Progress of Toughness in Dental Zirconia Ceramics

doi:10.15541/jim20170278

Abstract

Abstract:

Zirconia, attributable to high strength, toughness, hardness, and excellent wear resistance, as well as favorable biocompatibility, has been increasingly and widely applied to dental restoration. However, the phase transformation toughness of zirconia ceramics improves at the cost of service life deterioration. And zirconia ceramics may suffer failure and fracture after long-term mastication in the oral surroundings due to frequent changes in temperature and masticatory force, especially in the extremely complex biochemistry surroundings, such as fairly moist oral cavity and saliva. The research progress of zirconia ceramics in the field of dental restoration, toughening theories and their research state of dental ceramics were reviewed. This paper also summarized the issue of toughening degradation which is occurred in clinical application, and elucidated the mechanism and approaches. With the enhancement of comprehensive mechanical properties and the future demand for healthy functionalization, zirconia ceramics will be more widely applied in the biomedical field.

Key words: zirconia, dentistry, toughening, degradation, healthy functionalization, review

CLC Number:

TQ174

ZHU Dong-Bin, SONG Yan-Jun, LIANG Jin-Sheng, ZHANG Xiao-Xu, CHU Rui-Qing, WU Min-Qiang. Progress of Toughness in Dental Zirconia Ceramics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2018, 33(4): 363-372.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 Nucleation and evolution of monoclinic phase in a cracked tetragonal single crystal under tension stress[6](a)-(d): Correspond to time 0, 1.4 μs, 1.6 μs, 2.5 μs, respectively

Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of transformation zone and toughness increment developed with crack extension[19]

Fig. 3 Magnified view of the crack evolution[22](a)-(d): Correspond to time 0, 1.2 μs, 4.8 μs, 10.0 μs, respectively

Fig. 4 Crack bridging occurs during crack propagation in zirconia-tantalum composite[23]

Fig. 5 Morphologies of whisker reinforced zirconia ceramics (a) SiCw/ZrO2[24] and (b) Mullitew/ZTA[25]

Fig. 6 Fracture morphology of CNF/ZrO2 sintered by (a) spark plasma sintering and (b) hot sintering[28]

Table 1 Grain size of 3Y-TZP prepared by different methods

Ref.	Preparation method	Preparation conditions	Grain size/nm
[37]	Co-precipitation	Sintering condition: 1173 K for10 min	3.3
[38]	Vapor-phase hydrolysis	Precursor solution: ZrCl₄: H₂O=1:40	15.0
[39]	Detonation synthesis	Hot pressure moulding	24.0

Fig. 7 Surface of 3Y-TZP ground and annealed at 1200℃ for 1 h[41](a) AFM; (b) FIB

Fig. 8 Weibull analysis for the different surface treated Y-TZP[42]

Table 2 Strength comparison of different genres of In-Ceram ceramics[45]

Crystal phase	Strength/MPa	Genre
Al₂O₃	594±52	In-Ceram Al₂O₃
Spinel	378±65	In-Ceram Spinel
12Ce-TZP-Al₂O₃	630±58	In-Ceram 12Ce-TZP-Al₂O₃

Fig. 9 Surface topographies of (a) not aged Y-TZP, (b) aged Y-TZP, (c) not aged Mg-PSZ, and (d) aged Mg-PSZ[47]

Fig. 10 Scheme of the aging process[55](a) Nucleation on a particular grain at the surface, leading to microcracking and stresses to the neighbors; (b) Growth of the transformed zone, leading to surface roughening; (c) Further development of transformation

Fig. 11 Topographies of Y-TZP before (a) and after (b) aging[56], STEM images of 3Y-0.25Al grain boundaries (c) and corresponding Al-distribution map (d)[59]

Table 3 Mechanical properties of the ceramics samples evaluated by nanoindentation[60]

Ceramics	Hardness/GPa	K_IC/(MPa·m^1/2)
ATZ	21±1.2	4.2±0.1
ATZ with LTD	12±1.5	3.7±0.2
3Y-TZP	25±0.8	5.1±0.2
3Y-TZP with LTD	15±1.5	4.1±0.3
8Y-CSZ	31.3±0.2	3.77±0.02
8Y-CSZ with LTD	31.2±0.3	3.78±0.03

