Suspensions Designed for Direct Ink Writing

doi:10.15541/jim20150158

Abstract

Abstract:

Direct ink writing is a novel route for three-dimensional complex structures. Research progress of suspensions for direct ink writing is reviewed in this paper. These suspensions are divided to self- and assistant-solidification suspensions according to their solidification feature. Rheological characterizations and design principles of self-solidification suspensions are analyzed, and typical suspensions are concluded. Design principles and solidification mode of assistant-solidification suspensions are also analyzed, including typical assistant-solidification suspensions and solidification mode. Finally, the research tendency of suspensions for direct ink writing is discussed.

Key words: direct ink writing, suspension, design, three-dimensional structure, review

CLC Number:

TQ123

WANG Xiao-Feng, SUN Yue-Hua, PENG Chao-Qun, WANG Ri-Chu, ZHANG Dou, MA Chao. Suspensions Designed for Direct Ink Writing[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2015, 30(11): 1139-1147.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Direct ink writing (robocasting) (a) Schematic view[1] and (b) optical image of direct ink writing[26]; (c) schematic view of filament fluid[1]; (d) optical image of a 3-D periodic structure[25]

Table 1 Self-solidification suspensions designed for direct ink writing[13, 25, 35-39]

Self-solidification suspensions	Tailoring routes for rheological properties of suspensions	Minimum feature size in 3D structures	References
Colloidal gel suspensions	Changing pH values	100 μm	[25, 35-36]
	Tailoring ionic concentrations	30 μm	[37]
	Adding oppositive polyelectrolyte	200 μm	[13, 38]
Biphasic suspensions	Changing inter environment of suspensions with homopolymer and copolymer, e.g. ionic concentrations	< 100 μm	[39]
	Controlling the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity between particles and solvent	-	[39]
	Using powder with different isoelectric points (IEP)	-	[39]

Fig. 2 Jamming phase diagram for attractive colloidal particles[34]

Fig. 3 Fluid-to-gel transition of colloidal inks that occur upon changing pH, ionic strength or adding oppositely charged polyelectrolyte (a) Schematic view[25, 36]; (b) Shear elastic modulus versus shear stress for concentrated silica gels of varying strength through changing pH [25]; (c) Equilibrium elastic modulus of BaTiO3 nanoparticle inks with different salt additions[37]; (d) Ink elasticity varying [NHx+]: [COO-] ratios[38]

Fig. 4 Schematic image of biphasic suspensions Two stably dispersed suspensions (a, b) are mixed (c), and then conditions are changed to trigger the flocculation of one suspension but still another suspensions flowing (d)

Table 2 Assistant-solidification suspensions designed for direct ink writing[17, 30-31, 42-47]

External conditions for solidification of suspensions	Assistant-solidification suspensions	Minimum feature size in 3D structures	References
Fast evaporation of solvent in suspensions	Colloidal suspensions with shear thinning behavior	500 μm	[17]
Fast evaporation of solvent in suspensions	Suspensions composited of nanoparticles and organic solvent	1 μm	[42-43]
Solubility divergence between solvent in suspensions and liquid in deposition reservoir	polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs)	500 μm 30 μm 1 μm	[30, 43-44]
Polymerization of organic monomer under ultraviolet irradiation	Silk fibroin solution	5 μm	[45]
	Sol-Gel suspension	0.3 μm	[46]
	Organic monomer solution	5 μm	[31]
	Suspensions containing organic monomer	—	[47]

Fig. 5 Direct ink writing of three-dimensional microperiodic structures (a) Schematic diagram of direct ink writing with deposition reservoir; (b) Optical image acquired in situ during deposition; (c) Three-dimensional periodic structure with a face-centred tetragonal geometry; (d) Three- dimensional radial array[30]

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