Control and removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have always been critical issues in the environmental field. Catalytic oxidation has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for VOCs removal due to its low operational temperature, high efficiency, and non-toxic by-products. Perovskite oxides (ABO₃) are recognized as efficient and stable catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of VOCs. To enhance the catalytic efficiency of perovskite-based catalysts, it is necessary to systematically analyze and optimize the design of perovskite oxides to meet the specific requirements for the removal of different VOCs. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advances in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs using perovskite oxides. Firstly, various design strategies for perovskite oxides in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs, including morphology control, A-site and B-site substitution, defect engineering, and supported perovskite catalysts, are introduced, giving a close link between the catalytic performance of perovskite oxides and their material composition, morphology, surface properties (oxygen species, defects), and intrinsic properties (oxygen vacancy concentration, lattice structure). The reaction mechanisms and degradation pathways involved in the catalytic oxidation of VOCs are analyzed, and the prospects and challenges in the rational design of perovskite oxide catalysts and the exploration of reaction mechanisms are outlined.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose significant risks to environmental quality and human health. To enhance adsorption performance of adsorbents for VOCs, further improvement of the unsaturated metal centers becomes a key factor based on the principle that metal ions can be replaced in metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Here, a one-step solvothermal synthesis system was utilized to dope abundant, cost-effective, and environment friendly Al³⁺ ions into MIL-101(Cr) for preparing Al-MIL-101(Cr). Morphologies and structures of MIL-101(Cr) and Al-MIL-101(Cr) samples, alongside the static adsorption performance for toluene, n-hexane, oil and p-xylene, were analyzed. Static adsorption capacities of toluene, n-hexane, oil, and p-xylene of MIL-101(Cr) were 0.676, 0.621, 0.451 and 0.812 g·g^-1, respectively. When Al³⁺ doping amount reached 0.75 mmol, Al-0.75-MIL-101(Cr) displayed maximum VOCs adsorption capacities (0.911 g·g^-1 for toluene, 0.755 g·g^-1 for n-hexane, 0.713 g·g^-1 for oil, and 0.875 g·g^-1 for p-xylene). The dynamic toluene adsorption behavior was assessed through single-component breakthrough curves. Both dynamic and static adsorption results demonstrate that Al-MIL-101(Cr) possesses excellent VOCs removal capabilities, which are attributed to the extensive specific surface area and augmented unsaturated metal sites.

CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solution is generally synthesized through chemical precipitation, followed by high-temperature calcination. However, their grains under high-temperature calcination are prone to aggregate and grow, resulting in lower specific surface area, weaker adsorption and poorer catalytic performance. In this study, nanocrystalline CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solutions were prepared by a simple one-step alcohothermal method, avoiding effects of high-temperature calcination on grain growth and specific surface area reduction. Crystal structure, morphologies and thermal stability of the synthesized CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solutions were characterized, and arsenic removal performance was determined. The results show that the grains in nanocrystalline CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solutions grow sufficiently with large specific surface areas, high particle purity and good dispersibility, leading to improved adsorption effect on As(III) in water. The arsenic adsorption results show that maximum adsorption capacity of Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ sample can reach 160 mg/g at an As(III) equilibrium solubility of 95 mg/L, which is much higher than pure CeO₂ and ZrO₂ samples, as well as CeO₂-ZrO₂ solid solution prepared by traditional calcination method. In addition, the prepared Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ solid solution maintains a high As(III) removal rate and good acid-alkali resistance within pH range of 3-9. The arsenic adsorption mechanisms indicate that As(III) ions in the solution form coordination bonds with metal ions on the surface of Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ solid solution, which belongs to the chemical adsorption process.

