Piezoresponse force microscopy, developed on the base of atomic force microscopy, is a technology of detecting the deflection of the sample surface under alternating electric field according to the converse piezoelectric effect. It has been used to research on nanoscale three-dimensional image of ferroelectric domains, dynamical behavior of domains, control of domain and characterization of local physical properties. This review is involved with the latest progress in piezoresponse force microscopy on ferroelectric materials.

The detector made up of a transparent fluorescent screen, microscope optics and a low-noise CCD camera, which possesses properties of sub-micrometer spatial resolution, fast and real time imaging has broad application in medicine, materials science and industry etc, with the advent of the third generation synchrotron sources. The surveys and trends of the materials for imaging fluorescent screens were summarized, especially inorganic scintillation single crystal films.

Tm³⁺ doped GICZPS glass: 20GaF₃-15InF₃-20CdF₂-15ZnF₂-18PbF₂-10SnF₂-2TmF₃ was produced. The intensity parameters of Tm³⁺ in this glass were calculated by Judd-Ofelt theory. The fluorescence properties of the glass were investigated, and the excitation mechanism of upconversion fluorescence was also discussed. The conclusion can be drawn that the emission at 485nm(¹G₄→³H₆) and 528nm(¹D₂→³H₅) can be obtained under 641nm excitation.

The effect of 4wt%TiO₂ and 2wt%TiO₂+2wt%ZrO₂ on the nucleation and crystallization of Li₂O-
Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system glass was investigated by the method of differential thermal analysis (DTA), the differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As the glass nucleates with a different thermal schedule, the crystallization peak
temperatures all shift to lower temperatures. The changes of nucleation temperature and nucleation peak height of the glass added with single TiO₂
are larger than that of the glass added with TiO₂+ZrO₂. That means when TiO₂ is used as nucleation agent, crystallization is more sensitive as
the variation of nucleation temperature than that of the glass added with TiO₂+ZrO₂. As all nucleation time is 2h, when TiO₂ is used as nucleation agent,
the most effective nucleation temperature is 745℃, when TiO₂+ZrO₂ is used as nucleation agent, the most effective nucleation
temperature is 760℃. When heat treated at most effective thermal schedule, the samples have grain sizes of 100～150nm for TiO₂ as nucleation agent,
and of 50～80nm for TiO₂ +ZrO₂ as nucleation agent.

DTA, IR and XRD were used to study the characteristics of serpentine cat’s eye from Sichuan province at different temperatures.
Also, the thermotransformation products and mechanism of Sichuan serpentine cat’s eye were discussed. Finally, the mechanism of thermotransformation of
chrysotile cat’s eye was proposed. The results show that when heated up to 700℃, the serpentine cat’s eye completely dehydrates and partly transforms into
crystalline forsterite and non-crystalline enstatite. At 800℃, crystalline enstatite is formed. Heated above 800 to 1100℃, the amount of crystalline
forsterite and enstatite increases gradually. Up to 1100℃, the degree of crystalline order of enstatite is improved. During thermotransformation,
no SiO₂ phase is formed.

TiO₂-bonded active carbon (TiO₂/AC) composites were prepared via a sol-gel dip-bonding process by
a carrier of active carbon. The as-prepared composites were characterized by scanning electrical microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
The effects of active carbon on crystallite growth and phase transform of TiO₂ in composites were studied by calculating and analysing the formula:
D_t²=ktⁿ{ exp(-E/RT). The results show that, comparing with TiO₂ powders, the time of crystallite growth of the composite is shorter,
and the composite has an average particle size of 50nm, smaller than that ot TiO₂ powder. Temperature of crystalline phase
transform from anatase to rutile and temperature of crystallite-rapidity growth for the composites are higher than that for TiO₂ powder. The
activation energies E(anatase) and E(rutile) are respectively 6.21±1.27kJ/mol and 46.5±1.56kJ/mol for the composites, while
they are respectively 5.76±1.02kJ/mol and 36.4±1.14kJ/mol for TiO₂ powder. The reaction exponent n(anatase) and n(rutile) are
respectively 0.19 and 0.35 for the composites and 0.13 and 0.26 for TiO₂ powder. Above narrated differences between composites and TiO₂
powder attribute to the fact that the great adsorbability and no-crystalline layer of active carbon retard TiO₂ crystallite growth.

The aqueous mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) suspensions were prepared by using Tween 80 as dispersant. Zeta
potential measurements showed that the Zeta potential of MCMB suspension was 55mV (pH=7) in absolute when the amount of dispersant was 1wt% (based on
MCMB mass). The effects of dispersant amount and solid loading on the rheological behavior of MCMB suspensions were studied. It was found that
the optimum content of dispersant was 1%. As the increase of MCMB amount in the suspensions, the viscosity of MCMB suspensions increased. The MCMB
suspension with a solid loading of 62.5wt% (53.1vol%) was prepared successfully. The properties and microstructures of MCMB green bodies and
sintered bodies were measured and observed, respectively. A carbonaceous plate with complex shape was also fabricated by gelcasting process.

