Growth and Yellow Emission Spectral Properties of Dy:Y2SiO5 and Dy,Tb:Y2SiO5 Single Crystals

doi:10.15541/jim20250380

Abstract

Abstract:

Yellow laser sources in the range of 570-590 nm have many important applications in frontier fields such as flow cytometry, sodium guide star, and ophthalmic surgery. Yellow laser output from blue laser diode-pumped Dy³⁺-doped crystals is a promising technology with advantages of high efficiency, compactness, and high power stability. However, Dy³⁺-doped laser crystals mainly focused on low-phonon-energy fluorides, while the high- phonon-energy oxides were rarely studied. Herein, high-quality Dy³⁺-doped and Dy³⁺, Tb³⁺ co-doped Y₂SiO₅ (YSO) crystals were grown by the optical floating zone method. The yellow emission and energy transfer processes in Dy:YSO and Dy,Tb:YSO crystals were investigated. Compared with Dy:YSO, the absorption cross-section of Dy,Tb:YSO at 450 nm increases from 1.75×10^-21 cm² to 2.21×10^-21 cm², and the yellow emission cross-section at 574 nm increases from 3.45×10^-21 cm² to 4.32×10^-21 cm². In addition, the co-doped Tb³⁺ ions act as deactivator ions and the energy transfer efficiency from ⁶H_13/2 level of Dy³⁺ to ⁷F₄ level of Tb³⁺ is 50.7%. As a result, the lifetime of Dy³⁺ lower level is greatly shortened to 202.9 µs, which is favorable for population inversion and yellow laser output. These results indicate that Dy,Tb:YSO crystal is a promising yellow laser gain medium.

Key words: Dy:YSO, Dy,Tb:YSO, yellow laser, crystal growth

CLC Number:

TQ174

LIU Yuxiao, LIANG Fei. Growth and Yellow Emission Spectral Properties of Dy:Y₂SiO₅ and Dy,Tb:Y₂SiO₅ Single Crystals[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(7): 930-938.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1 (a) Dy:YSO and (b) Dy,Tb:YSO crystals grown by the floating zone method; (c) Dy:YSO and (d) Dy,Tb:YSO polished plates for spectral measurements

Fig. 2 (a) Schematic diagram of Y2SiO5 crystal structure; (b) Polyhedron of the ytterbium ion center in Y2SiO5 crystal

Fig. 3 XRD patterns of Dy:YSO and Dy,Tb:YSO crystals

Fig. 4 Full-range XRD patterns of (a) Dy,Tb:YSO and (b) Dy:YSO crystals together with their Rietveld refinement results

Table 1 Elemental contents and keff results of Dy:YSO and Dy,Tb:YSO crystals

Crystal	Element	Ingredient concentration/ % (in atom)	Actual concentration/ % (in atom)	k_eff
Dy:YSO	Dy³⁺	3.0	2.24	0.74
Dy,Tb:YSO	Dy³⁺	3.0	2.35	0.78
Dy,Tb:YSO	Tb³⁺	0.1	0.07	0.70

Fig. 5 Raman spectra of (a) Dy,Tb:YSO and (b) Dy:YSO crystals

Fig. 6 Transmission spectra of (a) Dy,Tb:YSO and (b) Dy:YSO crystals

Fig. 7 Absorption cross-section spectra of (a) Dy,Tb:YSO and (b) Dy:YSO crystals

Fig. 8 Energy level diagram of Dy3+ and Tb3+ ions

Fig. 9 Emission cross-section spectra of (a) Dy,Tb:YSO and (b) Dy:YSO crystals

Fig. 10 Fluorescence decay curves of (a, b) 4F9/2 and (c, d) 6H13/2 levels in (a, c) Dy:YSO and (b, d) Dy,Tb:YSO crystals

