双读出量能器用闪烁晶体研究进展

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1077.2013.12480

无机材料学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 347-357.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1077.2013.12480 CSTR: 32189.14.SP.J.1077.2013.12480

• • 下一篇

双读出量能器用闪烁晶体研究进展

肖学峰^1,2,3, 徐家跃³, 向卫东¹

(1. 同济大学材料科学与工程学院, 上海 201804; 2. 北方民族大学物理系, 银川 750021; 3. 上海应用技术学院材料科学与工程学院, 上海201418)

收稿日期:2012-08-03 修回日期:2012-09-14 出版日期:2013-04-10 网络出版日期:2013-03-20
作者简介:肖学峰(1977–), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: xxf666666@163.com
基金资助:
国家973前期研究专项(2011CB612310);国家自然科学基金(50972093);上海市科委基础研究重点项目(11JC1412400);浙江省国际科技合作项目(2008C14088);浙江省公益技术项目(2012C31023)

Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter

XIAO Xue-Feng^1,2,3, XU Jia-Yue³, XIANG Wei-Dong¹

(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; 2. Department of Physics, Bei Fang University of Nationalities, Yinchuan 750021, China; 3.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China)

Received:2012-08-03 Revised:2012-09-14 Published:2013-04-10 Online:2013-03-20
About author:XIAO Xue-Feng. E-mail: xxf666666@163.com
Supported by:
National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB612310);National Natural Science Foundation of China (50972093);Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (11JC1412400);Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of Zhejiang Province (2008C14088);Zhejiang Province Public Technology Research and industrial projects (2012C31023)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

双读出量能器是一种全新设计的高能粒子探测装置, 它能同时测量到Cherenkov光和闪烁光, 因而能更全面地获得高能粒子的信息。目前, 双读出量能器主要有三种设计方式: (1)采用石英纤维产生Cherenkov光, 塑料闪烁纤维生成闪烁光; (2)分别以未掺杂的晶体纤维作为Cherenkov辐射体、Ce掺杂的同种晶体纤维作为闪烁体; (3)采用同种闪烁晶体有效分离Cherenkov光和闪烁光。第三种设计可以消除取样涨落、提高量能器的分辨率, 因而备受关注。本文基于第三种设计方式探讨了钨酸铅(PbWO₄)、锗酸铋(Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂)、硅酸铋(Bi₄Si₃O₁₂)和镥铝石榴石(Lu₃Al₅O₁₂)四种。闪烁晶体在双读出量能器方面的研究进展和可能的应用。Pr掺杂PWO晶体以及硅酸铋晶体都有可能用于双读出量能器, 而后者由于吸收边比锗酸铋更短, 更易于分离Cherenkov光和闪烁光, 在双读出量能器应用方面显示出明显的优势。稀土离子掺杂有望进一步提高硅酸铋晶体的性能, 开发出更适合双读出应用的闪烁材料。

关键词: 闪烁晶体, 双读出, Cherenkov光, Bi₄Si₃O₁₂, 综述

Abstract:

The dual-readout calorimeter is a new designed equipment to detect high-energy particles. It can collect the Cherenkov light and scintillation light at the same time, thus scientists can understand the particles comprehensively in the field of high-energy physics. Three types of dual-readout calorimeters have been designed so far: (1) Quartz fibers as Cherenkov emitter and plastic fibers as scintillator; (2) Undoped and doped scintillation crystals act as Cherenkov and scintillator respectively; (3) Scintillation crystal act as Cherenkov as well as scintillator. The last attracted much attention because it can avoid sampling fluctuations and enhance energy resolution of calorimeters. The progress on the scintillation crystals, including lead tungstate (PbWO₄), bismuth germinate (Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂), bismuth silicate (Bi₄Si₃O₁₂) and lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu₃Al₅O₁₂), were presented for the application of dual-readout calorimeter. Pr: PWO crystal and Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal have potential application in dual-readout calorimeter. It’s easy to separate the Cherenkov and scintillation light for Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal because the short-wavelength cut-off of Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal is small in comparison with Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ crystal. Bi₄Si₃O₁₂ crystal shows more advantages and its properties can be further optimized by doping rare earth ions.