The slurry for SiC ceramics foam was dried, powdered, dry pressed and sintered in order to investigate the relation between composition and sintering performance. There is a proper proportion between
the content of sintering aids and flexural strength of samples. The creation of mullite phase is one of the reason to improve strength during sintering process, and the other reason is that SiC particles
are wrapped, connected in the glass phase created by sintering aids and alumina. In addition, open-pore ratio of the same composition samples decreases monotonously with the rise of sintering temperature,
but the change of flexural strength is not completely contrary with the change of open-pore ratio. Refractoriness of different composition samples keeps no change at 1730℃. The flexural
strength of the SiC ceramics foam fabricated with optimum composition and sintering temperature can reach 0.72MPa.

Nano-sized TiO₂ particles with anatase structure were synthesized by hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride. The adsorption of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on to the particle surfaces was investigated in aqueous
suspensions. Infrared adsorption spectra and adsorption experimental results indicated the adsorption behavior was related to PEG concentration, pH, molecular weight and crystalline size. The measured
surface charge and Zeta potential of TiO₂ particles varied distinctly after PEG adsorption. The changes of the absorbances and TEM analysis showed that the adsorption of PEG onto the surface
of nano particles provided a high degree of steric stabilization and remarkably improved the stability of as-formed suspension against flocculation in water. While supersaturated adsorptions of PEG inversely
destroyed the stability of the dispersion of nano-sized TiO₂ particles.

The phase transition course of synthesizing tetracalcium phosphate in a solid-state reaction was investigated
by TGA-DSC, XRD and FTIR. The results show that the phase transformations occurring over 1200℃ are consistence with the high temperature phase
diagram of CaO-P₂O₅-H₂O. In view of lack of the low temperature phase diagram, the phase transitions below 1200℃ can offer significant
data to draw it; understanding the whole course of phase evolution contributes to optimum the synthesizing process to get pure TTCP, the most important
biomaterial in the field of calcium phosphate cement.

The in situ reaction method was used to prepare SiC coating on 3-D carbon fiber braid (RB). XRD, SEM, isothermal oxidation-weight loss and non-isothermal TG were used to
study the oxidation process and oxidation reaction mechanism of SiC coating/3-D carbon fiber braid (CB). The results showed that coating was
coated symmetrically and combined well with every fiber of braid. The oxidation process of CB in isothermal condition was reaction-controlled
in the first step, gas diffusion and reaction-controlled in the second step. The oxidation process of CB in non-isothermal condition exhibited a
self-catalytic characteristic, the oxidation mechanism was random nucleation, the kinetic parameters were: lgA=10.299min^-1; E_a=156.29kJ·mol^-1.

High-quality tetrapodlike ZnO nanostructures (T-ZnO) were synthesized by a vapor transport method, in which
ZnO nanocrystals were used as homogeneous catalyst and a vapor filter was placed between the source and the substrate. The microstructure of T-ZnO
and the effects of the filter and ZnO nanocrystals on the constitute and morphology of the products were investigated. Results show that T-ZnO is
uniform and evenly distributing, constituted by four pillarlike nanorods and a spheral core. All components are wurtzite structure. The diameter of
nanorods is 60nm, growing along <0001> direction. The use of filter leads to the effective remove of the particles in the products. ZnO
nanocrystals are beneficial to reduce the size and improve the uniformity of the product.

Nano-sized Ni(OH)₂--C and Ni_0.96Co_0.04(OH)₂--C were synthesized by a precipitation-transformation method. Their physical and electrochemical characteristics, such as crystal configuration, surface
area, granule appearance, special capacity, rate discharge capability, electrochemical action reversibility, proton diffusion rate and electrode kinetics were investigated. Ni(OH)₂--C and Ni_0.96Co_0.04(OH)₂--C
have the crystal structure of a single β(Ⅱ) phase. Their electrochemical characteristics mainly depend on their crystal configuration, crystal grain and conductibility. Adding nano carbon black to
Ni(OH)₂ can improve its electrochemical performance. Adding spindle-shaped nano-carbon black can more effectively advance Ni(OH)₂ (Ni(OH)₂--C) electrochemical performance then adding
flake- shaped one. Adding active carbon is futile. Substituting Ni with Co (Ni_0.96Co_0.04(OH)₂ formed) can upgrade nano-Ni(OH)₂ rate discharge ability and electrochemical reversibility. Adding both
Co and carbon black can increase Ni(OH)₂ discharge capacity.

For adulterating nickel electrode with CoO and Zn powders, layers of solid solute materials will be deposited on the surface of Ni(OH)₂ after several charge-discharge cycles. This can optimize the
composing and configuration of active materials on surface of Ni(OH)₂. Thus the nickel electrode is more suitable to work in C/Ni(OH)₂ asymmetric hybrid capacitor system. This work shows that
in high rate discharge condition, the capacity of the nickel electrode adulterated with 10% CoO is 2 times of the capacity of the no adulterating electrode. If electron conductor, Ni powder is substituted
by 5% Zn powder in the electrode, the high power capacity and cycle performance of the nickel electrode can be improved.

