动态热机械分析仪(DMA)在铁电压电材料研究中的应用

doi:10.15541/jim20190492

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动态热机械分析仪(DMA)具有高灵敏度、卓越制冷技术、自由旋转测试头、多种形变模式和连续频率温度扫描模式等优点, 能表征材料在交变应力(或应变)作用下的应变(或应力)的响应、蠕变、应力松弛和热机械性能等, 广泛应用于塑料、热固性材料、复合材料、高弹性体、涂层材料、金属和陶瓷等材料的研究和评估。本文简要介绍了DMA进行动态力学行为分析的基本原理和方法, DMA在铁电相变、低频弛豫特性和铁电疲劳研究方面的应用, 以及DMA在铁电/聚合物复合阻尼材料研究中的应用。在对PZT陶瓷和单晶、BaTiO₃陶瓷等常用材料的铁电弛豫特性分析中, DMA表现出比介电表征更为敏感的特性。现在DMA已成为研究铁电材料的重要工具之一。

关键词: 动态热机械分析仪, 铁电材料, 低频弛豫, 铁电疲劳, 阻尼, 综述

Abstract:

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) has the advantage of high sensitivity, excellent cooling system, flexible rotation testing part, multiple deformation mode, and continuous frequency and temperature scanning mode. DMA is able to characterize the strain response under alternating stress, creep, stress relaxation, and thermomechanical properties, which has application in the investigation of plastic, thermoset, composite, high elastomer, coating, alloy and ceramic. This paper briefly introduced the fundamental and method about DMA, the application of DMA in the investigation of ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transformation, low frequency relaxation, ferroelectric fatigue, and ferroelectric composite damping. In the measurement of relaxation behavior of PZT ceramics and single crystals, and BaTiO₃ ceramics, DMA tended to be more sensitive than dielectric characterization especially in the low frequency range. DMA has been one of the critical instruments for ferroelecric investigation.

Key words: dynamic mechanical analysis, ferroelectrics, low frequency relaxation, ferroelectric fatigue, damping, review

中图分类号:

TQ174

陈云, 王旭升, 李艳霞, 姚熹. 动态热机械分析仪(DMA)在铁电压电材料研究中的应用[J]. 无机材料学报, 2020, 35(8): 857-866.

CHEN Yun, WANG Xusheng, LI Yanxia, YAO Xi. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis in the Investigation on Ferroelectrics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2020, 35(8): 857-866.

图/表 13

图1 不同材料应变滞后于应力的相位差

Fig. 1 The lagging difference between strain and stress (a) Elastic material; (b) Viscous material; (c) Viscoelastic material

图2 动态热机械分析仪(DMA)工作原理图[22]

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)[22]

图3 BZT-BCT陶瓷的模量(a)和损耗因子(b)与温度的关系[28]

Fig. 3 Dependence of modulus (a) and loss factor (b) on temperature for BZT-BCT ceramic[28]

图4 BNT-BT陶瓷介电温谱(a)和力学图谱(b)[29]

Fig. 4 Dielectric spectra (a) and dynamic mechanical properties (b) of BNT-BT ceramic[29]

图5 PbZrO3单晶对不同方向外力的弹性反应[31]

Fig. 5 The elastic response to different external stress of PbZrO3 single crystal[31]

图6 PbZrO3单晶沿着[110]c方向模量的实部(a)和虚部(b)与温度和频率的关系[31]

Fig. 6 Dependence of modulus on temperature and frequency of PbZrO3 single crystal from [110]c direction (a) Real part of modulus; (b) Imaginary part of modulus[31]

图7 PZT-4陶瓷的力学(a)和介电图谱(b)[35]

Fig. 7 Dyanamic mechanical properties (a) and dielectric spectra (b) of PZT-4 ceramic[35]

图8 (K,Na)NbO3基陶瓷的模量和损耗与温度的变化关系以及介电温谱[39]

Fig. 8 Dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties of (K,Na) NbO3 based ceramic[39]

图9 PZT-5H和PZT-8陶瓷的疲劳性能[41]

Fig. 9 Fatigue properties of PZT-5H and PZT-8 ceramics[41] (A) Modulus vs circles; (B) d33 vs circles

图10 BTWC陶瓷的S-N曲线[42,43]

Fig. 10 The S-N curves of BTWC ceramics[42,43] (a) BTWC ceramics sintered at different temperatures; (b) Unpoled and poled BTWC ceramics sintered at 1150 ℃

图11 1-3型PZT/环氧树脂的动态力学性能(a~b)和0-3型ZnOw/环氧树脂动态力学性能(c~d)[49]

Fig. 11 Dynamic mechanical properties of 1-3 type PZT/epoxy resin composite (a-b) and dynamic mechanical properties of 0-3 type ZnOw/epoxy resin composite (c-d)[49]

表1 CB含量和0-3型PMN/CB/EP压电复合材料阻尼性能的关系[50]

Table 1 The relationship between CB content and the properties of 0-3 type PMN/CB/EP ferroelectric composite damping[50]

CB/wt%	T_g/℃	tanδ_max	TA	ΔT/℃(tanδ>0.3)
0	85.86	0.405	18.21	20.28
2	96.73	0.442	19.27	22.81
4	100.26	0.429	18.73	20.86
6	88.76	0.480	20.80	24.26
8	93.40	0.439	19.64	21.23

图12 PZT颗粒粒径和电学边界对压电复合材料的影响 (a)PZT颗粒粒径对0-3型压电复合材料阻尼性能的影响; (b)PZT颗粒粒径对0-3型压电复合材料储能模量的影响; (c-d)不同电学边界对1-3型PZT压电复合材料阻尼性能的影响[51]

Fig. 12 Influence of grain size and electrical boundary on piezoelectric composite (a) Influence of PZT grain size on the loss factor of 0-3 type piezoelectric composites; (b) Influence of PZT grain size on the modulus of 0-3 type piezoelectric composites; (c-d) Influence of different electrical boundary conditions on the dynamic mechanical properties of 1-3 type piezoelectric composites[51]

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