Mining process of natural uranium ore generates uranium-containing wastewater, while removal of uranium(VI) from such wastewater has emerged as a critical challenge, requiring urgent resolution in the nuclear industry. Guided by the principle of "from uranium mines, back to uranium mines," this study selected calcium orthovanadate (Ca₃(VO₄)₂) as an adsorbent for U(VI) removal. Adsorption performance of Ca₃(VO₄)₂ powder under varying conditions and its underlying mechanism were investigated. Results demonstrated that under optimal conditions (pH 6, adsorption for 2 h, adsorbent dosage at 0.1 g·L^-1, initial U(VI) mass concentration at 120 mg·L^-1, temperature at 308 K), Ca₃(VO₄)₂ powder exhibited a high adsorption capacity (1179.92 mg·g^-1) and removal efficiency (98.33%) for U(VI). Removal mechanism was attributed to dissolution and mineralization processes, forming metatyuyamunite (Ca(UO₂)₂(VO₄)₂·3H₂O) on the powder surface after adsorption. Even in the environment of six coexisting ions (Zn²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ba²⁺), Ca₃(VO₄)₂ maintained high adsorption performance, reducing U(VI) mass concentration from 121.49 to 0.1 mg·L^-1, which is below the limit specified by the national discharge standard (GB 23727-2020). These findings highlight Ca₃(VO₄)₂ as a promising adsorbent for efficient treatment of U(VI)-containing wastewater.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NO_x are important precursors of PM_2.5 and O₃, and their excessive emissions have significant negative impacts on environmental quality and human health. Compared with ordinary VOCs, nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds (N-VOCs) need more complex environmental control strategies due to their nitrogen heteroatoms. Therefore, development and application of control technologies for N-VOCs have become a current research hotspot. In order to achieve the two key objectives of low-temperature high catalytic activity and high N₂ selectivity in catalytic oxidation system of N-VOCs, there is an urgent need to design efficient and low-cost catalysts. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of mineral materials, metal materials, single atom catalysts (SACs) and molecular sieves in catalytic oxidation of common N-VOCs (N,N-dimethylformamide, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, n-butylamine, triethylamine, etc.), and describes the sources and hazards of N-VOCs. The key factors affecting catalytic oxidation of amines, nitriles and other typical N-VOCs are summarized, including catalytic activity, catalyst physicochemical properties, catalytic constitutive relationship and reaction mechanism. It is proposed that secondary pollutants should be avoided from deep oxidation of intermediate products in catalytic oxidation of N-VOCs. Finally, the prospects and challenges on catalytic oxidation of N-VOCs are discussed, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and practical cases for clearing N-VOCs in the future.

Gasoline soot particles pose a severe threat to the ecological environment and human health, but they can be potentially filtered out by using catalytic gasoline particulate filter (cGPF), whose core component is a catalyst coating. To develop more effective catalyst coatings with excellent activity, stability, and water resistance, a kind of composite oxide MnO_x/CeO₂-ZrO₂ was synthesized using different methods, and its soot oxidation performance was evaluated under low O₂ concentrations. Herein, MnO_x/CeO₂-ZrO₂ prepared by impregnation (abbreviated as MCZ-IM) exhibits a T₅₀ (temperature required for 50% soot conversion) of 329 ℃ in 1% O₂ and 370 ℃ in 0.5% O₂, displaying better comprehensive performance when compared to catalysts prepared by high-energy ball milling (abbreviated as MCZ-HB) and co-precipitation (abbreviated as MCZ-CP). Structure-activity relationship reveals that soot oxidation under low O₂ concentrations is weakly correlated with textural and structural properties, but strongly depends on the generation and migration of active oxygen species (AOS), especially superoxide (O₂^-) and peroxide (O₂^2-) anions, which are linked to redox properties, oxygen storage and release capacity, as well as amount of oxygen vacancies. The impregnation method enhances oxygen species adsorption, activation and desorption more effectively, endowing it with a more effective approach to enhancing AOS generation and mobility. Therefore, this study not only provides a preparation strategy for particulate matter oxidation catalysts applicable to actual operating conditions, but also offers insights into the migration of AOS at low O₂ concentrations.

