WO3电致变色薄膜离子传输动力过程及其循环稳定性

doi:10.15541/jim20200144

无机材料学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (2): 152-160.DOI: 10.15541/jim20200144 CSTR: 32189.14.10.15541/jim20200144

所属专题：电致变色材料与器件；功能材料论文精选(2021)；【虚拟专辑】电致变色与热致变色材料；电致变色专栏2021

• 专栏: 电致变色材料与器件(特邀编辑:刁训刚, 王金敏) • 上一篇下一篇

WO₃电致变色薄膜离子传输动力过程及其循环稳定性

周开岭(), 汪浩, 张倩倩, 刘晶冰, 严辉

北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100124

收稿日期:2020-03-23 修回日期:2020-07-09 出版日期:2021-02-20 网络出版日期:2020-09-09
通讯作者: 汪浩, 教授. E-mail: haowang@bjut.edu.cn
作者简介:周开岭(1990-), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: zkling@emails.bjut.edu.cn
基金资助:
北京市教委科技发展计划(KZ201710005009)

Dynamic Process of Ions Transport and Cyclic Stability of WO₃ Electrochromic Film

ZHOU Kailing(), WANG Hao, ZHANG Qianqian, LIU Jingbing, YAN Hui

College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124

Received:2020-03-23 Revised:2020-07-09 Published:2021-02-20 Online:2020-09-09
About author:ZHOU Kailing(1990-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: zkling@emails.bjut.edu.cn
Supported by:
Scientific and Technological Development Project of the Beijing Education Committee(KZ201710005009)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电致变色WO₃的离子传输动力学过程对其变色性能和循环稳定性具有重要的影响。离子传输过程涉及到WO₃电极的结构变形、相转变等复杂过程, 导致通过传统的电化学阻抗谱很难进行有效研究。计时电位法是通过施加电流, 测量电极材料响应电位的一种电化学表征方法。与其它电化学表征方法(阻抗谱法和伏安法)相比, 该技术能够直接探测溶液-电极系统中不同状态下的电压分布, 并经常被用于研究电极系统中的物质传输动力学行为, 例如电极表面附近的质子吸附和传输现象。本工作采用计时电位技术研究和调控WO₃薄膜中的离子传输行为, 结果表明: 大的Li⁺离子插入通量可拓宽WO₃/电解质界面处离子的传输通道, 有助于离子传输动力和光响应速度的提升。然而, 反复的离子插入/抽出行为会通过“离子球磨效应”减小WO₃/电解质界面处WO₃晶粒的尺寸, 使得WO₃薄膜的致密性增强, 阻碍离子传输和电解质渗透, 导致插入的Li⁺及反应产生的Li_xWO₃在WO₃结构中不可逆积累, 薄膜的光学调制幅度和电致变色活性明显下降。该工作为电极材料中离子传输动力学分析和离子传输行为控制提供了一种有效的方法。

关键词: WO₃电致变色材料, 计时电位法, Li ⁺插入通量, 离子传输动力过程

Abstract:

The dynamic process of ions transport in electrochromic WO₃ film is usually studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. However, the detailed features are hidden since the ions insertion into WO₃ is a very complex process including structural deformation and phase transformations. Chronopotentiometry is an electrochemical characterization method that measures the response potential of a system under an imposed current. Compared to other dynamic characterization methods (impedance spectroscopy and CV), it allows direct access to the voltage contributions in different states of the solution-electrode system and has frequently been used to investigate kinetic effects such as adsorption and transport phenomena near electrode surface. In this study, chronopotentiometry is creatively applied to study ion transport kinetics and control ions insertion behavior in electrochromic WO₃ film. The results suggest that a large ions insertion flux at the interface of WO₃/electrolyte could broaden ions transport channels due to the fierce lattice expansion during Li⁺ions insertion process, which further improves the ions transportation kinetics and gifts a fast switching speed of optical performance. However, the repeating ions insertion/extraction behaviors at the interface of WO₃/electrolyte for the long-term cycle process can reduce the size of WO₃ grains as a “ball mill effect”. Especially, a large ions transport flux can aggravate the “ball mill effect”. Consequently, the structure of the WO₃ film becomes very dense, which is unfavorable for ions transport and electrolyte permeation. This dense structure also leads to an irreversible accumulation of Li⁺ ions and Li_xWO₃ in the WO₃ host structure, resulting in a decay of optical modulation ability and electrochromic activity. This work offers an efficient method to analyze ion transport kinetics in intercalation materials and a new understanding of the relationship between ion transport behavior and cyclic stability of electrochromic materials.