References 47

[1]	CHEN K X, LI L. Ordered structures with functional units as a paradigm of material design. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(32): 1901115. DOI URL
[2]	XU J, SU L B, XU X D, et al. Recent developments and research frontier of laser crystals. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2006, 21(5): 1025.
[3]	LI N, LIU B, SHI J J, et al. Research progress of rare-earth doped laser crystals in visible region. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(6): 573. DOI
[4]	WANG H D, WANG Y, ZHU Z J, et al. Crystal growth and structural, optical, and visible fluorescence traits of Dy³⁺-doped SrGdGa₃O₇ crystal. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(12): 1475. DOI URL
[5]	WANG S Y, HUA R, ZHAO Y Q, et al. Laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy: history, mechanism, and novel technologies. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024, 13(18): 5439. DOI URL
[6]	UETAKE S, YAMAGUCHI A, KATO S, et al. High power narrow linewidth laser at 556 nm for magneto-optical trapping of ytterbium. Applied Physics B, 2008, 92(1): 33. DOI URL
[7]	LEMKE N D, LUDLOW A D, BARBER Z W, et al. Spin-1/2 optical lattice clock. Physical Review Letters, 2009, 103(6): 063001. DOI URL
[8]	KATORI H, TAKAMOTO M, PAL’CHIKOV V G, et al. Ultrastable optical clock with neutral atoms in an engineered light shift trap. Physical Review Letters, 2003, 91(17): 173005. DOI URL
[9]	JEYS T H. Development of mesospheric sodium laser beacon for atmospheric adaptive optics. LEOS '90. Conference Proceedings IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1990 Annual Meeting, Boston, 2002: 38.
[10]	BIAN Q, BO Y, ZUO J W, et al. Investigation of return photons from sodium laser beacon excited by a 40-watt facility-class pulsed laser for adaptive optical telescope applications. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8: 9222. DOI PMID
[11]	LU Y H, XIE G, ZHANG L, et al. High-energy all-solid-state sodium beacon laser with line width of 0.6 GHz. Applied Physics B, 2015, 118(2): 253. DOI URL
[12]	KAPOOR V, KARPOV V, LINTON C, et al. Solid state yellow and orange lasers for flow cytometry. Cytometry Part A, 2008, 73A(6): 570.
[13]	TANAKA T, UCHIDA K, ISHITANI Y, et al. Lasing operation up to 200 K in the wavelength range of 570-590 nm by GaInP/ AlGaInP double-heterostructure laser diodes on GaAsP substrates. Applied Physics Letters, 1995, 66(7): 783. DOI URL
[14]	LEDENTSOV N N, SHCHUKIN V A, SHERNYAKOV Y M, et al. Room-temperature yellow-orange (In, Ga, Al)P-GaP laser diodes grown on (n11) GaAs substrates. Optics Express, 2018, 26(11): 13985. DOI URL
[15]	NEVSKY A Y, BRESSEL U, ERNSTING I, et al. A narrow- line-width external cavity quantum dot laser forhigh-resolution spectroscopy in the near-infrared and yellow spectral ranges. Applied Physics B, 2008, 92(4): 501. DOI URL
[16]	PIZZOCARO M, COSTANZO G A, GODONE A, et al. Realization of an ultrastable 578-nm laser for an Yb lattice clock. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 2012, 59(3): 426. DOI URL
[17]	MIMOUN E, DE SARLO L, ZONDY J J, et al. Sum-frequency generation of 589 nm light with near-unit efficiency. Optics Express, 2008, 16(23): 18684. PMID
[18]	BEGE R, BLUME G, JEDRZEJCZYK D, et al. Yellow laser emission at 578 nm by frequency doubling with diode lasers of high radiance at 1156 nm. Applied Physics B, 2017, 123(4): 109. DOI URL
[19]	CHATTERJEE S, CHERNIKOV A, HERRMANN J, et al. Power scaling and heat management in high-power VECSELs. 2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO EUROPE/EQEC), Munich, 2011: 1.
[20]	BOWMAN S R, O’CONNOR S, CONDON N J. Diode pumped yellow dysprosium lasers. Optics Express, 2012, 20(12): 12906. DOI PMID
[21]	METZ P W, MOGLIA F, REICHERT F, et al. Novel rare earth solid state lasers with emission wavelengths in the visible spectral range. 2013 Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics Europe & International Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO EUROPE/ IQEC, Munich, 2013: 1.
[22]	XIA Z C, YANG F G, QIAO L, et al. End pumped yellow laser performance of Dy³⁺:ZnWO₄. Optics Communications, 2017, 387: 357. DOI URL
[23]	KRÄNKEL C, MARZAHL D T, MOGLIA F, et al. Out of the blue: semiconductor laser pumped visible rare-earth doped lasers. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2016, 10(4): 548. DOI URL
[24]	RAO V R, DEVI L L, JAYASANKAR C K, et al. Luminescence and energy transfer studies of Ce³⁺/Dy³⁺ doped fluorophosphate glasses. Journal of Luminescence, 2019, 208: 89. DOI URL
