Journal of Inorganic Materials ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (9): 1017-1030.DOI: 10.15541/jim20230016
Special Issue: 【信息功能】敏感陶瓷（202506）； 【能源环境】钙钛矿(202506)
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DONG Siyin1(
), TIE Shujie1, YUAN Ruihan1,2, ZHENG Xiaojia1,2()
Received:2023-01-10
Revised:2023-03-27
Published:2023-09-20
Online:2023-04-11
Contact:
ZHENG Xiaojia, associate professor. E-mail: xiaojia@caep.cnAbout author:Dong Siyin (1997-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: 1450063752@qq.com
Supported by:CLC Number:
DONG Siyin, TIE Shujie, YUAN Ruihan, ZHENG Xiaojia. Research Progress on Low-dimensional Halide Perovskite Direct X-ray Detectors[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(9): 1017-1030.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of (a) indirect and (b) direct X-ray detection[33⇓-35]
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the molecular structures of halide perovskites with different dimensions[17]
Fig. 3 0D bismuth-based perovskite single crystal detector (a) Schematic crystal structure and photograph of MA3Bi2I9 single crystal[25]; (b) Photograph of the MA3Bi2I9 single crystal after cutting and polishing[25]; (c) Resistivity of representative X-ray detection materials; (d) Device operational stability against continuous X-ray irradiation with high dose rates under a high bias volage[25]; (e) Photograph and corresponding X-ray images of the keys[54]; (f) FWHM of (00l) peaks of Cs3Bi2I9 single crystals, which are prepared by liquid diffusion separation induced crystallization method and inverse temperature crystallization method[53]
Fig. 4 1D and 2D bismuth-based perovskite single crystal detectors (a) Photograph of 1D (H2MDAP)BiI5 single crystal and schematic diagram of device structure[57]; (b, c) Crystal structure of (b) 1D (DMEDA)BiI5 and (c) 2D (NH4)3Bi2I9[29,58]; (d) Photograph of the (NH4)3Bi2I9 single crystal and two different device structures based on the (100) plane[29]
Fig. 5 2D perovskite X-ray detectors (a) Schematic diagram of the crystal structures of RP and DJ perovskites [63]; (b) X-ray image of nut based on (BA)2PbI4 single crystal device[64]; (c) X-ray images generated by (F-PEA)2PbI4 single crystal device[66]; (d) Schematic diagram of the transition of pure 2D perovskites to quasi-2D perovskites[70]
Fig. 6 Quasi-2D polycrystalline X-ray detector (a) Preparation of RP perovskite-nylon matrix by a lamination process[26]; (b) Photograph and corresponding X-ray image of a copper Chinese characters pattern[26]; (c) A-site cation engineering to prepare RP perovskite X-ray detectors[22]; (d) Microstructure of the TFT substrate and 12×12 pixel perovskite X-ray detector[22]; (e) Images of visible light and X-rays based on BA2MA9Pb10I31 detector[22]; (f) X-ray image based on (BA2PbBr4)0.5-FAPbI3 device[83]; (g) Dark current uniformity of MAPbI3 device (left) and quasi-2D PEA2MA8Pb9I28 device (right)[84]