Key words: WO₃ electrochromic materials, chronopotentiometry, Li ⁺ insertion flux, ions transport dynamic process

中图分类号:

TQ174

周开岭, 汪浩, 张倩倩, 刘晶冰, 严辉. WO₃电致变色薄膜离子传输动力过程及其循环稳定性[J]. 无机材料学报, 2021, 36(2): 152-160.

ZHOU Kailing, WANG Hao, ZHANG Qianqian, LIU Jingbing, YAN Hui. Dynamic Process of Ions Transport and Cyclic Stability of WO₃ Electrochromic Film[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(2): 152-160.

图/表 7

图1 WO3薄膜在2、10和20 mC·cm-2·s-1的不同离子插入通量下的电荷-时间曲线(a), 离子抽出过程响应电流-时间曲线(b), 离子注入过程响应电位-时间曲线(c)和原位透射率曲线(d)

Fig. 1 Charge-time curves (a), response current-time curves (b), response potential-time curves (c), and in-situ transmittance curves (d) of WO3 films under different ions insertion flux with 2, 10 and 20 mC·cm-2·s-1

图2 在不同的离子插入通量(a)2, (b)10和(c)20 mC·cm-2·s-1下离子抽出电流随循环的演变关系和循环过程中离子抽出电流密度对比(d)

Fig. 2 Evolution of current-time curves of WO3 film by fixing at 20.00 mC·cm-2 under different ions insertion flux with (a) 2, (b) 10, and (c) 20 mC·cm-2·s-1, and contrast of current density evolution (d)

图3 在不同的离子插入通量下(a)2, (b)10和(c)20 mC·cm-2·s-1 WO3膜的抽出电荷密度演变,以及循环过程中薄膜捕获的离子电荷密度的演变(d)

Fig. 3 Evolution of the extracted charge density of WO3 film under different ions insertion flux with (a) 2,(b) 10 and (c) 20 mC·cm-2·s-1, and evolution of trapped ions density upon cycling (d)

图4 在(a)2, (b)10和(c)20 mC·cm-2·s-1离子插入通量下WO3膜的电势-时间曲线的演变, 以及电位衰减的对比(d)

Fig. 4 Evolution of potential-time curves of WO3 film under different ions insertion flux with (a) 2, (b) 10 and (c) 20 mC·cm-2·s-1, and contrast of potentials decay (d)

图5 原位记录WO3在λ=550 nm的透过率演变(a), 在不同离子插入通量下(b)2,(c)10和(d)20 mC·cm-2·s-1, WO3膜的透过率随循环的变化关系

Fig. 5 In situ record of the transmittance of WO3 film at λ=550 nm during the electrochemical test (a) and the transmittance evolution of WO3 film under different ions insertion flux with (b) 2, (c) 10, and (d) 20 mC·cm-2·s-1

图6 不同状态下WO3薄膜的SEM照片

Fig. 6 SEM images of WO3 film with different conditions (a) WO3 film at the initial state; (b) WO3-2 film after 5000 cycles; (c) WO3-10 film after 5000 cycles; (d) WO3-20 film after 5000 cycles. The corresponding photographs are inserted

图7 WO3薄膜在重复离子插入/抽出过程下的结构演变的机理示意图

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of the structural evolution of WO3 film under repeating ions insertion/extraction process