Development of electrode materials with high activity and stability is a key issue to achieve efficient degradation of sulfonamide pollutants by electro-Fenton (EF) system. In this work, FePc/MXene nanocomposites were prepared by using MXene material as carrier to load iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and employed as cathodic catalyst to construct EF system for the degradation of sulfadimethoxine (SDM). After loading FePc, the nanomaterials retained accordion-like lamellar structure with slightly roughened surface and narrowed interlayer spacing. Coordination number of FeN_x in FePc/MXene was about 4, in which the interaction between FePc and MXene was favorable to promote the electron transfer at the electrode surface. In the EF system, the FePc/MXene electrode achieved a 97.2% degradation rate of SDM within 50 min, showing excellent catalytic performance and stability over wide pH range. The significant improvement in degradation performance was mainly attributed to the enhanced activity of O₂ electrocatalytic reduction to H₂O₂ by the introduction of FeN₄ in the composites. Free radical (·OH and ·O₂^-) and non-radical (¹O₂) pathways were co-operative in the degradation of SDM by EF system. Frontier orbital theory and Fukui function theoretically elucidated the sites where SDM was attacked by different reactive oxygen species, primarily degrading through hydroxylation of the benzene ring, oxidation of the amino group on the benzene ring, and cleavage of C-S and S-N bonds. In addition, cycling and ion leaching experiments demonstrated the excellent stability of the prepared cathode catalysts.

Owing to outstanding hydrophilicity and ionic interaction, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as a promising carrier for high performance catalysts. However, the synthesis of new specialized catalytic LDHs for degradation of antibiotics still faces some challenges. In this study, a CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH composite catalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal coprecipitation method. Comprehensive characterization reveals that the surface of MgAl-LDH is covered with nanometer CoFe₂O₄ particles. The specific surface area of CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH is 82.84 m²·g^-1, which is 2.34 times that of CoFe₂O₄. CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH has a saturation magnetic strength of 22.24 A·m²·kg^-1 facilitating efficient solid-liquid separation. The composite catalyst was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). It is found that the catalytic performance of CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH significantly exceeds that of CoFe₂O₄. The maximum TCH removal reaches 98.2% under the optimal conditions ([TCH] = 25 mg/L, [PMS] = 1.5 mmol/L, CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH = 0.20 g/L, pH 7, and T = 25 ℃). Coexisting ions in the solution, such as SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, and CO₃²⁻, have a negligible effect on catalytic performance. Cyclic tests demonstrate that the catalytic performance of CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH remains 67.2% after five cycles. Mechanism investigations suggest that O₂^•−and ¹O₂ produced by CoFe₂O₄/MgAl-LDH play a critical role in the catalytic degradation.

Improper disposal of antibiotics poses significant risks to the aquatic environment. Development of efficient adsorbents for removal of antibiotics in environment is currently an important approach to address this issue. In this study, a series of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) materials with different morphologies were synthesized by adjusting the solvent composition during the synthesis process to investigate their adsorption properties for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC). The results indicate that as the volume ratio of methanol to water decreases, the synthesized ZIF-67 transforms from a rhombic dodecahedral structure to a stacked hexagonal platelet structure which is more favorable for the adsorption of CTC. Based on a detailed investigation of the effects of temperature, solution pH, concentration, and types of impurity ions on the adsorption performance of CTC by ZIF-67 with a stacked hexagonal platelet structure (denoted as ZIF-67-3), the kinetics of the adsorption process indicate that the adsorption process follows both pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model. Moreover, ZIF-67-3 (at a dosage of 100 mg·L^-¹) achieved a removal rate of over 90% for CTC (with an initial concentration of 30 mg·L^-1) within 20 min, and the maximum CTC adsorption capacity of ZIF-67-3 could reach 1206.58 mg·g⁻¹ under neutral conditions. Since ZIF-67-3 primarily adsorbs CTC through interactions such as π-π/π-cation interaction and hydrogen/coordination bonds, belonging to a monolayer chemical adsorption mechanism, ZIF-67-3 facilitates full exposure of active adsorption sites, thus exhibiting superior CTC adsorption performance. In summary, this study reveals the influence of solvent composition during synthesis on the morphology and structure of ZIF-67, elucidates the adsorption mechanism of ZIF-67-3 adsorbent for CTC, and provides theoretical support for the practical application of ZIF-67 in removal of antibiotic pollution.

