In the region across morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), the single crystal form of lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics with perovskite structure shows superior dielectric
and piezoelectric properties. Immense attention has been drawn because of its high application potentials. The characteristics of the abnormal properties of those single crystals
were described in this review article. In addition, to explain the ultra-high electromechanical response, a theory of the polarization rotation mechanism was introduced in detail. In the same time the
recent synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction measurements which revealed a monoclinic phase between the previously established tetragonal and rhombohedral regions were also introduced.

Combinatorial materials synthesis methods and high throughput screening techniques have been
developed to accelerate the process of materials discovery and optimization. In order to apply combinatorial strategies for the innovative materials
technology successfully, there are three main stages involved, that is: (i) design of the material chip; (ii) high throughput synthesis of the
chip; and (iii) rapid characterization of the chip,i.e. high throughput screening. Further more,high throughput screening is the most important
component of combinatorial materials science and technology, it is a major limitation at present. This paper summarizes varieties of high throughput
screening methods including microspot X-ray methods, optical measurement techniques, and a novel evanescent microwave microscope used to characterize
structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of samples on inorganic material chips.

Zirconia is a kind of important ceramics materials. Because of its superior mechanical and electrical
properties, zirconia has been widely applied as both structural ceramics and functional ceramics. Based on a brief introduction on the progress and
principle of calculation of phase diagram, the corresponding work on zirconia-containing systems in recent years was reviewed, and the results
in some important systems were also summarized in detail. It was expected that the information of zirconia-containing phase diagrams based on the CALPHAD
method would significantly promote the compositional design of zirconia ceramics.

This article reviews the recent research progress on the synthesis of mesoporous materials. From the surfactant-templated and nonsurfactant-templated pathways to mesoporous materials, the modification of the framework, the control of the morphology and pore size, as well as the improvement of the hydrothermal stability of mesoporous materials have been covered in this review. The outlook in this area is also presented.

By pre-hydrolysis of TEOS, TiO₂/SiO₂ composites with homogeneous texture were prepared by a
sol-gel process. These composite powders were characterized by UV/Vis spectra, FT-IR, TEM, XRD, and BET techniques. It was found that the
growth and anatase-to-rutile transformation of titania nanocrystals in the composite were retarded significantly in the presence of small
amount of silica. Mesoporous TiO₂ with high specific surface area and crystalline framework was obtained by selective dissolving of silica
in composite. The fact that more than 90% of silica was removed after selective dissolving and the resulting TiO₂ was mesoporous with mean pore size about
4nm suggested the network of ultrafine silica was continuous and uniform.

While preparing TiO₂ nano-powder, different additives and the ratio of mixed additives were
used as precipitants, different phases of crystalline and different ratios between rutile and anatase were gotten. The transitional
temperature from anatase to rutile is different with the same preparing approach and different processing manner of TiO₂ nano-powder. The
crystal phase of TiO₂ nano-powder is controlled by the type of precipitant, the ratio of different additives in the mixing solution
and preparing approach. It is also determined by the interaction between the powder’s face and the precipitants and the precipitant characteristics.
It depends on the stability of the interface phase during the growth of powder.

Kinetic study was conducted by X-ray broadening and TEM characterization on the growth of anatase and rutile nanocrystallits in TiO₂ nanoparticles during
isothermic heating at different tempretures. Results indicate that the growth of the heat-treated titania nanocrystallites becomes significant as the temperature
increases to higher than 823K, where anatase growth conforms to the fifth order kinetic equation with exponent 1.15 for time t, its apparent activity energy
correlated is (38.67±6.37)kJ/mol at the temperatures lower than 823K, and (201.55±5.62)kJ/mol at the higher temperatures, owing to the effects of
nanometer scale and phase-transformation. The rutile growth closely fits the second order kinetic equation with exponent 1.03 for time t,
its apparent activity energy calculated is (108.72±5.06)kJ/mol from Arrhenius plots.

Nano TiN-Al₂O₃ composite powders were prepared by in-situ nitridation using nano TiO₂-Al₂O₃ powders prepared by a coprecipitation method as starting
material. The nitridation conditions and mechanism were calculated and analyzed by using thermodynamic principle. The effect of nitridation reaction conditions
on nitridation reaction was studied. Experimental results show that the nitridation reaction begins at 700℃ and completes at 900℃ for 5h. TEM
micrographs show that nano TiN particles are dispersed into Al₂O₃ matrix. The size of nano TiN particles is about 50～70nm.

A gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂,GGG) polycrystalline material was prepared by a liquid-phase co-deposited synthesis method. The optimized
procedure and the conditions for preparing the GGG polycrystalline material by the liquid-phase method were reported. The effects of the compositional proportion
of Gd₂O₃ and Ga₂O₃, pH value of titration, synthesis temperature and sintering time on preparing GGG polycrystalline powders were also discussed. By
comparison with the preparation of GGG polycrystalline material by solid-state reaction process, the liquid-phase synthesis method possesses the merits of lower
synthesis temperature and shorter sintering time. At the same time, the GGG polycrystalline material prepared by the liquid-phase
co-deposited method has high uniformity and exact stoichiometric composition.

Although trivalent ions (such as La³⁺, Lu³⁺ and Y³⁺) doping can significantly improve the radiation hardness of lead tungstate crystals, some Y³⁺
doping PWO crystals show exceptional behaviors under low dose rate radiation, namely, the light yield increases even exposed to UV irradiation. In addition the radiation
hardness is sensitive to annealing temperature. In this study some Y³⁺ doping crystal samples that have the phenomenon mentioned above were chosen and
the relationship between transmission and light yield of the samples investigated. The experimental results show that the increase of light output not only exists in
the topside of the crystals, but also in the seed side, and is accompanied with optical transmission change from 380nm to 500nm simultaneously. The as grown and annealing
induced 430nm color centers are unstable and can be “bleached” by low dose rate irradiation. The results of series annealing experiments of the sample segments can
interpret the phenomenon that radiation hardness is sensitive to annealing temperature.

The transmission loss of PbF₂ crystals, happened in their growth process and in the period of machining, storing and carrying, was investigated. The results show that the transmission loss in the growth process happens when oxygen atoms occupy the center of the PbF₂ crystal lattice and the transmission loss happens in the period of machining, storing and carrying when β→α phase transition occurs on the surfaces of the crystals after they contact with water.

The principle of Rotating specimen for determining crystal Orientation XRD (RO-XRD) testing method presented in
this paper is rotating the specimen along its surface normal axle during the θ scanning to increase the chances for the normal axle of a crystal
plane to cross the diffraction plane on a powder X-ray diffractionmeter. Orientated polycrystal, quasi-single crystal or single-crystal materials can
be easily distinguished, and the crystal quality of quasi-single and orientated crystal materials in processing can be picturesquely assessed
by this method. The deviation angle of the crystal plane from the macro surface and the scattering degree of the crystal orientation of single
crystal, quasi single crystal and orientated crystal materials can be measured, which makes it possible to define the three dimensional crystal
plane directions of a single crystal material by this method. The RO-XRD method is simple, quick, adaptable and precise for measuring crystal
orientation, therefore, it has wide potential applications in the fields related to electronic, optical, magnetic materials and engineering
materials.

A new crystalline phase with the composition of Na₂O· 8TeO₂(NT8) was found in the Na₂O-TeO₂ system and the formation and decomposition of this new crystalline phase was explored. The NT₈ crystalline phase is stable at 330℃ or below, and decomposes to Na₂O·4TeO₂ and TeO₂ at temperatures higher than 330-340℃. A modification to the phase diagram of the Na₂O-TeO₂ system was proposed according to this research.

CaO-MgO-P₂O₅-SiO₂ glass-ceramic is a new medicinal biologic material. It not only has good
biocompatibility but also improves mechanical properties. The kinetic parameters of this glass-ceramic were calculated by differential thermal
analysis (DTA) and the JMA equation. The results indicate that the content of TiO₂ effects on the crystallization activation energy (E) and the
crystal growth index (n). E increases with the increasing of TiO₂ content. And E reaches a max value when TiO₂ content is about
8.7%. When TiO₂ content increases further (>8.7%), E decreases inversely. The rule of n vs TiO₂ content is consistent with that
of E vs TiO₂ content.

MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-TiO₂-Y₂O₃ glasses with high elastic moduli were prepared for the substrates of hard disks. The elastic moduli of glasses
change with their compositions according to Makishima-Mackenzie theory. The oxides with big dissociation energies per unit volume, such as MgO, Al₂O₃, TiO₂
and Y₂O₃, are beneficial to the elastic moduli of glasses. The elastic moduli calculated by means of Makishima-Mackenzie theory, however, are lower than the
measured data, the deviation can be attributed to the pretermission of the coordination structures of cation ions in glasses, and the packing volume factors of MgO and
Y₂O₃ are not accurately dealt with, so the calculated elastic moduli of the glasses containing MgO and Y₂O₃ should be corrected.

