh/g	0.5C, 1689.4 mAh/g (initial discharge) and 1157.7 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[3]
CuO	No	CuO, 1.2C, 178.9 mAh/g	100 mA/g , 270.2 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[4]
CuO	Yes	CuO/C, 1.2C, 535.6 mAh/g	100 mA/g, 628.7 mAh/g (after 50 cycles) with a high Coulombic efficiency of 98.6%	[4]
Co₃O₄	No	Co₃O₄, 2C, 459 mAh/g	1248.8 mAh/g (initial discharge) and 471.5 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[5]
Co₃O₄	Yes	Co₃O₄/C, 2C, 925 mAh/g	0.5C, 1467.6 mAh/g (initial discharge) and 1026.9 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[5]
SnO₂	No	/	0.2 mA/cm², 849 mAh/g (initial discharge) to 123 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[63]
SnO₂	Yes	/	0.2 mA/cm², 755 mAh/g(initial discharge) and 446 mAh/g (after 50 cycles)	[63]