As visible light photocatalysts, narrow bandgap semiconductors can effectively convert solar energy to chemical energy, exhibiting potential applications in alleviating energy shortage and environmental pollution. Cu₂O/Cu hollow spherical heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by one-pot solvothermal method without any template using CuCl₂·H₂O as precursor, H₃NO·HCl and NaBH₄ as reducing agents. Morphologies, crystal structures, composition, specific surface areas, and optical properties of the products were analyzed. Addition of NaBH₄ gradually changes the morphology of Cu₂O/Cu from hollow truncated octahedra to hollow nanospheres. Thickness of Cu layer on surface of Cu₂O can be easily controlled by tuning amount of NaBH₄. Direct reduction of Cu₂O by NaBH₄ leads to intimate contact between Cu₂O and Cu interfaces, which is favorable for carrier separation and transport. Meanwhile, surface plasmon resonance effect of Cu promotes the absorption capability of Cu₂O/Cu to visible light, thus the prepared hollow sphere Cu₂O/Cu particles exhibit a higher photodegradation capability for methyl orange (MO) and colorless enrofloxacin (ENR). Catalytic performance of Cu₂O/Cu is very stable, with no significant change in its photocatalytic efficiency for MO after five recycles. Free-radical removal experiments indicate that ∙O₂^- and holes were dominant species during the MO degradation. Higher photodegradation capability of Cu₂O/Cu for MO is attributed to synergistic effect of Cu₂O and Cu. This study provides a promising strategy for preparation of heterojunction photocatalysts.

Self-activated long afterglow photocatalysts show great potential for all-weather wastewater treatment, with sustained photocatalytic activity even under dark conditions. However, the radiative combination of afterglow luminescence and photocatalytic degradation reaction has competitive utilization for photogenerated carriers, reducing afterglow duration and generating excessive hole accumulation, which significantly limits the efficiency of long afterglow driven photocatalytic degradation. Here, a long afterglow photocatalyst LiYGeO₄: Bi³ based on oxygen vacancy (V_O) was prepared, which released ultraviolet afterglow after activation by ultraviolet light irradiation and degraded organic pollutants via photocatalytic degradation driven by its own afterglow in dark condition. The trap concentration was improved by engineering oxygen vacancies and crystal fields, significantly enhancing the afterglow duration and intensity of V_O-LiYScGeO₄: Bi³⁺. A Fenton reaction system was constructed to further increase the concentration of active species, which maximized the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of V_O-LiYScGeO₄: Bi³⁺ during the afterglow duration. After 10 min UV irradiation to activate V_O-LiYScGeO₄: Bi³⁺ continuously released ultraviolet afterglow for photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), reaching a degradation efficiency of 63% within 1 h in Fenton environment, which increased by 3.5 folds when compared to that of LiYScGeO₄: Bi³⁺ in the initial environment. This work provides a new approach for the design of afterglow photocatalysts and their application in wastewater treatment.