References 67

[1]	SOON G, PINGGUAN-MURPHY B, LAI K W,et al. Review of zirconia-based bioceramic: surface modification and cellular response. Ceramics International, 2016, 42(11): 12543-12555.
[2]	FERNANDEZ-GARCIA E, CHEN X, GUTIERREZ-GONZALEZ C F,et al. Peptide-functionalized zirconia and new zirconia/titanium biocermets for dental applications. Journal of Dentistry, 2015, 43(9): 1162-1174.
[3]	GARVIE R C, HANNINK R H, PASCOE R T.Ceramic steel?Nature, 1975, 258(5537): 703-704.
[4]	DENRY I, KELLY J R.Emerging ceramic-based materials for dentistry.Journal of Dental Research, 2014, 93(12): 1235-1242.
[5]	GARVIE R C, NICHOLSON P S.Phase analysis in zirconia systems.Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2010, 55(6): 303-305.
[6]	MAMIVAND M, ZAEEM M A, EL KADIRI H.Phase field modeling of stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic transformation in zirconia and its effect on transformation toughening.Acta Materialia, 2014, 64: 208-219.
[7]	WANG J, STEVENS R.Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics.Journal of Materials Science, 1989, 24(10): 3421-3440.
[8]	MANICONE P F, IOMMETTI P R, RAAFFAELLI L.An overview of zirconia ceramics: basic properties and clinical applications.Journal of Dentistry, 2007, 35(11): 819-826.
[9]	TORRICELLI P, VERNE E, BROVARONE C V,et al. Biological glass coating on ceramic materials: in vitro evaluation using primary osteoblast cultures from healthy and osteopenic rat bone. Biomaterials, 2001, 22(18): 2535-2543.
[10]	TAN JIAN-GUO, ZHOU YONG-SHENG.Dental ceramic materials.Journal of Practical Department of Stomatology, 2009(7): 395-397.
[11]	HAN J, ZHAO J, SHEN Z.Zirconia ceramics in metal free implant dentistry.Advances in Applied Ceramics, 2017, 116(3): 138-150.
[12]	DAUD M H M, ZENN Y H, ZAMAN J Q,et al. Evaluation of shear bond strength of a novel nano-zirconia and veneering ceramics. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(1): 1272-1277.
[13]	MONTAZERIAN M, ZANOTTO E D.Bioactive and inert dental glass-ceramics. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2017, 105(2): 619-639.
[14]	DEVILLE S, CHEVALIERR J, GREMILLARD L.Influence of surface finish and residual stresses on the ageing sensitivity of biomedical grade zirconia.Biomaterials, 2006, 27(10): 2186-2192.
[15]	LAWSON S.Environmental degradation of zirconia ceramics.Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 1995, 15(6): 485-502.
[16]	PALMERO P, FORNABAIO M, MONTANARO L,et al. Towards long lasting zirconia-based composites for dental implants. Part I: Innovative synthesis, microstructural characterization and in vitro stability. Biomaterials, 2015, 50: 38-46.
[17]	EVANS A G, HEUER A H.Review-transformation toughening in ceramics: martensitic transformations in crack-tip stress fields.Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1980, 63(5/6): 241-248.
[18]	HANNINK R H J, KELLY P M, MUDDLE B C. Transformation toughening in zirconia-containing ceramics.Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2000, 83(3): 461-487.
[19]	KELLY J R, DENRY I.Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: an overview.Dental Materials Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials, 2008, 24(3): 289-298.
[20]	MCMEEKING R M, EVANS A G.Mechanics of transformation- toughening in brittle materials.Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1982, 65(5): 242-246.
[21]	AMAZIGO J C, BUDIANSKY B.Steady state crack growth in supercritically transforming materials.International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1988, 24(7): 751-755.
[22]	ZHAO T, ZHU J, LUO J.Study of crack propagation behavior insingle crystalline tetragonal zirconia with the phase field method.Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2016, 159: 155-173.
[23]	SMIRNOV A, BELTRAN J I, RODRIGUEZ S T,et al. Unprecedented simultaneous enhancement in damage tolerance and fatigue resistance of zirconia/Ta composites. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 44922.
