Two kinds fundamental theories of magnetic field on crystal growth were introduced.New progress of magnetic field application to protein and oxide crystal growth was reviewed. The generation of transverse, axial, configured magnetic field and rotating field was described. Forsilicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, the effect of magnetic field was reviewed.

The ternary C-H-N phase diagrams for low pressure diamond growth were theoretically calculated through thermodynamic analysis. Thcre are diamond growth regions in these phase diagrams. Almost all the diamond growth regions in triangle phase diagrams located below the CH₄-N line in the low carbon concentration region, and its shape and position change greatly with substrate temperature. The diamond growth regions allow us to optimize the experimental conditions of low pressure CVD diamond growth with nitrogen addition.

Based on the experiments, some coloration phenomena in PbWO₄ crystals grown from the mixture of PbO and WO₃ powders by a modified Bridgman method were reported. Through analyzing these experimental phenomena, it was proposed that both defects of VO and VPb exist in the PbWO₄ crystals, and that Vo leads to the decrease of transmission at 350nm whereas the existence of VPb is the main cause which results in the coloration of the crystal and absorption band at 420nm.

Nanometer rutile TiO₂ is a new kind of inorganic functional material. its preparation and application have been paid more and more attention.
In this study, ZnCO₃ was used to coat on the surface of Ti(OH)₄, then heating to make ZnCO₃ transfer to ZnO and Ti(OH)₄ transfer to H₂TiO₃
at 500℃, dissolving about 97wt% coated ZnO powder. Finally ,the rutile TiO₂ powders were prepared after having calcined the H₂TiO₃ powder
(containing 3wt%ZnO) at 800℃, and the particle size was about 20～60nm obtained. The morphology, size, composition of rutile TiO₂ powders were studied by
means of TEM, ICP and XRD.

Sol-gel procedure is an important method on the fabrication of nanocrystalline powders. In present paper, we studied the influences
of some parameters, including the type of solvent, amount of water addition, ageing time and calcination temperature on the properties of BaTiO₃ powder.
It was found that the solvent type affected the gel point, the different amount of water addition could alter the structure of condensation polymer,
the varying of ageing time influenced the growth of grains and the calcination temperature had great effect on phase structure and grain size. Studying
the physical and chemical changes during the reactions, we obtained nanocrystalline BaTiO₃ powders with fine grain size, low aggregates and fine grain distribution.

Fe-Si-O and Mo-O sols were prepared by sol-gel process by using Si(OC₂H₅)₄ (TEOS), Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O and (NH₄)₆·Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O.
The Fe-Si-O membrane(on the microscope slide) and Mo-Fe-Si-O membrane (on the α-Al₂O₃ support) were obtained by diploid-circle-
dipping-coating. The effect of process conditions on the Fe-Si-O membrane and the influence of thermal treatment process on the Mo-Fe-Si-O membrane were studied
by DTA, XRD and SEM technique. The results indicated that the major factors affecting the Fe-Si-O membrane were sol viscosity, substrates,
dipping-coating time, withdrawal speed etc, and Mo-Fe-Si-O/α-Al₂O₃ membrane obtained by sol-gel method must be sintered at above 650℃
to form perfectly cubic phase structure. The membrane surfaces were crack-free after five times sintering at 700℃-cooling at 25℃
procedures.

CeO₂-TiO₂ oxides were prepared by sol-gel methods from cheap precursors (TiCl₄ and Ce(NO₃)₃) and their morphology,
crystalline phase, surface area and pore structure were characterized by BET, TEM and XRD. The results show that the CeO₂-TiO₂ mixed
oxides prepared by supercritical fluid drying method (SCFD) have high surface area and large pore volume. With the increase of CeO₂
concentration from 5% to 40% in the CeO₂-TiO₂ mixed oxide, the surface area increases from 67.3m₂·g^-1 to 219.4m²·g^-1,
the crystalline phase changes from anatase to amorphous, and the morphology from isolated particle to very small particles interlinked
to a three-dimension network structure. But the CeO₂-TiO₂ mixed oxides prepared by conventional drying method show lower pore volume
and surface area with serious aggregation, and amorphous phase compared to the corresponding aerogels.