Preparation of alkali metal doped g-C₃N₄ materials is an important branch in the research of g-C₃N₄ semiconductor photocatalytic materials. However, there is still lack of study on g-C₃N₄ materials revealing mechanisms in photosensitizer-assisted photocatalytic degradation. In this study, Na⁺ doped g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts (Na⁺/g-C₃N₄) were prepared using solution synthesis, calcination, and solvothermal reaction methods.The doped position of Na⁺ in g-C₃N₄ and photoelectric performance were determined. The changes of morphological, specific surface area, and pore size of Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption and desorption experiments. In Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials, the Na⁺ loaded in a cyclic structure composed of three heptazine structural units, coordinating with N atoms. Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ changed the adsorption performance of g-C₃N₄, altered its bandgap width and position of conduction (valence) band, and increased its separation rate of photogenerated electrons and holes and charge transport rate of the material by affecting the π-conjugated system of g-C₃N₄. During the solvothermal reaction process for synthesis of Na⁺/g-C₃N₄, strong hydrolysis caused decomposition of unstable structures of g-C₃N₄ while the C-O^- bonds were formed at the edge of g-C₃N₄. The physical and chemical adsorption sites for methylene blue (MB) of Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials are confirmed by π-conjugated system and C-O^- bonds of Na⁺/g-C₃N₄, by which Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials can adsorb MB up to 93.25%, in contrast to the g-C₃N₄ materials’ adsorbtion only up to 24.50%. Under visible light irradiation, due to their strong adsorption capacity and photosensitivity to MB, Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials have constructed a unique photosensitive- photocatalytic degradation system with MB. MB not only acts as the photosensitizer for self degradation but also collaborates with Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ materials for photocatalytic degradation. At pH 6.0, the maximum degradation rate of MB is up to 96.40% in the photosensitive-photocatalytic system constructed with MB and Na⁺/g-C₃N₄ samples.

Fe@zeolite materials are widely applied in the production of ·OH by catalyzing Fenton-like reactions for degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants due to their comprehensive sources, simple preparation and low environmental impact. However, the high cost of Fe@zeolite synthesis and the lack of Fe²⁺ regeneration strategy are serious issues that limit the application of Fe@zeolite as a Fenton-like catalyst in industrial-scale systems. In this study, the ash generated from activated sludge incineration treatment was utilized as raw material to selective recover Si, Al and Fe, preparing Fe²⁺-sodalite (FSD) material. Consequently, it was used as a Fenton-like catalyst to activate peroxyacetic acid (PAA) for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in wastewater. Results indicated thatFSD was capable of effectively catalyzing PAA to generate various active oxygen species such as ·OH, ¹O₂ and R-O· in a wide pH range, thereby degrading MB through hydroxylation and sulfonation pathways. MB can be completely removed during 20 min under optimized conditions of 0.3 mmol/L PAA and 0.3 g/L FSD prepared with 0.5 mol/L Fe²⁺. In addition, the reductive S species in FSD can maintain its catalytical activity by enhancing Fe²⁺ regeneration, and the FSD/PAA system has been proven to be effective in the degradation of various organic pollutants under practical and complex environmental conditions.

TiO₂ nanomaterials are widely used photocatalysts due to high photocatalytic activity, good chemical stability, low cost, and nontoxicity. However, its lower photon utilization efficiency is still limited by larger bandgap width and higher recombination rate between photon and hole. In this study, two-dimensional TiO₂ nanosheets were synthesized via microetching, which were then inserted by ruthenium atoms to form an efficient photocatalyst Ru@TiO₂ with sandwich structure. The surface morphology, electronic structure, photoelectric properties, and photocatalytic degradation performance of tetracycline hydrochloride of Ru@TiO₂ sandwich structure were investigated using different measurements. Results indicated that the material’s photoresponse range extended from UV to visible- near-infrared regions, improving photon absorption and carrier separation efficiency while enhancing photocatalytic activity. Under simulated sunlight irradiation (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW·cm^-2) for 80 min, sandwich structured Ru@TiO₂ efficient photocatalyst exhibited superior degradation performance on tetracycline hydrochloride with a degradation efficiency up to 91.91%. This work offers an effective way for the construction of efficient TiO₂ based photocatalysts.