[24]	LIU D, GAO Y, LIU J,et al. SiC whisker reinforced ZrO2 composites prepared by flash-sintering. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2016, 36(8): 2051-2055.
[25]	ROBERTSON T, HUANG X, KEARSEY R.High temperature performance of mullite whisker-reinforced ZTA. Journal of Composite Materials, 2016, 50(26): 3719-3729.
[26]	PECHARROMáN C, BELTRAN J I, ESTEBAN-BETEGON F,et al. Zirconia/nickel interface sinmicro-annano composites. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 2005, 96(5): 507-514.
[27]	ZHANG LI-TONG, CHENG LAI-FEI.Discussion on strategy of sustainable development of ceramic matrix composites reinforced by continuous fiber.Journal of Composite Materials, 2007, 24(2): 1-6.
[28]	DUSZA J, BLUGAN G, MORGIEL J,et al. Hot pressed and spark plasma sintered zirconia/carbon nanofiber composites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2009, 29(15): 3177-3184.
[29]	黄红燕. 牙科纳米氧化锆氧化铝(Al2O3/ZrO2)复合陶瓷的基础研究. 北京: 中国医科大学博士学位论文, 2009.
[30]	NETTLESHIP I, STEVENS R.Tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP)-a review.International Journal of High Technology Ceramics, 1987, 3(1): 1-32.
[31]	PJETURSSON B E, SAILER I, MAKAROV N A,et al. All-ceramic or metal-ceramic tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses(FDPs)? a systematic review of the survival and complication rates. Part II: Multiple-unit FDPs. Dental Material, 2015, 31(6): 624-639.
[32]	LE COADOU C, KARST N, EMIEUX F,et al. Assessment of ultrathin yttria-stabilized zirconia foils forbiomedical applications. Journal Material Science, 2015, 50(18): 6197-6207.
[33]	BELLI R, GEINZER E, MUSCHWECK A,et al. Mechanical fatigue degradation of ceramics versus resin composites for dental restorations. Dental Material, 2014, 30(4): 424-432.
[34]	PICONI C, MACCAURO G.Review: zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials, 1999, 20(1): 1-25.
[35]	ZHANG F, VANMEENSEL K, INOKOSHI M,et al. 3Y-TZP ceramics with improved hydrothermal degradation resistance and fracture toughness. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2014, 34(10): 2453-2463.
[36]	AMARAL M, VALANDRO L F.Low-temperature degradation of a Y-TZP ceramic after surface treatments.Society for Biomaterial, 2013, 101(8): 1387-1392.
[37]	HUANG H J, WANG M C.The phase formation and stability of tetragonal ZrO2 prepared in a silica bath.Ceramics International, 2013, 39(2): 1729-1739.
[38]	WANG Q, LI C, GUO M,et al. Controllable synthesis of zirconia nano-powders using vapor-phasehy drolysis and the oretical analysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2(5): 1346-1352.
[39]	KERN F, LINDNER V, GADOW R J CERAM. Low temperature degradation behaviour and mechanical properties of a 3Y-TZP manufactured from detonation synthesized powder.Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology, 2016, 7(4): 313-321.
[40]	CHINTAPALLI R K, MESTRA R A, GARCIA M F,et al. Effect of sandblasting and residual stress on strength of zirconia for restorative dentistry applications. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2014, 29: 126-137.
[41]	MUñOZ-TABARES J A, ANGLADA M. Hydrothermal degradation of ground 3Y-TZP.Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2012, 32(2): 325-333.
[42]	INOKOSHI M, ZHANG F, VANMEENSEL K,et al. Residual compressive surface stress increases the bending strength of dental zirconia. Dental Materials, 2017. 33(4): 147-154.
[43]	AMARAL M, CESAR P F, BOTTINO M A,et al. Fatigue behavior of Y-TZP ceramic after surface treatments. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2016, 57: 149-156.
[44]	EL-GHANY O S A, SHERIEF A H. Zirconia based ceramics, some clinical and biological aspects: review.Future Dental Journal, 2016, 2(2): 55-64.
[45]	DENRY I, HOLLOWAY J A.Ceramics for dental applications: a review.Materials, 2010, 3(1): 351-368.
[46]	CHAAR M S, PASSIA N, KERN M.Ten-year clinical outcome of three-unit posterior FDPs made from a glass-infiltrated zirconia reinforced alumina ceramic (In-Ceram Zirconia).Journal of Dentistry, 2015, 43(5): 512-517.