The inhibition of oxygen, which occurred in gelcasting during the formation of polymer networks by in-situ polymerization of monomers in air, was successfully
prevented by adding a proper amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to the aqueous acrylamide solution. Thus, the surface-exfoliation problem of green bodies was
eliminated and the aim of precisely controlling the size of the formed green bodies was achieved by gelcasting in air. The influence of PVP on the dispersion
of alumina, the static and dynamic rheological properties of alumina slurry and the strength and microstructure of green bodies was investigated. Furthermore,
the mechanism of PVP in eliminating the surface-exfoliation problem of green bodies gelcast in air, namely the role of PVP in thickening and the hydrogen bonding
between the molecules of PVP, which serve as a ceramic binder for the particles on the sample surface, was analyzed via the infrared spectra.

Tin dioxide ultrafine powders used as transparent conductive films and conductive paints have extensive
application prospects. Antimony-doped tin dioxide ultrafine powders in size of nanometers were prepared by chemical coprecipitation by using SnCl₄·5H₂O
and SbCl₃ as precursors with the doped concentration of Sb₂O₃:SnO₂ =9:100(weight rate). The characteristics of the powders were investigated by
differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and ultraviolet
spectrum analysis (UV). The influences of heating temperature and heating time on the particle size and powders resistance were researched. The reason of the
powders emerging light blue was also derived.

The low temperature sintering and low dielectric properties ceramic materials of “borosilicate glass+
alpha-quartz+zinc silicate” system were prepared by applying the principle of the componund structure. The crystal phases, dielectric properties and
microstructure of the all sintering samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), HP4194ALCR analyzer and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) respectively. The results show these materials possess very low dielectric constant (K=4～5, 1MHz)and very low dissipation factor
(tanδ<0. 001, 1MHz)in high frequencies. And they can be sintered below 900℃. These materials are promising dielectric materials
for high frequencies(≥1GHz) mulitlayer chip inductors (MLCIs). In the mean while, new crystalline phase of cristobalite is formed during
re-sintering the borosilicate glass and ZnSiO_3 phase is formed from zinc silicate visa zinc ions melting into the glass net. Zinc silicate
phase is of an aid-sintering function. The changes of dielectric properties of the samples with frequencies are fit with Debye equation.

The dielectric ceramic with a main crystal phase of (Zr,Sn)TiO₄ was prepared by conventional electronic
ceramics technology. The structure of (Zr,Sn)TiO₄ is orthorhombic with space group Pbcn. The effects of Fe and Ni doping on the dielectric properties
of (Zr,Sn)TiO₄ system ceramics were investigated. Fe dopants decrease the sintering temperature and reduce Q values of the system(Q=1/tgδ).
With both Fe and Ni doping, the decreasing of Q factor can be suppressed. Because of Ni ions probably suppressing the diffusion of Fe ions into the
grain, Fe ions stay at the grain boundaries and form the Fe-Ni spinel structure, which reduces the effects of Fe ions on Q values.

MgTiO₃ ceramics were prepared by MgO and TiO₂ with Al₂O₃ added, the sintering, microwave dielectric
properties and phases were investigated. XRD shows that there are two phases in MgTiO₃ ceramics without Al₂O₃ added: MgTiO₃ phase and
MgTi₂O₅ phase; besides these phases, MgAl₂O₄ phase appears after Al₂O₃ added, because of the solid phase reaction between MgO and TiO₂. Although the
MgAl₂O₄ phase impedes sintering and decreases the density, it decrease the the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss.

A partial chemical method was developed for the synthesis of PbNb(Zr,Sn,Ti)O₃ antiferroelectric ceramics. Single perovskite phase was formed in the precursor
calcined at 600℃ for 2h and a submicron particle size distribution of calcined powder was achieved by planetary ball milling. Average grain size about
4μm and relative density greater than 97% were obtained from samples prepared by a tape-casting method and sintered at 1100℃ for 4h. In samples with
composition of Pb_0.99Nb_0.02[(Zr_0.6Sn_0.4)_1-yTi_y]_0.98O₃, there shows a increase of dielectric constant and a trend of transition from antiferroelectric
state to ferroelectric state with the increase of Ti content. A strain curve with maximum longitude strain of 0.33% under 6kV/mm electric field was measured from
samples with composition of y=0.06.