| Compound | Eph/keV, Vp/kVp | Thickness/ mm | Electric field/ (V·mm-1) | Sensitivity/ (µC·Gyair−1·cm−2) | LoD/ (nGyair·s−1) | Resistivity/ (Ω·cm) | Bandgap/ eV | µτ/ (cm2·V−1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single crystal | |||||||||
| Cs4PbI6 | 30 keV | - | - | 451.49 | 90 | - | 3.46 | 9.7×10-4 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 40 kVp | 1.2 | 50 | 1652.3 | 130 | 2.79×1010 | 1.96 | 7.97×10-4 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 45 keV | 1 | 120 | 964 | 44.6 | 1.12×109 | ~1.89 | 1.87×10-3 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 100 kVp | 2.5 | 48 | 10620 | 0.62 | 5.27×1011 | 1.98 | 2.8×10-3 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 40 kVp | 1 | 60 | 1947 | 83 | 3.74×1010 | 1.99 | 2.87×10-3 | [ |
| FA3Bi2I9 | 45 keV | 0.9 | ~560 | 598.1 | 200 | 7.8×1010 | 2.08 | 2.4×10-5 | [ |
| (DMEDA)BiI5 | 50 kVp | 0.6 | 494 | 72.5 | - | - | 1.82 | - | [ |
| (H2MDAP)BiI5 | 70 keV | 2 | 5 | 1.0 | - | 2.1×1010 | 1.83 | - | [ |
| CsPbI3 | 50 kVp | - | 4.17 | 2370 | 3020 | 7.4×109 | 2.67 | 3.63×10-3 | [ |
| (NH4)3Bi2I9 (∥001) | 22 keV | - | 2.2 | 8200 | 210 | - | 2.05 | 1.1×10-2 | [ |
| (NH4)3Bi2I9 (⊥001) | 22 keV | - | 6.5 | 803 | 55 | - | 2.05 | 4.0×10-3 | [ |
| Rb3Bi2I9 | 30 keV | 1 | 300 | 159.7 | 8.32 | 2.3×109 | 1.89 | 2.51×10-3 | [ |
| (F-PEA)2PbI4 | 120 keV | 1.5 | ~130 | 3402 | 23 | 1.36×1012 | 2.30 | 5.1×10-4 | [ |
| (PMA)2PbI4 | 40 kVp | 0.9 | ~56 | 283 | 2130 | - | 2.01 | 8.05×10-3 | [ |
| BA2PbI4 | 30 kVp | 2 | 10 | 148 | 241 | 2.6×1011 | 2.24 | 4.5×10-4 | [ |
| BA2CsPbBr7 | 40 kVp | 3.91 | 2.53 | 13260 | 72.5 | 2.2×109 | 2.74 | - | [ |
| BA2EA2Pb3Br10 | 70 keV | 2 | 5 | 6.8×103 | 5500 | 4.5×1010 | 2.55 | 1.0×10-2 | [ |
| (CH3OC3H9N)2CsPb2Br7 | 80 kVp | 2 | 0 | 410 | - | - | 2.51 | 3.2×10-3 | [ |
| BDAPbI4 | 40 kVp | - | 310 | 242 | 430 | - | 2.37 | 4.43×10-4 | [ |
| (BDA)CsPb2Br7 | 50 kVp | 0.7 | ~43 | 725.5 | 3810 | 4.35×1010 | 2.76 | 2.33×10-5 | [ |
| (3AMPY)(FA)Pb2I7 | 50 kVp | 1 | 200 | 5.23×104 | 151 | - | 1.54 | 2.0×10-3 | [ |
| Polycrystalline | |||||||||
| MA3Bi2i9 | 35.5 keV | 1 | 210 | 563 | 9.3 | 2.28×1011 | 2.08 | 4.6×10-5 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 30.6 keV | ~0.1 | 150 | ~35 | 140 | ~5×1011 | 2.09 | 3.89×10-5 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 30.6 keV | ~0.05 | 600 | ~100 | 98.4 | 3.38×1011 | 2.03 | 1.6×10-6 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 40 kVp | 0.1 | 2000 | 2065 | 2.71 | 3.5×108 | 1.86 | - | [ |
| Cs4PbBr6 | - | 0.3 | 666.7 | 7068 | 1.75 | 1.376×1011 | 3.88 | 1.01×10-3 | [ |
| Cs2TeI6 | 40 kVp | 0.025 | 25 | 19.2 | - | 4.2×1010 | 1.57 | 5.2×10-5 | [ |
| BA2MA9Pb10I31 | ~60 keV | 0.9 | 110 | 5362.3 | 8.1 | ~1×1010 | ~1.60 | 3.99×10-5 | [ |
| BA2MA9Pb10I31 | 45 keV | 1 | 210 | 7109 | 9.3 | ~1.1×1010 | ~1.61 | ~5×10-5 | [ |
| (BA2PbBr4)0.5FAPbI3 | - | 0.006 | ~167 | 1.36×104 | 4.2 | - | - | - | [ |
| PEA2MA8Pb9I28 | 50 kVp | - | 600 | 10 860 | 69 | 5.4×1010 | 1.504 | 2.6×10−5 | [ |
Table 1 Comparison of low-dimensional perovskite X-ray detectors