参考文献 37

[1]	PENG M, DONG Y Z, SONG L X, et al. Structure and electrochromic properties of titanium-doped WO₃ thin film by sputtering. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017,32(3):287-292.
[2]	JIA H, XIANG C X, JIN P S. Advances in inorganic all-solid-state electrochromic materials and devices. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020,35(5):511-524.
[3]	WANG J, KHOO E, LEE P S, et al. Synthesis, assembly, and electrochromic properties of uniform crystalline WO₃ nanorods. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2008,112(37):14306-14312.
[4]	ZHAO Q, FANG Y, QIAO K, et al. Printing of WO₃/ITO nanocomposite electrochromic smart windows. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019,194:95-102.
[5]	LU S J, ZHAO B W, WANG H, et al. Electrochromic properties of PEG-modified tungsten oxide thin films. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017,32(2):185-190.
[6]	GARCIA-BELMONTE G, BUENO P R, FABREGAT-SANTIAGO F, et al. Relaxation processes in the coloration of amorphous WO₃ thin films studied by combined impedance and electro-optical measurements. Journal of Applied Physics, 2004,96(1):853-859.
[7]	HO C, RAISTRICK I, HUGGINS R. Application of A-C techniques to the study of lithium diffusion in tungsten trioxide thin films. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1980,127(2):343-350.
[8]	MACDONALD J R. Impedance spectroscopy and its use in analyzing the steady-state AC response of solid and liquid electrolytes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1987,223(1/2):25-50.
[9]	INABA H, IWAKU M, TATSUMA T, et al. Electrochemical intercalation of cations into an amorphous WO₃ film and accompanying changes in mass and surface properties. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1995,387(1/2):71-77.
[10]	AU B, CHAN K, PANG W, et al. In effect of bias voltage on the electrochromic properties of WO₃ films. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019,1349:012040.
[11]	BATHE S R, ILLA M S, NARAYAN R, et al. Electrochromism in polymer-electrolyte-enabled nanostructured WO₃: active layer thickness and morphology on device performance. ChemNanoMat, 2018,4(2):203-212.
[12]	BATHE S R, PATIL P. Electrochromic characteristics of fibrous reticulated WO₃ thin films prepared by pulsed spray pyrolysis technique. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2007,91(12):1097-1101.
[13]	ZHOU K, WANG H, ZHANG Y, et al. Understand the degradation mechanism of electrochromic WO₃ films by double-step chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry techniques combined with in situ spectroelectrochemical study. Electroanalysis, 2017,29(6):1573-1585.
[14]	DAUTREMONT-SMITH W, GREEN M, KANG K S. Optical and electrical properties of thin films of WO₃ electrochemically coloured. Electrochimica Acta, 1977,22(7):751-759.
[15]	BAECK S H, CHOI K S, JARAMILLO T F, et al. Enhancement of photocatalytic and electrochromic properties of electrochemically fabricated mesoporous WO₃ thin films. Advanced Materials, 2003,15(15):1269-1273.
[16]	DEEPA M, SRIVASTAVA A, SOOD K, et al. Nanostructured mesoporous tungsten oxide films with fast kinetics for electrochromic smart windows. Nanotechnology, 2006,17(10):2625.
[17]	KROL J J, STRATHMANN H, WESSLING M. Chronopotentiometry and overlimiting ion transport through monopolar ion exchange membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999,162(1/2):155-164.
[18]	PISMENSKAIA N, SISTAT P, HUGUET P, et al. Chronopotentiometry applied to the study of ion transfer through anion exchange membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2004,228(1):65-76.
[19]	SISTAT P, POURCELLY G. Chronopotentiometric response of an ion-exchange membrane in the underlimiting current-range. Transport phenomena within the diffusion layers. Journal of Membrane Science, 1997,123(1):121-131.
[20]	BARD A J, FAULKNER L R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New Jersey: Wiley, 1980: 669-676.
[21]	SAWYER D T, ROBERTS J L. Experimental Electrochemistry for Chemists. Wiley, 1974: 1765-1766.
[22]	ZHOU K, WANG H, ZHANG Y, et al. An advanced technique to evaluate the electrochromic performances of NiO films by multi-cycle double-step potential chronocoulometry. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2016,163(10):H1033-H1040.
[23]	WEN R T, GRANQVIST C G, NIKLASSON G A. Eliminating degradation and uncovering ion-trapping dynamics in electrochromic WO₃ thin films. Nature Materials, 2015,14(10):996-1001.
[24]	ZHOU K, WANG H, LIU J, et al. The mechanism of trapped ions eroding the electrochromic performances of WO₃ thin films. International Journal Electrochemical Science, 2018,13:7335-7346.
[25]	LEE S H, DESHPANDE R, PARILLA P, et al. Crystalline WO₃ nanoparticles for highly improved electrochromic applications. Advanced Materials, 2006,18(6):763-766.
[26]	SCHERER M R, STEINER U. Efficient electrochromic devices made from 3D nanotubular gyroid networks. Nano Letters, 2012,13(7):3005-3010. DOI URL PMID
[27]	BISQUERT J, VIKHRENKO V S. Analysis of the kinetics of ion intercalation: two state model describing the coupling of solid state ion diffusion and ion binding processes. Electrochimica Acta, 2003,47(24):3977-3988.
[28]	BISQUERT J. Analysis of the kinetics of ion intercalation: ion trapping approach to solid-state relaxation processes. Electrochimica Acta, 2002,47(15):2435-2449.
[29]	HASHIMOTO S, MATSUOKA H. Lifetime of electrochromism of amorphous WO₃-TiO₂ thin films. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1991,138(8):2403.
[30]	HASHIMOTO S, MATSUOKA H, KAGECHIKA H, et al. Degradation of electrochromic amorphous WO₃ film in lithium-salt electrolyte. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1990,137(4):1300.
[31]	HEPEL M, REDMOND H, DELA I. Electrochromic WO_x films with reduced lattice deformation stress and fast response time. Electrochimica Acta, 2007,52(11):3541-3549.
[32]	KONDALKAR V V, PATIL P B, MANE R M, et al. Electrochromic performance of nickel oxide thin film: synthesis via electrodeposition technique. Macromolecular Symposia, 2016,361(1):47-50.
[33]	WEN R T, NIKLASSON G A, GRANQVIST C G. Sustainable rejuvenation of electrochromic WO₃ films. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2015,7(51):28100. URL PMID
[34]	ZELLER H, BEYELER H. Electrochromism and local order in amorphous WO₃. Applied Physics, 1977,13(3):231-237.
[35]	GABRUSENOKS J, CIKMACH P, LUSIS A, et al. Electrochromic colour centres in amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films. Solid State Ionics, 1984,14(1):25-30.
[36]	HEPEL M, REDMOND H, DELA I. Electrochromic WO_3-_x films with reduced lattice deformation stress and fast response time. Electrochimica Acta, 2007,52(11):3541-3549.
[37]	BUENO P, FARIA R, AVELLANEDA C, et al. Li+ insertion into pure and doped amorphous WO₃ films. Correlations between coloration kinetics, charge and mass accumulation. Solid State Ionics, 2003,158(3/4):415-426.