Key words: scintillation crystal, dual-readout, Cherenkov light, Bi₄Si₃O₁₂, review

中图分类号:

TQ174

肖学峰, 徐家跃, 向卫东. 双读出量能器用闪烁晶体研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2013, 28(4): 347-357.

XIAO Xue-Feng, XU Jia-Yue, XIANG Wei-Dong. Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2013, 28(4): 347-357.

图/表 10

图1 无机闪烁晶体电子激发发光能带结构[14]

Fig. 1 General scheme of relaxation of electronic excitations in an insulating material[14]

图2 双读出量能器实验探测装置[25]

Fig. 2 Experimental setup of the tests performed on single crystals. The angle θ is negative when the crystal is oriented as drawn here[25]

Table 1 Some relevant properties of PWO, BGO and BSO crystals [13,25,41-43]

Property	PWO	BGO	BSO
Density/(g·cm^-3)	8.28	7.13	6.80
Radiation length/mm	9.2	11.2	11.5
Radiation hardness/rad	10⁵-10⁶	10⁴-10⁵	10⁵-10⁶
Decay constant/ns	2.2(50%),9.9(34%), 39 (16%)-10	5.2(2%), 45(9%), 279 (89%)-300	2.4(6%), 26(12%), 99 (82%)-100
Peak emission/nm	430	480	480
Peak excitation/nm	325	295	285
Refractive index, n	2.20	2.15	2.06
Light yield, LY(relative)	5	100	20
Melting point/℃	1123	1050	1030
Hardness	3	5	5
Cleavage	(101)	none	none
Hygroscopicity	no	no	no
Temperature coefficient/(%·℃^-1)	-1.9	-1.6	-2.0
Energy loss/MeV	13.0	24.1	22.9
Moliere radius/cm	2.0	2.3	-
Energy resolution(662 keV,%)	15(1GeV)	16	22

图3 电子簇(50 GeV)通过钼掺杂钨酸铅晶体产生信号的平均时间结构, 5% Mo(a)和1% Mo(b)[4]

Fig. 3 Average time structure of the signals from a PbWO4 crystal doped with 5% Mo(a) and 1% Mo(b), generated by 50 GeV electrons[4]

图4 不同浓度钼掺杂钨酸铅晶体的平均时间信号[44]

Fig. 4 Average time structure of the signals from the light traversing a U330 filter for PbWO4 crystals with different levels of Mo doping[44]

图5 BGO晶体的Cherenkov光和闪烁光时间结构信号强度[12]

Fig. 5 The time structure of a typical shower signal measured in the BGO em calorimeter equipped with a UV filter. The UV BGO signals were used to measure the relative contributions of scintillation light (gate 2) and Cherenkov light (gate 1)[12]

图6 Bi2O3-SiO2赝二元系相图[72]

Fig. 6 Phase diagram of Bi2O3-SiO2 system[72]

图7 BSO和 BGO晶体(180 GeV)的时间结构信号对比[25]

Fig. 7 Average time structure of the signals from light generated by 180 GeV pions traversing the BSO and BGO crystals at θ=30°, and transmitted by the U330 filter[25]

图8 BSO和BGO晶体的发射谱吸收谱的对比[25]

Fig. 8 Emission and absorption spectra (left-hand scale) of the BSO and BGO crystals, and the transmission curve of the U330 and UG11 filters (right-hand scale)[25]

Table 2 Properties of dual-read for PWO(50 GeV), BGO and BSO (180 GeV) crystals

Crystal	Dopants	Attenuation constants	Attenuation of Cherenkov light	Intensity of Cherenkov light /mV	Separation the scintillation and Cherenkov light
PWO	Un-doped	9.7 ns	—	—	No separation
	1%Mo	26.3 ns	Reducing with Mo concentration decreasing	115	Good separation
	5%Mo	26.3 ns	Reducing with Mo concentration decreasing	86	Good separation
	0.5%Pr	4.9 μs	Reducing with Pr concentration increasing	—	No separation
	1.5%Pr	3.1 μs	Reducing with Pr concentration increasing	—	No separation
BGO	Un-doped	300 ns	Same	68	Good separation
BSO	Un-doped	100 ns	Same	105	Good separation

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双读出量能器用闪烁晶体研究进展

Progress on Scintillation Crystals for Dual-readout Calorimeter

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