Activated carbon's porous nature and high specific surface area make it an effective tool for adsobing waste gas containing styrene. However, the mechanism by which oxygen-containing functional groups adsorb weak-polar styrene remains unclear. This study described the preparation of the modified activated carbon materials AC-S and AC-N using the acid leaching method. The pore structure and specific surface area of modified activated carbon, the evolution of oxygen-containing functional groups, and their impact on the styrene-adsorbing performance were investigated. The results demonstrated that acid modification significantly improved the styrene-adsorbing capacity of activated carbon. Physical and chemical adsorption impacted both modified and unmodified activated carbon materials, as determined by the adsorption kinetics studies and isotherm fitting analyses. Monolayer adsorption was more likely to occur on modified activated carbon. HNO₃-modified activated carbon (AC-N) maintained its effective styrene adsorption pore size range. The increasing number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface improved the styrene adsorption performance of AC-N. Study of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface revealed that lactone group was a key factor in improving the modified activated carbon's ability to adsorb styrene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that lactone group on AC-N strongly interacted with the vinyl group in styrene, thereby enhancing the styrene adsorption performance of modified activated carbon.

Construction of heterojunction can effectively suppress the swift recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalyst. In this study, a II/Z-type Bi₂MoO₆/Ag₂O/Bi₂O₃ heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized using a solvothermal method combined with calcination. Various techniques were ultilized to examine the composition, morphology and photoelectrochemical properties of the as-prepared materials. The findings revealed that the optimal composition of the composite material was 25%ABOBM (with a mass ratio of Ag₂O/Bi₂O₃ and Bi₂MoO₆ of 1 : 4). Under visible light irradiation, the degradation efficiency of tetracycline (TC) by 25%ABOBM reached 85.6%, which was significantly higher than that of Ag₂O/Bi₂O₃ and Bi₂MoO₆, and maintained its good stability after three cycles of experiments. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of 25%ABOBM is attributed to the formation of heterojunctions and the unique morphologies among Ag₂O, Bi₂O₃ and Bi₂MoO₆. Both h⁺ and ·O₂^- are significant contributors, while ·OH and ¹O₂ have secondary roles in the degradation process of TC, as indicated by free radical capture experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Furthermore, the related photocatalytic mechanisms were explored, and the potential degradation pathways of TC were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This study offers a novel approach to the preparation of photocatalysts with dual heterojunctions and demonstrates their application in the degrading organic pollutants.

Photocatalysis is widely employed to treat emerging pollutants in water, due to its well-organized attributes. Self-sensitive carbon nitride (SSCN) represents a novel class of non-metallic photocatalyst that has garnered significant attention for its distinctive properties in contrast with traditional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄). However, their visible-light photodegradation effect remained still to be enhanced. Here, SiO₂ microspheres were initially synthesized by the Stöber method, followed by the preparation of SiO₂/SSCN composites through an in-situ hydrothermal process. Their microstructure, phase structure, and photoelectric properties were systematically investigated using a combination of characterization techniques. It is discovered that the SiO₂ within the composites effectively disperses in the SSCN. The obtained composite material was then applied to photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic pollutants in water, exhibiting enhanced degradation activity, which was closely correlated with the quantity of SiO₂. At mass ratio of SiO₂ to SSCN of 0.04 : 1, the composite achieved optimal photocatalytic activity and demonstrated good stability. After irradiation for 60 min, 42% of tetracycline hydrochloride was degraded, and the photocatalytic degradation efficiency remained at 38% after 5 cycles. Furthermore, incorporation of the SiO₂ component offers supplementary sites for the dispersion of SSCN, mitigating serious agglomeration phenomenon of SSCN. This facilitates the rapid decomposition of 1,3,5-triazine oligomers (TBO) on the surface of SSCN under light irradiation, and the optimizing content of TBO on surface active sites. Consequently, utilization efficiency of visible light on SSCN is significantly improved, and a higher separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs is simultaneously observed. These attributes culminate in significantly improved photocatalytic activity for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride on SSCN under visible light irradiation. Above advantages may position the as-synthesized SiO₂ dispersed SSCN as prospective candidate for practical application. Therefore, this research offers a novel route for enhancing the photocatalytic activity and stability of catalysts.