Multi-functional Electrochromic Devices: Integration Strategies Based on Multiple and Single Devices

doi:10.15541/jim20200412

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrochromism is the phenomenon of reversible color/optical change of materials induced by redox reactions under an applied electric field. Since electrochromism was first introduced by Platt in 1961, electrochromic (EC) technology continues to develope due to its advantages of multiple colors energy saving and controllability, and was applied in many fields, for example, smart windows, displays, anti-dazzling rear view mirrors, etc. Recently, with the rapid development of optoelectronic and photoelectric technologies, highly integrated electronic devices attracted extensive interests, and the EC technology is developed towards functionalization and intellectualization. For example, self-powered EC devices (ECDs) were fabricated through integrating with the green energy technology, which further reduced the building energy consumption. Because of the visualization of the EC phenomena by naked eyes, the signal reading became more convenient for the sensors integrated with ECDs. In addition, because of similar device structure, electrochemical principles, active components with other functional devices, a lot of multifunctional EC technologies were explored based on single device, facilitating applications of ECDs in EC infrared control, EC energy storage, and EC actuation. In light of the recent emerging progress of EC technology, we reviewed multi-functional EC systems based on the integration of multiple devices and single device, respectively, including self-powered ECDs, EC sensors, infrared ECDs, and EC energy storage devices, etc. The integration modes, structure design and performance optimization were also summarized for different types of the multi-functional ECDs. At last, we introduced the challenges and potential pathway of multi-functional EC integration in the future.

Key words: electrochromism, multi-functional applications, multi-device integration, single device integration, review

CLC Number:

TB34

FAN Hongwei, LI Kerui, HOU Chengyi, ZHANG Qinghong, LI Yaogang, WANG Hongzhi. Multi-functional Electrochromic Devices: Integration Strategies Based on Multiple and Single Devices[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(2): 115-127.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Development history of electrochromism: from high performance to intelligence (a) EC electrodes and devices for smart windows: (i) Structure and performance of early ECD[11], (ii) Self-weaving WO3 nanoflake EC films[12], (iii) Nest-like WO3 EC films[13]; (b) Multi-device integration based on electrochromism: (i) Integration of ECD and photovoltaic cell[35], (ii) Integration of ECD and tactile sensor[25], (iii) Integration of ECD and strain sensor[26]; (c) Single device integration based on electrochromism: (i) Electrochromic infrared control[27], (ii) Electrochromic supercapacitor[36], (iii) Electrochromic actuator[34]

Fig. 2 Structural schematic illustration and digital photographs of the perovskite PECD (a)[42], schematic illustration of the stacked structure of the near-ultraviolet solar cells and ECD (b)[45], mechanism and digital photographs of the PECD under irradiation (c)[46], and structural schematic illustration of the quasi-solid PECD(d)[43]

Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of the TENG powered ECD and color-changing photographs of the ECD (a)[21], schematic illustration and color-changing photographs of the self-powered ECD (b)[59], wearable piezoelectric-driven self-powered patterned EC supercapacitor (c)[24], and schematic illustration of the ECD integrated with Al3+-based supercapacitor and color-changing photographs of the ECD (d)[60]

Fig. 4 Structural schematic illustration of the EC tactile sensor and sequential photographs of a teddy bear show the expression of tactile sensing into visible color changes (a)[25], schematic illustration of the strain sensor and ECD, and sequential photographs of a hand with color changes together with finger motions (b)[61],self-powered EC biosensor (c)[64], and bipolar electrode-enabled EC chemical sensor (d)[63]

Fig. 5 Li4Ti5O12-based[77] (a), PANI-based (b)[71], and PEDOT: Tosylate-based (c)[78] infrared ECD and corresponding performances

Fig. 6 PANI-based EC supercapacitor (a)[101], PEDOT/Ti3C2Tx-based EC supercapacitor (b)[102], transparent stretchable PEDOT:PSS/WO3-based EC supercapacitor (c)[99], and PANI-based EC fiber-shaped supercapacitors (d)[100]

Fig. 7 Al/PB EC battery (a)[73], H2O2-assisted Al/W18O49NWs EC battery (b)[107], aqueous hybrid Zn2+/Al3+EC battery (c)[110], flexible Zn/PPy EC battery (d)[111]

Fig. 8 NPG/PANI-based (a)[112] and W18O49NW-based (b)[34] EC actuating films

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