| Compound | Eph/keV, Vp/kVp | Thickness/ mm | Electric field/ (V·mm-1) | Sensitivity/ (µC·Gyair−1·cm−2) | LoD/ (nGyair·s−1) | Resistivity/ (Ω·cm) | Bandgap/ eV | µτ/ (cm2·V−1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single crystal | |||||||||
| Cs4PbI6 | 30 keV | - | - | 451.49 | 90 | - | 3.46 | 9.7×10-4 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 40 kVp | 1.2 | 50 | 1652.3 | 130 | 2.79×1010 | 1.96 | 7.97×10-4 | [ |
| Cs3Bi2I9 | 45 keV | 1 | 120 | 964 | 44.6 | 1.12×109 | ~1.89 | 1.87×10-3 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 100 kVp | 2.5 | 48 | 10620 | 0.62 | 5.27×1011 | 1.98 | 2.8×10-3 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 40 kVp | 1 | 60 | 1947 | 83 | 3.74×1010 | 1.99 | 2.87×10-3 | [ |
| FA3Bi2I9 | 45 keV | 0.9 | ~560 | 598.1 | 200 | 7.8×1010 | 2.08 | 2.4×10-5 | [ |
| (DMEDA)BiI5 | 50 kVp | 0.6 | 494 | 72.5 | - | - | 1.82 | - | [ |
| (H2MDAP)BiI5 | 70 keV | 2 | 5 | 1.0 | - | 2.1×1010 | 1.83 | - | [ |
| CsPbI3 | 50 kVp | - | 4.17 | 2370 | 3020 | 7.4×109 | 2.67 | 3.63×10-3 | [ |
| (NH4)3Bi2I9 (∥001) | 22 keV | - | 2.2 | 8200 | 210 | - | 2.05 | 1.1×10-2 | [ |
| (NH4)3Bi2I9 (⊥001) | 22 keV | - | 6.5 | 803 | 55 | - | 2.05 | 4.0×10-3 | [ |
| Rb3Bi2I9 | 30 keV | 1 | 300 | 159.7 | 8.32 | 2.3×109 | 1.89 | 2.51×10-3 | [ |
| (F-PEA)2PbI4 | 120 keV | 1.5 | ~130 | 3402 | 23 | 1.36×1012 | 2.30 | 5.1×10-4 | [ |
| (PMA)2PbI4 | 40 kVp | 0.9 | ~56 | 283 | 2130 | - | 2.01 | 8.05×10-3 | [ |
| BA2PbI4 | 30 kVp | 2 | 10 | 148 | 241 | 2.6×1011 | 2.24 | 4.5×10-4 | [ |
| BA2CsPbBr7 | 40 kVp | 3.91 | 2.53 | 13260 | 72.5 | 2.2×109 | 2.74 | - | [ |
| BA2EA2Pb3Br10 | 70 keV | 2 | 5 | 6.8×103 | 5500 | 4.5×1010 | 2.55 | 1.0×10-2 | [ |
| (CH3OC3H9N)2CsPb2Br7 | 80 kVp | 2 | 0 | 410 | - | - | 2.51 | 3.2×10-3 | [ |
| BDAPbI4 | 40 kVp | - | 310 | 242 | 430 | - | 2.37 | 4.43×10-4 | [ |
| (BDA)CsPb2Br7 | 50 kVp | 0.7 | ~43 | 725.5 | 3810 | 4.35×1010 | 2.76 | 2.33×10-5 | [ |
| (3AMPY)(FA)Pb2I7 | 50 kVp | 1 | 200 | 5.23×104 | 151 | - | 1.54 | 2.0×10-3 | [ |
| Polycrystalline | |||||||||
| MA3Bi2i9 | 35.5 keV | 1 | 210 | 563 | 9.3 | 2.28×1011 | 2.08 | 4.6×10-5 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 30.6 keV | ~0.1 | 150 | ~35 | 140 | ~5×1011 | 2.09 | 3.89×10-5 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 30.6 keV | ~0.05 | 600 | ~100 | 98.4 | 3.38×1011 | 2.03 | 1.6×10-6 | [ |
| MA3Bi2i9 | 40 kVp | 0.1 | 2000 | 2065 | 2.71 | 3.5×108 | 1.86 | - | [ |
| Cs4PbBr6 | - | 0.3 | 666.7 | 7068 | 1.75 | 1.376×1011 | 3.88 | 1.01×10-3 | [ |
| Cs2TeI6 | 40 kVp | 0.025 | 25 | 19.2 | - | 4.2×1010 | 1.57 | 5.2×10-5 | [ |
| BA2MA9Pb10I31 | ~60 keV | 0.9 | 110 | 5362.3 | 8.1 | ~1×1010 | ~1.60 | 3.99×10-5 | [ |
| BA2MA9Pb10I31 | 45 keV | 1 | 210 | 7109 | 9.3 | ~1.1×1010 | ~1.61 | ~5×10-5 | [ |
| (BA2PbBr4)0.5FAPbI3 | - | 0.006 | ~167 | 1.36×104 | 4.2 | - | - | - | [ |
| PEA2MA8Pb9I28 | 50 kVp | - | 600 | 10 860 | 69 | 5.4×1010 | 1.504 | 2.6×10−5 | [ |
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