Regulating Perovskite Film Crystallization via Organic Amine Salts for Enhanced Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency and Stability

doi:10.15541/jim20250108

Abstract

Abstract:

The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 27%, yet their industrialization remains constrained by film quality and stability issues in perovskite layers. This study employed butylammonium iodide (BAI) as additive to regulate crystal orientation in perovskite films through retarded crystallization kinetics and induced preferred orientation growth, resulting in significantly enlarged grain sizes and reduced defect densities. Benefiting from the intrinsic high hydrophobicity of organic ammonium salts, optimized films was demonstrated enhanced environmental tolerance. Consequently, rigid devices achieved PCE improved from 22.32% to 23.46% with notably suppressed hysteresis, while flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) attained PCE improved from 21.51% to 22.26%, confirming the strategy's universality across substrates. Stability tests demonstrate that treatment of perovskite film with BAI leads to simultaneous improvements in the environmental stability, thermal stability, light stability of PSCs, as well as the mechanical stability of F-PSCs. This work provides a novel solution for crystallization control and stability enhancement in perovskite films, offering new insights for developing high-performance perovskite photovoltaics with significant industrial application potential.

Key words: additive, perovskite solar cell, photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability

CLC Number:

O646

JIANG Jun, YANG Gonglü, YANG Yufan, LI Yi, YUAN Ningyi, DING Jianning. Regulating Perovskite Film Crystallization via Organic Amine Salts for Enhanced Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency and Stability[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, DOI: 10.15541/jim20250108.

References 23

[1]	The National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Best research-cell efficiency chart. (2025-01-21) [2025-03-12]. .
[2]	HAILEGNAW B, DEMCHYSHYN S, PUTZ C, et al. Flexible quasi-2D perovskite solar cells with high specific power and improved stability for energy autonomous drones. Nature Energy, 2024, 9: 677.
[3]	WU J, LIU Z, YANG Y, et al. Regulating precursor viscosity with inert solvent additives for efficient blade-coated perovskite solar cells. Small Methods, 2025, 2500129.
[4]	ZHANG Z, CHEN W, JIANG X, et al. Suppression of phase segregation in wide bandgap perovskites with thiocyanate ions for perovskite/organic tandems with 25.06% efficiency. Nature Energy, 2024, 9: 592.
[5]	LIANG L, NAN Z, LI Y, et al. Formation dynamics of thermally stable 1D/3D perovskite interfaces for high-performance pho-tovoltaics. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(8): 2413841.
[6]	WANG K, ZHENG L Y, HOU Y C, et al. Overcoming Shockley-Queisser limit using halide perovskite platform? Joule, 2022, 6(4): 756.
[7]	ALLEN T G, BULLOCK J, YANG X, et al. Passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells. Nature Energy, 2019, 4: 914.
[8]	XIE L, DU S, LI J, et al. Molecular dipole engineering-assisted strain release for mechanically robust flexible perovskite solar cells. Energy & Environment Science, 2023, 16(11): 5423.
[9]	WANG S, TAN L, ZHOU J, et al. Over 24% efficient MA-free Cs_xFA_1-_xPbX₃ perovskite solar cells. Joule, 2022, 6(6): 1344.
[10]	ZHU H, WU S, YAO J, et al. An effective surface modification strategy with high reproducibility for simultaneously improving efficiency and stability of inverted MA-free perovskite solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(37): 21476.
[11]	LI X, GAO S, WU X, et al. Bifunctional ligand-induced preferred crystal orientation enables highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Joule, 2024, 8(11): 3169.
[12]	ZHANG X, SHANG C, WANG C, et al. Preferred crystallographic orientation via solution bathing for high-performance inverted perovskite photovoltaics. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(46): 2407732.
[13]	HUANG S, QIAN C, LIU X, et al. A review on flexible solar cells. Science China Materials, 2024, 67(9): 2717.
[14]	FAN Y, CHEN H, LIU X, et al. Myth behind metastable and stable n-hexylammonium bromide-based low-dimensional perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2023, 145 (14): 8209.
[15]	LEI Y S, CHEN Y, ZHANG R, et al. A fabrication process for flexible single-crystal perovskite devices. Nature, 2020, 583: 790.
[16]	XU X, DU Q, KANG H, et al. Uniform molecular adsorption energy-driven homogeneous crystallization and dual-interface modification for high efficiency and thermal stability in inverted perovskite solar cells. Advanced Functional Materials, 2024, 34(44): 2408512.
[17]	LIU H, JIN G, WANG J, et al. Quantum dots mediated crystallization enhancement in two-step processed perovskite solar cells. Nano-Micro Letters, 2025, 17: 169.
[18]	LI S, XIAO Y, SU R, et al. Coherent growth of high-Miller-index facets enhances perovskite solar cells. Nature, 2024, 635: 874.
[19]	PENG J, WALTER D, REN Y, et al. Nanoscale localized contacts for high fill factors in polymer-passivated perovskite solar cells. Science, 2021, 371(6527): 390.
[20]	KANG D, PARK N. On the current-voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells: dependence on perovskite composition and methods to remove hysteresis. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(34): 1805214.
[21]	ZHAO W, XU J, HE K, et al. A special additive enables all cations and anions passivation for stable perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 23%. Nano-Micro Letters, 2021, 13: 169.
[22]	WANG C, GU J, LI J, et al. Two-dimensional (n=1) ferroelectric film solar cells. National Science Review, 2023, 10(7): nwad061.
[23]	LIAO X, JIA X, LI W, et al. Methylammonium-free, high-efficiency, and stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells enabled by multifunctional rubidium acetate. Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1164.