Operating Temperature on Cathode Material and Electrochemical Performance of Na-NiCl2 Batteries

doi:10.15541/jim20170171

Abstract

Abstract:

Na-NiCl₂ battery is an intermediate temperature battery of which the operating temperature is one of the crucial factors for its electrochemical performance and needs to be fully understand. The effects of operating temperature on electrochemical performance of Na-NiCl₂ batteries and morphology of the cathode material under different temperatures were studied based on the results of cell test, EIS and SEM measurements. It was found that the reduction of the operating temperature of the Na-NiCl₂ battery within a certain range suppressed the growth of nickel particles during cycling and improved the cycle performance of the cell with and without sulfur in the cathode. The surface activity of the nickel particles decreased with reduction of the operating temperature, while the growth rate of nickel particles slow down at low temperature, resulting in improved cell cycle performance of the cell improves. However, much lower operating temperature leads to poor electrochemical performance due to slow electrochemical reaction rate, migration rate of Na⁺ and poor wettability of sodium on ceramic electrolyte. Based on above tests, the optimum operating temperatures of the cell no matter with or without sulfur are about 260℃.

Key words: Na-NiCl₂ battery, operating temperature, cathode material, electrochemical performance, sulfur additive

CLC Number:

TM911

AO Xin, WU Wei-Xiang, WU Tian, WU Mei-Fen, WEN Zhao-Yin. Operating Temperature on Cathode Material and Electrochemical Performance of Na-NiCl₂ Batteries[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2017, 32(12): 1243-1249.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 (a, c) Cycle performance and (b, d) the first charge and discharge curve of the Na-NiCl2 battery without sulfur and with 5% sulfur which were tested at 220℃, 260℃ and 300℃

Fig. 2 First 5 charge and discharge curves of the cell without sulfur and with 5% sulfur in NaAlCl4 tested at (a,b) 220℃, (c,d) 260℃ and (e,f) 300℃

Fig. 3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plots of the Na-NiCl2 battery (a) without sulfur and (b) with 5% sulfur in NaAlCl4 which were tested at 300℃, 260℃, 220℃ after 5 cycles at discharge state

Fig. 4 Morphologies of the nickel in the cell without sulfur after 10 cycles which are tested at 260℃ (a,b) and 300℃ (c,d)

Fig. 5 Morphologies of the nickel in the cell without sulfur after 100 cycles which are tested at 220℃, 260℃, 300℃

Fig. 6 Morphologies of nickel in the cell with 5% sulfur in the NaAlCl4 tested at (a) 220℃, (b) 260℃, (c) 300℃ after 100 cycles; (d) pristine nickel particles

References 20

[1]	YANG Z, ZHANG J, KINTNER-MEYER M C W, et al. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid. Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111(5): 3577-3613.
[2]	DUNN B, KAMATH H, TARASCON J M.Electrical energy storage for the grid: a battery of choices. Science, 2011, 334(6058): 928-935.
[3]	LU X, XIA G, LEMMON J P, et al.Advanced materials for sodium-beta alumina batteries: status, challenges and perspectives. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195(9): 2431-2442.
[4]	HUESO K B, ARMAND M, ROJO T.High temperature sodium batteries: status, challenges and future trends. Energy & Environmental Science, 2013, 6(3): 734-749.
[5]	SUDWORTH J L.The sodium/nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 100(1/2): 149-163.
[6]	HU YING-YING, WEN ZHAO-YIN, RUI KUN, et al.State-of- the-art research and development status of sodium batteries. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2013(2): 81-90.
[7]	BIRNIE D.III. On the structural integrity of the spinel block in the [beta]"-alumina structure. Acta Crystallographica Section B, 2012, 68(2): 118-122.
[8]	LIN ZU-XIANG.A brief introduction to the study on β″-Al2O3 of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics. Journal of Functional Materials, 2004(1): 130-131, 134.
[9]	WEN Z, HU Y, WU X, et al.Main challenges for high performance NAS battery: materials and interfaces. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013, 23(8): 1005-1018.
[10]	WEN Z, GU Z, XU X, et al.Research activities in Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences on the solid electrolytes for sodium sulfur batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 184(2): 641-645.
[11]	GALLOWAY R C, HASLAM S.The ZEBRA electric vehicle battery: power and energy improvements. Journal of Power Sources, 1999, 80(1/2): 164-170.
[12]	LI G, LU X, KIM J Y, et al.The role of FeS in initial activation and performance degradation of Na-NiCl2 batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2014(272): 398-403.
[13]	BONES R J, TEAGLE D A, BROOKER S D, et al.Development of a Ni , NiCl2 positive electrode for a liquid sodium (ZEBRA) battery cell. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1989, 136(5): 1274-1277.
[14]	RATNAKUMAR B V, SURAMPUDI S, HALPERT G.Effects of sulfur additive on the performance of Na/NiCl2 cells. Journal of Power Sources, 1994, 48(3): 349-360.
[15]	AO XIN, WU XIANG-WEI, HU YING-YING, et al.Influence of sulfur additive on the cycling performance of sodium-nickel chloride battery and its mechanism analysis. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2016, 5(3): 349-354.
[16]	LI G, LU X, KIM J Y, et al.Cell degradation of a Na-NiCl2 (ZEBRA) battery. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1(47): 14935-14942.
[17]	LU X, LI G, KIM J Y, et al.The effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of sodium-nickel chloride batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 215: 288-295.
[18]	LI G S, LU X C, KIM J Y, et al.Advanced intermediate temperature sodium-nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density. Nat. Commun., 2016, 7: 10683.
[19]	AO X, WEN Z, HU Y, et al.Enhanced cycle performance of a Na/NiCl2 battery based on Ni particles encapsulated with Ni3S2 layer. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 340: 411-418.
[20]	BARD A J, FAULKNER L R, LEDDY J, et al.Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: Wiley, 1980: 386-387.