WO₃电致变色薄膜离子传输动力过程及其循环稳定性

Dynamic Process of Ions Transport and Cyclic Stability of WO₃ Electrochromic Film

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 7

参考文献 37

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	晁少飞, 薛艳辉, 吴琼, 伍复发, MUHAMMAD Sufyan Javed, 张伟. MXene异质结Ti-O-H-O电子快速通道促进高效率储钾[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(11): 1212-1220.
[2]	任冠源, 李宜冠, 丁冬海, 梁瑞虹, 周志勇. CaBi₂Nb₂O₉铁电薄膜的生长取向调控和性能研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(11): 1228-1234.
[3]	谢天, 宋二红. 弹性应变对C、H、O在过渡金属氧化物表面吸附的影响[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(11): 1292-1300.
[4]	张哲, 孙婷婷, 王连军, 江莞. 不同维度Ag₂Se构筑柔性热电薄膜的性能优化与器件集成研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(11): 1221-1227.
[5]	陶顺衍, 杨加胜, 邵芳, 吴应辰, 赵华玉, 董绍明, 张翔宇, 熊瑛. 航机CMC热端部件用热喷涂涂层的机遇与挑战[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1077-1083.
[6]	江强, 施立志, 陈政燃, 周志勇, 梁瑞虹. 高于居里温度极化的硬性PZT压电陶瓷的制备及叠层驱动器性能研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1091-1099.
[7]	彭萍, 谭礼涛. CuO掺杂(Ba,Ca)(Ti,Sn)O₃陶瓷的结构与压电性能[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1100-1106.
[8]	王博, 蔡德龙, 朱启帅, 李达鑫, 杨治华, 段小明, 李雅楠, 王轩, 贾德昌, 周玉. SrAl₂Si₂O₈增强BN陶瓷的力学性能及抗热震性能[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1182-1188.
[9]	史瑞, 刘伟, 李林, 李欢, 张志军, 饶光辉, 赵景泰. BaSrGa₄O₈: Tb³⁺力致发光材料的制备及性能[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1107-1113.
[10]	陈梦杰, 王倩倩, 吴成铁, 黄健. 基于DFT的描述符预测生物陶瓷的降解性[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(10): 1175-1181.
[11]	瞿牡静, 张淑兰, 朱梦梦, 丁浩杰, 段嘉欣, 代恒龙, 周国红, 李会利. CsPbBr₃@MIL-53纳米复合荧光粉的合成、性能及其白光LEDs应用[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 1035-1043.
[12]	杨佳霖, 王亮君, 阮丝园, 蒋秀林, 杨长. 基于CuI/Si单边异质结的微光高灵敏双波段可切换光电探测器[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 1063-1069.
[13]	王旭, 李翔, 寇华敏, 方伟, 吴庆辉, 苏良碧. 不同浓度Y³⁺离子掺杂对CaF₂晶体性能的影响[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 1029-1034.
[14]	荀道祥, 罗序维, 周明冉, 何佳乐, 冉茂进, 胡执一, 李昱. 锂硒电池ZIF-L衍生氮掺杂碳纳米片/碳布自支撑电极的电化学性能研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 1013-1021.
[15]	陈甲, 范依然, 闫文馨, 韩颖超. 聚丙烯酸-钙(铈)纳米团簇荧光探针用于无机磷定量检测研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2024, 39(9): 1053-1062.