An equivalent circuit of ferroelectrics in response with fast and slow polarization effect was given, and can be used to analyze the polarization switch signal of TGS crystal. The theoretical results are well consistent with the experimental results. This method also can be used to study the basic physics process of electron emission from ferroelectrics.

The nano-crystal powders of perovskite-type solid solution YFe_1-yCo_yO₃ (0≤y≤0.50) were prepared by chemical coprecipitation. The preparation conditions, phase constituents, conductance and gas-sensing properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that YFe_1-yCo_yO₃ shows p-type semiconducting properties and it has high sensitivity and good selectivity to C₂H₅OH when y=0.10.

Three types of surface modifiers, i.e. silane coupling agent SG-Si900 (SGS), a solution of rare earth elements
containing SG-Si900 (SGS/RES), and a solution of rare earth elements (RES) were used for the surface treatment of glass fiber. The tensile properties
of glass fiber reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (GF/PTFE) composites under the different surface treatment conditions were investigated, and the
fracture surfaces were analyzed by employing SEM. The experimental results show that RES is superior to SGS/RES and SGS in promoting interfacial
adhesion between the glass fiber and PTFE due to the effects of rare earth elements. Meanwhile, the interfacial adhesion of the GF/PTFE composites
treated with RES is mainly affected by the content of rare earth elements. The tensile properties of the GF/PTFE composites can be improved considerably
when the content of rare earth elements is 0.2-0.4wt%, and the optimum performance of the GF/PTFE composites obtained is at 0.3wt% RE content.

Well-crystallized CuCl₁₄PC/zeolite Y nano-composite of average particle size about 60nm (denoted as CuCl₁₄PC/nano-Y) was successfully synthesized
via zeolite synthesis method. The integrity of the nano-zeolite host was confirmed by XRD and TEM. The CuCl₁₄PC complexes entrapped in the nano-hosts were
characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, TG/DTA, ICP, and UV-vis. CuCl₁₄PC/Y samples with different particle sizes in micro-scale were also synthesized by adjusting
the temperature and water content. CuCl₁₄PC in nano-Y exhibits the catalytic activity 3.1 times higher than CuCl₁₄PC in normal Y with particle size of
550nm for the liquid phase oxidation of cyclohexane with aqueous H₂O₂ due to bigger surface areas and shorter diffusion pathways.

The electronic structures of RECu₈O₈(RE=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er) were calculated by means of SCF-Xα-SW methods. The result shows that: There
is an inner-orbit coupling for these oxide superconductor systems. The inner-orbit coupling is due to interaction of two saturated electronic orbits of RE5p and O2s
since they have a nearly similar energy state level and relatively larger orbital electronic clouds. Compared with experiments, the overlaps in space between two
orbits has a close relation with T_c and the number of enrolling electrons has a similar relation with J_c, therefore the influence of inner-orbit
coupling on superconductivity can not be overlooked.

Bone-like apatite formation on the surface of calcium phosphate ceramics has been believed to be the necessary step that new bone grows on the ceramics and
to be relative to the osteoinductivity of the material. The research of the factors effecting bone-like apatite formation is a great help to understanding the mechanism
of osteoinduction. This study was a comparative study of in vitro formation of bone-like apatite on the surface of dense calcium phosphate ceramics with SBF
flowing at different speeds. The results showed that the rough surface was beneficial to the formation of bone-like apatite and the apatite formed faster in 1.5 SBF
than in SBF. Rough surface, namely, larger surface area, increased the dissolution of Ca²⁺, HPO₄^2- and higher concentration of Ca²⁺ and HPO₄^2- ions of SBF
was advantageous to the accumulation of Ca²⁺, HPO4^2-, PO₄^3- near the ceramic surface. Local supersaturating concentration of Ca²⁺, HPO₄^2-, PO₄^3-
near sample surface was critical for nucleation of apatite on the surface of sample.