In the present work the densification behavior and reaction sequences of the three types of AlN-polytypoids 15R, 12H and 21R were
studied. The results show that it is necessary to put small amount of additives for achieving fully dense of AlN-polytypoids. Among
these additives explored, Sm₂O₃·Al₂O₃ is the most effective. With 2.5wt% SmAlO₃, all these three polytypoids can reach near to
fully dense at 1600℃. 15R and 12H have similar reaction sequences. Below 1550℃ and 1600℃, 15R and 12H increase with increasing temperature respectively and reach to the top value around
95wt% and then both decrease with 12H and 21R occurring in 15R and 12H respectively. The formation of 21R is different from 15R and 12H. At lower
temperature, 12H forms firstly and with increasing temperature 12H decreases and 21R increases. Above 1750℃, pure 21R can be obtained. The
reaction sequences of these AlN-polytypoids were discussed in the paper.

The densification behavior, reaction sequence and microstructural development of (Y+Sm) α -AlN-polytypoids multi-phase Sialon were studied by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that the AlN-polytypoids form earlier than α-Sialon and segregate together. The α-Sialon develops into elongated grains in this multi-phase Sialon. The mechanism of elongated α-Sialondeveloped was discussed.

Elongated α-Sialon grains were produced in pressureless sintered Ca-α-Sialon ceramics with the composition Ca_1.8Si_6.6Al_5.4O_1.8N_14.2.
The effect of the processing conditions, such as heating rate and middle dwelling, on the microstructure of the material was studied by SEM, along
with the discussion on the nucleation and growth mechanism of the elongated α-Sialon grains. It was found that elongated α-Sialon grains
are easier to develop with fewer nuclei and abundant liquid phase during sintering, while the formation and redissolution of the middle phase
(gehlenite) is directly related to nuclei number and quantity of the liquid phase.

The influence of processing and microstructure on the mechanical properties of Sialon-based ceramics,
in-situ self-toughening induced by heat treatment and second-phase toughened, was investigated. Three kinds of Sialon-based ceramic materials were covered
in the research: 1. TiB_{( p)}, MoSi_{2( p)}, SiC_(p), and SiC_(w) second-phase reinforced Sialon materials; 2. α/β-double-phase-Sialon ceramics, using rare earth oxides Nd₂O₃,
Dy₂O₃, and Yb₂O₃ as sintering additives, 3. Sialon ceramics with elongated α-sialon grains. The experimental resules showed that
as to TiB_(p), MoSi_2(p), SiC_(p), and SiC_(w) second-phase reinforced Sialon materials, the toughening effect is mainly controlled by the bonding
between matrix and second-phase and the critical size of second-phase particles. In Nd₂O₃-, Dy₂O₃-, and Yb₂O₃-added Sialon
ceramics, Nd₂O₃ is a kind of effective sintering additive and Nd-Sialon possesses the highest K_1c value (7.0 MPa·m^1/2 due to the
elongated β-Sialon grains developed by heat treatment in order to induce in-situ self-toughening mechanism. Yb₂O₃ is not only an effective sintering additive, but also a useful
α-Sialon stabilizer, so Yb-Sialon is hard, with a highest Vickers hardness H_v10 of 18.0 GPa, because of the existing of
equiaxed α-Sialon grains in the samples. The action of Dy₂O₃ is between Nd₂O₃ and Yb₂O₃. The growth mechanism of elongated
α-sialon grains is declared to be the heterogeneous nucleation and anisotropic growth.

The montmorillonite in Heping, Guangdong province was studied by chemical analysis,XRD, IR, EPR, AFM and MAS NMR. It was found that acid treatmellt is influential on the surface of montmorillonite. When the concentration of acid reaches 20%, some Q³ Si structure in montmorillonite is transformed to distortional Q³ Si structure and Q⁴ Si structure, and there is no any change about Al structure state in montmorillonite, that is in line with the observational result of atomic force microscope very well.