[25]	LIANG X L, ZHU C F, YANG Y X, et al. Luminescent properties of Dy³⁺-doped and Dy³⁺-Tm³⁺ co-doped phosphate glasses. Journal of Luminescence, 2008, 128(7): 1162. DOI URL
[26]	WAN X, LIN Y Q, TIE S L, et al. Luminescence and energy transfer in Dy³⁺/Tb³⁺ co-doped CaO-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃-RE₂O₃ glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2011, 357(19/20): 3424. DOI URL
[27]	BOLOGNESI G, PARISI D, CALONICO D, et al. Yellow laser performance of Dy³⁺ in Co-doped Dy,Tb:LiLuF₄. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(23): 6628. DOI URL
[28]	李长磊, 姚文明, 陈建生, 等. 基于共掺杂Dy-Tb:YAG晶体的全固态黄光激光特性研究. 中国激光, 2019, 46(11): 61.
[29]	HUANG Y S, GONG X R, ZHANG L Z, et al. First achievement of yellow laser operation in Dy³⁺-doped borate crystals. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024, 16(37): 49556.
[30]	HUANG Y S, LI Y, PAN S Y, et al. Spectroscopy and laser performance of Dy³⁺:LaMgB₅O₁₀ crystal. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 183: 112393.
[31]	ZHANG S D, WANG S T, SHEN X D, et al. Czochralski growth of rare-earth orthosilicates-Y₂SiO₅ single crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1999, 197(4): 901. DOI URL
[32]	ZHENG L H, ZHAO G J, YAN C F, et al. Raman spectroscopic investigation of pure and ytterbium-doped rare earth silicate crystals. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2007, 38(11): 1421. DOI URL
[33]	RICHARDS B O, TEDDY-FERNANDEZ T, JOSE G, et al. Mid-IR (3-4 μm) fluorescence and ASE studies in Dy³⁺ doped tellurite and germanate glasses and a fs laser inscribed waveguide. Laser Physics Letters, 2013, 10(8): 085802. DOI URL
[34]	MIRZAI A, AHADI A, MELIN S, et al. First-principle investigation of doping effects on mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Y₂SiO₅. Mechanics of Materials, 2021, 154: 103739. DOI URL
[35]	THIBAULT F, PELENC D, DRUON F, et al. Efficient diode-pumped Yb³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ and Yb³⁺:Lu₂SiO₅ high-power femtosecond laser operation. Optics Letters, 2006, 31(10): 1555. DOI URL
[36]	LI C, MONCORGÉ R, SOURIAU J C, et al. Efficient 2.05 μm room temperature Y₂SiO₅:Tm³⁺ cw laser. Optics Communications, 1993, 101(5/6): 356. DOI URL
[37]	CHEPYGA L M, HERTLE E, ALI A, et al. Synthesis and photoluminescent properties of the Dy³⁺ doped YSO as a high- temperature thermographic phosphor. Journal of Luminescence, 2018, 197: 23. DOI URL
[38]	VERMA N, KAUR J, DUBEY V, et al. Luminescence properties of Y₂SiO₅ phosphors: a review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 2023, 147: 110234. DOI URL
[39]	ANTIĆ Ž, ĆIRIĆ A, SEKULIĆ M, et al. Thirty-fold increase in relative sensitivity of Dy³⁺ luminescent Boltzmann thermometers using multiparameter and multilevel cascade temperature readings. Crystals, 2023, 13(6): 884. DOI URL
[40]	BECERRO A I, ESCUDERO A. Revision of the crystallographic data of polymorphic Y₂Si₂O₇ and Y₂SiO₅ compounds. Phase Transitions, 2004, 77(12): 1093. DOI URL
[41]	LIU X K, GONG Q R, HUANG C H, et al. Crystal growth, property investigation, and the deactivation effect of Tb³⁺ in Dy³⁺/Tb³⁺ codoped LiYF₄ crystals: promising crystals for all-solid- state yellow lasers. Crystal Growth & Design, 2024, 24(9): 3699. DOI URL
[42]	ZHANG X, LIU J Y, ZHENG J P, et al. Single crystal growth and cold white light application of Dy,Tb:CaWO₄ crystals. CrystEngComm, 2025, 27(17): 2672. DOI URL
[43]	DING S J, LI H Y, ZHANG Q L, et al. The investigations of Dy:YAG and Dy,Tb:YAG as potentially efficient GaN blue LD pumped solid state yellow laser crystals. Journal of Luminescence, 2021, 237: 118174. DOI URL
[44]	KRUPKE W F, SHINN M D, MARION J E, et al. Spectroscopic, optical, and thermomechanical properties of neodymium- and chromium-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 1986, 3(1): 102. DOI URL
[45]	ZHAO E B, XIA H P, ZHOU X, et al. Effectively enhanced yellow light emission of Y³⁺-doped Dy³⁺/Tb³⁺:Na₅Lu₉F₃₂single crystals (invited). Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(18): 1803037. DOI URL
[46]	CUI J, XIAO X S, XU Y T, et al. Mid-infrared emissions of Dy³⁺doped Ga-As-S chalcogenide glasses and fibers and their potential for a 42 μm fiber laser. Optical Materials Express, 2018, 8(8): 2089. DOI URL
[47]	LI Y H, NATAKORN S, CHEN Y, et al. Investigations on average fluorescence lifetimes for visualizing multi-exponential decays. Frontiers in Physics, 2020, 8: 576862. DOI URL