Operating Temperature on Cathode Material and Electrochemical Performance of Na-NiCl₂ Batteries

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 6

References 20

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	CHENG Jie, ZHOU Yue, LUO Xintao, GAO Meiting, LUO Sifei, CAI Danmin, WU Xueyin, ZHU Licai, YUAN Zhongzhi. Construction and Electrochemical Properties of Yolk-shell Structured FeF₃·0.33H₂O@N-doped Graphene Nanoboxes [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(3): 299-305.
[2]	CHEN Zhengpeng, JIN Fangjun, LI Mingfei, DONG Jiangbo, XU Renci, XU Hanzhao, XIONG Kai, RAO Muming, CHEN Chuangting, LI Xiaowei, LING Yihan. Double Perovskite Sr₂CoFeO₅₊_δ: Preparation and Performance as Cathode Material for Intermediate-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2024, 39(3): 337-344.
[3]	KONG Guoqiang, LENG Mingzhe, ZHOU Zhanrong, XIA Chi, SHEN Xiaofang. Sb Doped O3 Type Na_0.9Ni_0.5Mn_0.3Ti_0.2O₂ Cathode Material for Na-ion Battery [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(6): 656-662.
[4]	YANG Zhuo, LU Yong, ZHAO Qing, CHEN Jun. X-ray Diffraction Rietveld Refinement and Its Application in Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(6): 589-605.
[5]	LI Tao, CAO Pengfei, HU Litao, XIA Yong, CHEN Yi, LIU Yuejun, SUN Aokui. NH₄⁺ Assisted Interlayer-expansion of MoS₂: Preparation and Its Zinc Storage Performance [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(1): 79-86.
[6]	WANG Yang, FAN Guangxin, LIU Pei, YIN Jinpei, LIU Baozhong, ZHU Linjian, LUO Chengguo. Microscopic Mechanism of K⁺ Doping on Performance of Lithium Manganese Cathode for Li-ion Battery [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(9): 1023-1029.
[7]	LI Wenbo, HUANG Minsong, LI Yueming, LI Chilin. CoS₂ as Cathode Material for Magnesium Batteries with Dual-salt Electrolytes [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(2): 173-181.
[8]	LIU Fangfang, CHUAN Xiuyun, YANG Yang, LI Aijun. Influence of N/S Co-doping on Electrochemical Property of Brucite Template Carbon Nanotubes [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(7): 711-717.
[9]	ZHAN Jing,XU Changfan,LONG Yiyu,LI Qihou. Bi₂Mn₄O₁₀: Preparation by Polyacrylamide Gel Method and Electrochemical Performance [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(7): 827-833.
[10]	ZHU Zeyang,WEI Jishi,HUANG Jianhang,DONG Xiangyang,ZHANG Peng,XIONG Huanming. Preparation of ZnO Nanorods with Lattice Vacancies and Their Application in Ni-Zn Battery [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(4): 423-430.
[11]	LI Xue-Lin, ZHU Jian-Feng, JIAO Yu-Hong, HUANG Jia-Xuan, ZHAO Qian-Nan. Manganese Dioxide Morphology on Electrochemical Performance of Ti₃C₂T_x@MnO₂ Composites [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(1): 119-125.
[12]	SUN Xiao-Lu,SONG Xiao-Fei,LIU Yan-Hua,WU Yue,CAI Yi-Bing,ZHAO Hong-Mei. Electrospun FeMnO₃ Nanofibrous Mats: Preparation and Electrochemical Property [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(7): 709-714.
[13]	WANG Wu-Lian, ZHANG Jun, WANG Qiu-Shi, CHEN Liang, LIU Zhao-Ping. High-quality Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃ Nanocubes: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance as Cathode Material for Aqueous Sodium-ion Battery [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(12): 1301-1308.
[14]	WANG Jia-Hu, WANG Wen-Xin, DU Peng, HU Fang-Dong, JIANG Xiao-Lei, YANG Jian. Synthesis of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃@V₂O_5-_x as Cathode Material for Sodium-ion Battery [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2019, 34(10): 1097-1102.
[15]	LEE Sai-Xi, WANG Xue-Yin, GU Qing-Wen, XIA Yong-Gao, LIU Zhao-Ping, HE Jie. Tuning Electrochemical Performance through Non-stoichiometric Compositions in High-voltage Spinel Cathode Materials [J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2018, 33(9): 993-1000.