Cubic polycrystalline bulk materials of La-Pb-Mn-O were prepared by solid state reaction method. Magnetic measurements indicated that the
samples are ferromagnetic, and T_C is 257K. Magnetotransport measurements showed that the metal-semiconductor transition temperature (T_p of
the samples is 251K, and near T_p the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) peak values reach 72% and 85% under 5T and 13T magnetic field, respectively. It was noticed that the samples present GMR effect over a wide temperature
range from 77K to room temperature. The GMR effect is related to the behavior of the spin polaron, which is affected by both temperature and applied field.
Besides the influence of the spin polaron, the GMR peak effect near T_p is also ascribed to the strong decline of spin-disorder scattering of carriers
caused by the applied field. Furthermore, the GMR effect over the whole measured temperature, especially at low temperatures far below T_p, is also
resulted from the spin-dependent scattering of carriers near grain boundary associated with the polycrystallinity of the samples. In addition, the
inhibition of the spin-polarized intergrain tunneling at T_p leads to the disappearance of the low-lield GMR effect caused by the Hund exchange.

Grain growth and electrical properties in ZnO system with various valence states of manganese and cobalt were studied. The results were discussed by means of defects
produced by the additions. The grain growth was analyzed from the kinetic grian growth equation: Gⁿ=Dtexp(-E/RT). The results show that the grain growth kinetic exponent
n is 6 and activation energy is 224±17kJ/mol. The grain size increases with the valence states of manganese and cobalt. Raising the firing temperatures can decrease
the breakdown voltage, but the leakage current will increase and its nonlinear coefficient will decline when the firing temperature is too high. In general, the firing temperature is not
exceed 1250℃.

The dependence of the electrical conduction of Mg-doped SrTiO₃ ceramics on the temperature and the oxygen partial
pressure was discussed. The Mg contents in SrTiO₃ were taken as 10mol%(sample 1), 20mol%(sample 2), 30mol%(sample 3), 40mol%(sample 4) and 50mol%(sample 5), respectively. All samples were
measured in the temperature range 20～900℃ and P_O2 region from 3.8×10^-4 to 1.2×10^-1 atm. The results show that all samples
exhibit p-type semiconduction. The factor m from R∝ P_O2^-1/m is dependent on temperature and Mg content in SrTiO₃. The obtained results
can be appropriately explained according to the X-ray diffraction patterns and the theory of defect chemistry.

NiO films, NiFe films and double-layered NiO/NiFe films were prepared on glass substrates by rf magnetron
sputtering. The temperature of substrates (T_S) were varied from room temperature (T_R) to 300℃. The H_C of NiFe films
deposited at T_R was 584A·m^-1, it became 184A·m^-1 while the T_S increased to 260℃ and the squareness of hysteresis loop became better. The H_C and H_EX of NiO (50 nm)/
NiFe (15 nm) deposited at T_R were 4000A·m^-1 and 1600A·m-¹, respectively. The H_C decreased to 3120A·m^-1 and H_EX
increased to 4640A·m^-1 while the T_S was 260℃. The squareness of hysteresis loop also became better and the blocking temperature (T_B) was 230℃. XRD analysis indicated that the NiO films deposited at T_R presented (220) texture whereas the films deposited at 260℃ showed (111) texture. The NiFe films deposited
at T_R and 260℃ both presented (111) texture, but the crystal particle size of the latter was larger.