The effects of two dispersant, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2, 4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA), on the calcium carbonate microstructure were studied
by using SEM and AFM. XRD analysis demonstrates that the content of vaterite increases with the increase in inhibition effects. The metastable crystal forms
of vaterite and aragonite are stabilized kinetically in the presence of dispersants. The fractal analysis result shows that the fractal dimension is higher in the presence
of dispersants. The better the inhibition effect, the higher the fractal dimension. The step morphology observed by AFM images shows that the step space on the CaCO₃
surface increases in the presence of dispersants. Moreover, with the increase of inhibition effect, both the step space and fractal dimension increase. Step bunching
was found on the CaCO₃ crystal surfaces by AFM and discussed.

sol-gel process was used to synthesize YAG precursor sols by using Y(NO₃)₃·6H2O, Al pellets, water and acetic acid as raw materials. After a series of hydrolysis-condensation reaction, stable and transparent precursor sols were produced. An amount of water-soluble polymers of PEO were then added to the sols and polycrystalline yttrium aluminum garnet fibers were prepared after condensation, dry spinning and heat-treatment at 900℃.

Hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were prepared by using a liquid phase electrodeposition technique. The effect of
applied potential and carbon sources on the deposition process and film structures were studied. The results show that the organic liquids with high dielectric constants, small
viscosities and the methyl group bonding to the polar group are appropriate carbon sources. The increasing potential can improve the formation of sp³ carbon during the deposition
process. In a high electric field, organic molecules are polarized and react on the surface of the electrode, turning into DLC and other products. The authors believed that the reaction
follows a polarization-reaction mechanism.

Well-crystalline graphite was treated by high-energy ball milling processing for different milling time, and the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and high
resolution transmission electron microscopy. After ball-milling for 150h the structure of the pristine well-crystalline graphite was damaged. Besides a great many of defects were
induced, the graphite layers were exfoliated and crumpled, leading to formation of nanostructures consisting of polyhedral particles and nanoarches. After ball-milling for 250h the aromatic
layers were completely broken and destroyed, and a microporous carbon was formed by the strongly misoriented Basic Structure Units(BSU). After heat treatment at 3000℃, the graphite
organization was not recovered.

Based on the high temperature adhesive (HTA) composed of phenol-formaldehyde resin(PF) and boron carbide
(B₄C) ceramic powders, new high temperature adhesives (HTAs) were prepared by using secondary additives, aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) or silicon (Si) or
fumed silica (SiO₂) as additives to modify the properties of the adhesives. Graphite components bonded by the above adhesives were heat-treated at
different temperatures ranged from 200℃ to 1500℃. Subsequently their adhesive shear strengths were tested at room temperature.
Results show that the additives have an obvious influence on the adhesion properties of bonded graphite components. In additional, fumed silica
has a great effect on improving the adhesion property of HTA, and the adhesive consisting of phenol-formaldehyde resin, boron carbide and
fumed silica has satisfied adhesive strength.

The wet-chemical preparation of barium titanate nanocomposites surface-coated with stearate was described. The chemical binding between stearate and metallic cations can be confirmed from both FT-IR and XPS results. Although amorphous BaTiO3 obtained, tetragonal phase of nuclei can be inferred from both XRD and Raman patterns. The particles size is around at 10-20nm determined by TEM morphology. The nucleation and epitaxial growth of crystalline are significantly effected in the presence of organic modifying groups.

Si/C/N nano powders with 11.61% nitrogen were prepared by CVD. XRD pattern and permittivity of the powders were investigated. On the basis of permittivity of
the powders, radar absorber structures of single- and double-layer were designed. A single-layer absorber coating with a reflection coefficient less than --5dB in
the frequency range of 8--15GHz was designed with a thickness of 2.7mm. A double-layer radar absorber coating with a reflection coefficient less than --5dB
in the frequency range of 8--18GHz was also designed with a thickness of 2.8mm. The range of the reflection coefficient being less than --8dB was 6GHz for the designed
double-layer radar absorber. The radar absorbing mechanism of Si/C/N nano powders was also interpreted. The SiC microcrystalline in the nano composite powder dissolves
a great deal of nitrogen. The charged defects are caused by N atoms occupying the sites of C in SiC moved in response to the electric field. The dielectric relaxation caused
by the charged defects moved in response to the electric field is the main way of the Si/C/N nano powders with absorbing properties.

Hydroxyapatite(HA) was synthesized by using CaCO₃ and CaHPO₄·2H₂O as raw materials under hydrothermal condition. The relation between ratio of raw materials, hydrothermal temperature, reaction time and the resultant phases, changes of granularity, crystal appearance were studied by using SEM and XRD. This HA synthesized has a good crystal appearance, good dispersity, its end plane granularity is less than 100 nm.