[47]	ROY M E, WHITESIDE L A, KATERBERG B J,et al. Phase transformation, roughness, and microhardness oartificially aged yttria-and magnesia-stabilized zirconia femoral heads. International Science, 2007, 83(4): 1096-1102.
[48]	GARVIE R C, URBANI C, KENNEDY D R,et al. Biocompatibility of magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics. Journal of Materials Science, 1984, 19(10): 3224-3228.
[49]	DURET F, BLOUIN J L, DURET B.CAD-CAM in dentistry.Journal American Dental Association, 1988, 117(6): 715-720.
[50]	CARVALHO A O, BRUZI G, GIANNINI M,et al. Fatigue resistance of CAD/CAM complete crowns with a simplified cementation process. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 2014, 111(4): 310-317.
[51]	GUAZZATO M, ALBAKRY M, RINGER S P,et al. Strength, fracture toughness and microstructure of a selection of all-ceramic materials. Part II. Zirconia-based dental ceramics. Dental Materials, 2004, 20(5): 449-456.
[52]	ZHENG K, Li Z, LIAO W,et al. Friction and wear performance on ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding dental zirconia ceramics against natural tooth. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2016, 39(3): 833-843.
[53]	ZARONE F, RUSSO S, SORRENTINO R.From porcelain fused to metal to zirconia: clinical and experimental considerations.Dental Material, 2011, 27(1): 83-96.
[54]	KOBAYASHI K, KUWAJIMA H, MASAKI T.Phase change and mechanical properties of ZrO2-Y2O3 solid electrolyte after ageing.Solid State Ionics, 1981, 3(4): 489-493.
[55]	CHEVALIER J.What future for zirconia as a biomaterial?Biomaterials, 2006, 27(4): 535-543.
[56]	HALLMANN L, ULMER P, REUSSER E,et al. Effect of dopants and sintering temperature on microstructure and low temperature degradation of dental Y-TZP-zirconia. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2012, 32(16): 4091-4104.
[57]	INOKOSHI M, ZHANG F, DE MUNCK J,et al. Influence of sintering conditions on low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia. Dental Materials, 2014, 30(6): 669-678.
[58]	COTIC J, JEVNIKAR P, KOCJAN A,et al. Complexity of the relationships between the sintering-temperature-dependent grain size, airborne-particle abrasion, ageing and strength of 3Y-TZP ceramics. Dental Materials, 2016, 32(4): 510-518.
[59]	ZHANG F, VANMEENSEL K, INOKOSHI M,et al. Critical influence of alumina content on the low temperature degradation of 2-3mol% yttria-stabilized TZP for dental restorations. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2015, 35(2): 741-750.
[60]	ARAGON-DUARTE M C, NEVAREZ-RASCóN A, ESPARZA- PONCE H E,et al. Nanomechanical properties of zirconia-yttria and alumina zirconia-yttria biomedical ceramics, subjected to low temperature aging. Ceramics International, 2017, 43(5): 3931-3939.
[61]	HUAN C T, XIA J F, JIANG D Y, et al. Aging properties of yttria- stabilized zirconia ceramics.Key Engineering Materials, 2012, 512-515: 435-438.
[62]	MOHAMED E, TAHERI M, MEHRJOO M,et al. In vitro biocompatibility and ageing of 3Y-TZP/CNTs composites.Ceramics International, 2015, 41(10): 12773-12781.
[63]	KIM J W, COVEL N S, GUESS P C,et al. Concerns of hydrothermal degradation in CAD/CAM zirconia. Journal of Dental Research, 2010, 89(1): 91-95.
[64]	HÜBSCH C, DELLINGER P, MAIER H J,et al. Protection of yttria- stabilized zirconia for dental applications by oxidic PVD coating. Acta Biomaterialia, 2015, 11(1): 488-493.
[65]	TRUBY R L, LEWIS J A.Printing soft matter in three dimensions.Nature, 2016, 540(7633): 371-378.
[66]	ZHU D B, XU A P, QU Y X,et al. Functionalized bio-artifact fabricated via selective slurry extrusion. Part 1: Preparation of slurry containing tourmaline superfine powders. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2011, 11(12): 10891-10895.
[67]	ZHU D B, LIANG J P, QU Y X,et al. Functionalized bio-artifact fabricated via selective slurry extrusion. Part 2: Fabrication of ceramic dental crown. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2014, 14(5): 3703-3706.