The development of PTCR ceramic material with low resistivity and high performance has been recently
become one of the hot spots in the electronic ceramic research in order to meet the requirement of overload protection in automobile and other
low voltage applications. PTCR ceramic material based on BaTiO₃ with electrical resistivity at room temperature <10Ω·cm and
resistivity jump -10⁵ was prepared by conventional mixed -oxide method. The properties of raw material, the constituents of solid solution, and
additives and the schedule of sintering process were studied, and more attention was paid to the method of adding donor and acceptor in liquid
solution. The relationship between composition, process, performance and microstructure during the ceramic preparation was discussed. The device
made of the PTCR ceramic material obtained can be used as an overcurrent protector for door lock motor in automobile.

The studies of initial calcining reactions of MgNb₂O₆were carried out at different calcining temperatures.
The results show that the amount of free MgO exhibits a decreasing with the increase of MgNb₂O₆ calcining temperature. PMN based electrostrictive
ceramics were prepared according to the process described by Swartz et al, but MgNb₂O₆ was formed without addition of excess MgO at 1050℃.
No pyrochlor phase, within the detection limits of X-ray diffractometer was observed in the PMN based ceramics. At room temperature the
longitudinal electrostrictive strain (S₁₁) for the ceramics was found to be 1.05×10^-3 with only 6.8% hysteresis applied a quasi-static electric
field 1kV/mm operating frequencies of 0.07Hz.

The relation between calcining temperature of MgNb₂O₆ and electrostrictive properties of the PMN based ceramics was also studied. It
was obvious that Curie temperature T_c of the PMN based ceramics increases with the increase of calcining temperature of MgNb₂O₆ and causes
the ceramics having lower dielectric constant and larger electric machanical hysteresis.

The effects of film thickness on the gas-sensing properties of SnO₂ thick film sensors were explored by
measuring the ethanol gas sensitivity, the variations in resistance with temperature and analyzing the complex impedance plots. The nanoparticles
were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and films were prepared by standard screen printing technology. The results showed that the sample
having 65μm thickness gave the maximum sensitivity. Changes in sensitivity with thickness might be caused by changes in the state of films, such as the
number and the width and depth of the pores.

HA/TiO₂ composite coatings were fabricated successfully via atmospheric plasma spraying, whose bonding strength, microstructure and surface mophology after
immersion in deionized water were investigated. The obtained results reveal that the bonding strengthes of HA/TiO₂ composite coatings are much higher than that of
HA coating and the fracture mechanism of the coating changes from adhesive failure to cohesive failure owing to the addition of TiO₂ in the coating. The reason
for this is the addition of TiO₂ in the coating reduces the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient between the coating and the substrate. SEM obeservation
shows that there are some micro cracks in the composite coatings which disappear after immersion in deionized water for a day, and almost no new cracks generate
again. This means that both the adhesive strength and the cohesive strength are improved by the addition of TiO₂ in the coating.

The cell EMFs of oxygen in an evacuated (air) system (10⁵～10³Pa) versus atmospheric oxygen were measured from 600℃　to 800℃ by an
oxygen concentration cell with a solid electrolyte of yttria stabilized zirconia. The experimental results showed that there is a linear relationship between the cell
EMF and the logarithm of residual atmospheric pressure p in an evacuated (air) system. The produced EMF is given by the eqution E=(RT/4F)ln(p_air/p),
in which it’s slope is close to theoretic value and error less than 5%. The sensibility of measured EMF increases with the pressure decrease and may be suitable for low
vacuum measurement.

The sodium polyaluminates were synthesized by a high temperature solid state method and the luminescence of Eu²⁺
in the sodium polyaluminates was studied. The results show that the structure of the system Na_1+xMg_xAl_11-xO₁₇ from x=0.1 to x=1.0 belongs to Na-beta-alumina and the structure
of the system Na_1.67-2xBa_xMg_0.67Al_10.33O₁₇ changes at about x equal to 0.30, when x is smaller than 0.30 the system forms the solid solution structure of Na-beta-alumina,
when x is larger than 0.30 the system becomes the ordered structure of Ba-beta-alumina, correspondingly the emission peak position and
the relative emission intensity of Eu²⁺ change with the changes of composition and structure of the system. There exist two kinds of the luminescent centers of high and low energies of Eu²⁺ in the
matrix of Na-beta-alumina structure. New phosphor with Ba-beta-alumina structure, Na_0.67Ba_0.50Mg_0.67Al_10.33O₁₇:Eu²⁺,
was obtained.