Growth and Yellow Emission Spectral Properties of Dy:Y₂SiO₅ and Dy,Tb:Y₂SiO₅ Single Crystals

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References 47

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	XU Jintao, GAO Pan, HE Weiyi, JIANG Shengnan, PAN Xiuhong, TANG Meibo, CHEN Kun, LIU Xuechao. Recent Progress on Preparation of 3C-SiC Single Crystal [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2026, 41(1): 1-11.
[2]	LI Xianke, ZHANG Chaoyi, HUANG Lin, SUN Peng, LIU Bo, XU Jun, TANG Huili. High-quality Indium-doped Gallium Oxide Single Crystal Growth by Floating Zone Method [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(12): 1384-1390.
[3]	CAI Hao, WANG Qihang, ZOU Zhaoyong. Crystallization Pathway of Monohydrocalcite via Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Regulated by Magnesium Ion [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(11): 1275-1282.
[4]	HAO Yongxin, QIN Juan, SUN Jun, YANG Jinfeng, LI Qinglian, HUANG Guijun, XU Jingjun. Impact of Crucible Bottom Shape on the Growth of Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals by Czochralski Method [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(10): 1167-1174.
[5]	QIN Juan, LIANG Dandan, SUN Jun, YANG Jinfeng, HAO Yongxin, LI Qinglian, ZHANG Ling, XU Jingjun. Flat Shoulder Congruent Lithium Niobate Crystals Grown by the Czochralski Method [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(8): 978-986.
[6]	LIN Siqi, LI Airan, FU Chenguang, LI Rongbing, JIN Min. Crystal Growth and Thermoelectric Properties of Zintl Phase Mg₃X₂ (X=Sb, Bi) Based Materials: a Review [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 270-279.
[7]	YANG Jiaxue, LI Wen, WANG Yan, ZHU Zhaojie, YOU Zhenyu, LI Jianfu, TU Chaoyang. Spectroscopic and Yellow Laser Features of Dy³⁺: Y₃Al₅O₁₂ Single Crystals [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 350-356.
[8]	WU Zhen, LI Huifang, ZHANG Zhonghan, ZHANG Zhen, LI Yang, LAN Jianghe, SU Liangbi, WU Anhua. Growth and Characterization of CeF₃ Crystals for Magneto-optical Application [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 296-302.
[9]	QI Xuejun, ZHANG Jian, CHEN Lei, WANG Shaohan, LI Xiang, DU Yong, CHEN Junfeng. Macroscopic Defects of Large Bi₁₂GeO₂₀ Crystals Grown Using Vertical Bridgman Method [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 280-287.
[10]	QI Zhanguo, LIU Lei, WANG Shouzhi, WANG Guogong, YU Jiaoxian, WANG Zhongxin, DUAN Xiulan, XU Xiangang, ZHANG Lei. Progress in GaN Single Crystals: HVPE Growth and Doping [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 243-255.
[11]	ZHANG Chaoyi, TANG Huili, LI Xianke, WANG Qingguo, LUO Ping, WU Feng, ZHANG Chenbo, XUE Yanyan, XU Jun, HAN Jianfeng, LU Zhanwen. Research Progress of ScAlMgO₄ Crystal: a Novel GaN and ZnO Substrate [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 228-242.
[12]	CHEN Kunfeng, HU Qianyu, LIU Feng, XUE Dongfeng. Multi-scale Crystallization Materials: Advances in in-situ Characterization Techniques and Computational Simulations [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 256-269.
[13]	WANG Haidong, WANG Yan, ZHU Zhaojie, LI Jianfu, LAKSHMINARAYANA Gandham, TU Chaoyang. Crystal Growth and Structural, Optical, and Visible Fluorescence Traits of Dy³⁺-doped SrGdGa₃O₇ Crystal [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(12): 1475-1482.
[14]	MING Yue, HU Yue, MEI Anyi, RONG Yaoguang, HAN Hongwei. Application of Lead Acetate Additive for Printable Perovskite Solar Cell [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(2): 197-203.
[15]	XU Jiayue, LI Zhichao, PAN Yunfang, ZHOU Ding, WEN Feng, MA Wenjun. Research Progress of Hyperstoichiometric UO₂ Crystals [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(11): 1183-1192.