The tetrathiotungstate crystals (NH₄)₂WS₄ and K₂WS₄ were first synthesized by the solventothermal technique by using water-alcohol as solvent at low temperature, and characterized by SEM, XRD, ED techniques. Results show that their crystal phases are pure and their shapes are good. The synthesis procedure is simple and high yield, produces less pollution.

The conductivities of eutectic NaOH-KOH molten salt during the process of forming BaTiO₃ from BaCO₃ and TiO₂ were measured by A.C. impedance method at 350℃. Results showed that the accurate conductivity of eutectic NaOH-KOH molten salt at 350℃ was 1.053Ω^-1· cm^-1. The dissolution of BaCO₃ and TiO₂ in NaOH-KOH of eutectic component at 350℃ reached equilibrium in a short time, and NaOH and KOH did not react with BaCO₃ and TiO₂ at 350℃.

A SrTiO₃-based GBBL capacitor material containing Nb₂O₅, Bi₂O₃·3TiO₂, LiF, single-fired below 1200℃, was prepared. Its dielectric properties and microstructure were investigated. The results show that ε_eff-37×10⁴, tgδ-4%, △C/C<±3%(20-150℃) , grain size d-5μm.

Layered-type compound of lithium vanadium oxide LiV₃O₈ was synthesized at about 450℃ by the sol-gel method with LiNO_₃ and NH₃VO₃ as raw
materials. The influences of synthesis conditions on the first dischargeable specific capacities of the products were discussed by means of TG--DTG and XRD.
The experimental results indicate that the product LiV₃O₈ obtained under the optimum synthesis conditions has perfect layered-type structure and good
electrochemical property, its first discharge specific capacity is 350mAh·g^-1. It is an excellent cathode material for high-energy, long-life, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

The multi-mode microwave system and conventional sintering were carried out. Properties of Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ composites were investigated, relative wear
mechanisms were proposed with regard to the processing approaches. Compared with the conventional results, microwave processed ZTA ceramics appear with the
improved relative density, fracture toughness and bending strength, the developed microwave structure, and the ameliorated wear resistance. The wear for the conventional
ZTA specimens are mainly caused by the shovel of the interface grains, the porosity is filled by the debris and the smooth wear track is achieved; whereas interface grains
in microwave specimens are basically swept out. The incremental loads accelerate the wear.

The material of silver halide was ultrapurified by horizontal zone melting purification in reacting
chlorine atmosphere. The chlorine atmosphere was made by decomposed chlorocarbon with low boiling point [CH_nCl_4-n(n=0,1,2)].
The purification parameters were as follows: temperature 450～500℃, speed of zone 0.2～0.8mm/min and the carrier gas Ar 80～160mL/min. Measurement results show that the infrared absorbance
of silver halide will decrease as wavelength increases at 2.5～12.5μm (4000～800cm^-1) after the ultrapurification. The silver halide fiber is
a well transparent medium for transmitting middle infrared at 2.5～16μm (4000～600cm^-1). Forurier transform infrared
spectra (FTIR) show that the transmittance of the fiber is better at 3.3～16μm. The loss is 0.3～0.5dB/m at 10.6μm.

Electrochromic Nb₂O₅ films were prepared successfully by RF sputtering process. These films are transparent in bleached state and brownish gray in
colored state. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement results show that the film has good stability, high reversibility of Li^+ insertion/extraction. The
coloration efficiency is 16.68cm²/C at 550nm. The difference of transmittance between bleached and colered states is 20%-30% in visible range.
XPS results show that the electrochromic properties of the Nb₂O₅ film can be attributed to the reversible redox reaction between Nb^V and Nb^IV with
the double injection/extraction of Li⁺ and e^-, which can be described as:
mmNb^V₂O₅→ Li_xNb_x^IVNb_2-x^VO₅
←→ Li_x-yNb_x-y^IVNb_2-(x-y)^VO₅ (x≥y).

The crystallization behavior of sputtered Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ films initialized by initializer unit was studied by using XRD. It is indicated that only the amorphous phase to FCC phase transformation occurs during laser annealing of the normal phase-change structure, which is benefit for raising the phase-change optical disc s signal-to-noise ratio. The phase transformation from FCC to HCP doesn t occur, which occurs during the heat-induced phase-change process. The initialization power and velocity affect the Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ file's crystallization fraction.