The friction and wear behaviors of (Ca, Mg)-Sialon/GCr15 steel couple lubricated by alcohols such as 1-propanol 1-butanol 1-hexanol 1-octanol and 1-decanol were investigated by SRV friction and wear tester
in a ball-on-disk configuration. It was found that, as compared with dry sliding, all the alcohols not only reduced the friction coefficient of
(Ca, Mg)-Sialon sliding against GCr15 steel significantly but also reduced the wear volume of (Ca, Mg)-Sialon considerably (1-2 order).
Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) and GPC analyses showed that tribochemical reaction between (Ca, Mg)-Sialon
and alcohols was involved in the friction process. The formation of Si-O-Si, Si-C and Si-O-C based friction-polymer on the rubbed surfaces
is attributed to the excellent friction and wear reduction of alcohols. The lubrication mechanism of alcohols was propounded according to the
experimental results and the references.

The new ternary metal chalcogenides, KZrSe₆ and KZrTe₆, were synthesized by the reactive fiux method at intermediate temperature. The reaction of Zr metal with K₂Se₃/Q (the mole ratio K₂Se₃:Zr:Q=1:1:5, Q=Se, Te) at 500℃ for 5 days leads the formation of the title compounds. Both KZrSe₆ and KZrTe₆ crystals are black needles. They have some characterastics of thermodynamically metastable phases.

The SPS(Spark Plasma Sintering) process was used to prepare ultrafine 3Y-TZP materials. It was found that dense samples(>2g) without
crack can be fabricated by SPS process. The density of the samples increases with the rising of sintering temperature and soaking time.
The grain size of the sample also increases with the rising of sintering temperature but the increasing speed will be slow compared with some other
sintering methods. The mechanism of these phenomena was investigated. By choosing appropriate conditions, ultrafine 3Y-TZP materials with grain
size of about 100--130nm and relative density of 98.2% can be made.

Sintering characteristic and microstructure of Y₂O₃-Dy₂O₃- doped anti-hydrolysis AlN powders synthesized by SHS method were studied. The results show that all kinds of secondary phases, such as Dy₄Al₂O₉, Y₄Al₂O₉, DyAlO₃, Dy₂O₃ and DyN, will appear in the grain boundaries. The sintering temperature affects the microstructure and the kinds, amount and distribution of secondary phases, and therefore influences the thermal conductivity. AlN ceramic s thermal conductivity obtained at 1850℃ is 148W/m·K.

LiCl/SiO₂-Al₂O₃ films with good humidity sensing properties were prepared by sol-gel process. The film structure was investigated by using XRD and AFM. The results indicated that the impedance variety of the film with nano-phase separation structure was more than 3 order of magnitude, and there was a better linear relationship between logarithmic impedance and relative humidity; the moisture absorption response and dehydration response of this film were less than 30s and 60s respectively.

The aim of this paper was to study the domain growth of typical relaxor ferroelectric ceramics 0.9Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.1PbTiO₃. The topographic and elecric force images of samples were observed by Scanning Probe Microscopy taping mode and lift mode respectively The results demonstrate that the nano scale polar regions can switch to sub-micro domains under different dc voltages on the tip. Such process is carried out by 180° domain switching of micro dipoles along < 111 > axis in crystal under extra field.

Major and minor elements of nanometer powder ZrO₂-CeO₂-La₂O₃ were determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis using powder pellets preparation. The X-ray fluorescence intensities of analytes in nanometer powder increased with the increasing of grinding time or pressure. X-ray fluorescence intensities of nanometer powder calcinated at different temperatures were also analyzed, and no distinct differrence between these intensities was found. It is concluded that XRF intensity of nanometer powder depends on the agglomeration effects.