The influence of the initial addition of Pt on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of synthesized LiCoO₂-based material was investigated. A small amount of Pt additive induces Li₂PtO₃ and Pt in matrix LiCoO₂ to form a multi-phase composite. This multi-phase composite shows the improved rate performance and cycleability at high rate in comparison with the single-phase of LiCoO₂. This behavior is attributed to the enhanced diffusion of Li ion in the LiCoO₂ matrix, which can be demonstrated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique.

In order to get the decomposition kinetics of LiMn₂O₄ in air, its decomposition process was studied with TG, XRD and H-E integrated equation. The decomposition reaction from 1070K to 1210K is
LiMn₂O₄ (Cubic)→LiMn₂O_4-δ(Orthorhombic) +δ/2O₂(g)↑, which is controlled by nucleating and growing, and the activated energy is 204.16kJ/mol. The reaction from
1210K to 1473K is 3LiMn₂O_4-δ(Orthorhombic)→LiMnO₂+ Mn₃O₄ +Li₂Mn₂O₄+(1-3δ/2)O₂ (g)↑. Nucleating and growing is the key step of
the process from 1210K to 1300K, and its activated energy is 185.61kJ/mol. But the process from 1300K to 1473K is controlled by diffusion, and its activated energy is 208.74kJ/mol. The kinetical compensative effects not
only exist in Arrhenius equation but also in Harcourt-Esson equation.

Electrochemical behavior of cuprous oxide was investigated by using the catholic reduction electrochemical method. The effects of some technological factors on Cu₂O thin films electrodeposited
on transparent conducting glass were also studied. Cu₂O thin films were characterized by Talystep, X-ray diffraction (XRD) , scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope
(XPS). The optimum technological conditions were obtained as follows: the applied potential was -0.22～-0.45V (vs SCE) , bath temperature was 60℃, bath pH was 5.5～6.0 and concentration of (CH₃COO)₂Cu
was in the range 0.015～0.040mol/L. The results showed that with the increase of bath temperature, the grain size of Cu₂O film increased from 0.2μm to 0.4μm and it started to have (111) preferred
orientation at 60℃. The film had high purity and was porous.

A novel sol-gel process using inorganic salts as starting materials was successfully developed for preparing nano powders of ferroelectric strontium bismuth tantalate (SrBi₂Ta₂O₉, known
as SBT) with ethylene alcohol as a solvent and acetic acid (HOAc) as a catalyst. XRD, TEM and TG-DTA were used to analyze the precursor crystalline process. Crystalline samples with different average
nanograin sizes ranging from 4nm to 70nm were prepared by calcining the dried gel at different annealing conditions. The metal-oxide clusters that embedded in highly polar matrix of mesoporous-carbon are
responsible for nano-sized powder synthesis at lower temperature. The dependence of the grain growth behaviors of SBT under conventional furnace annealing (CFA) process on the annealing temperature
(T) and time (t) were investigated systematically. By least square fitting, the crystalline and vitreous characteristic energies E_a1=0.709eV, E_a2=0.093eV and the two other parameters
T₀=814K(541℃) and Δ=0.022 were obtained.

Spherical cobalt-doped or manganese-doped Li_1+xV₃O₈ compound was synthesized via sol-gel method and spray drying method. The best doping content of Co or Mn was one percent (molar
ratio to V). The influence of heat treatment temperature on the structure and electrochemical properties of the doped Li_1+xV₃O₈ was studied. The investigation of XRD, SEM and the determination
of the electrochemical properties show that the doping does not influence the looks and structure, and that the product obtained by sintering at 350℃ has better cycle performance at normal
temperature. Compared with Mn, Co has better doping effect.

Titanium silicalite molecular sieve TS-2 was synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization using precipitate
silica as Si source, tetrabutylorthotitanate(TBOT) as Ti source, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide(TBAOH) as template. The influences of crystallization
temperature and Si/Ti of the pre-gel on the crystallization kinetics and the crystal structure of TS-2 were investigated systematically by using XRD, FT-IR,
SEM, UV-Vis on the base of the optimized synthetic procedure. It could be concluded from the experimental results that the optimal crystallization
temperature should be 175℃. The higher crystallization temperature readily results in the increase of crystal particle size and the conversion
of crystal structure from MEL to MFI. The highest value of Ti/Si(mol/mol) of TS-2 product should be 0.04.The higher value of Ti/Si(>0.04) of TS-2 could
result in the formation of extra-framework titanium, as well as the decrease of relative crystallinity and catalytic performance.

With nanometer (75mol%Bi₂O₃+25mol%Y₂O₃) powder prepared by coprecipitation as raw material, the nanocrystalline Bi₂O₃-Y₂O₃ fast ionic conductor was fabricated through
pressureless reactive sintering technique. The study results on formation law of highly conductive phase (nano δ -Bi₂O₃) in the sintering process show that the solid solution reaction
happens at the early stage of sintering process, and the grain growth accords with the rule of para-curve equation (D-D₀)²=K·t. The optimizing domain of sintering technique parameters forming
δ -Bi₂O₃ was optimized by the pattern recognition technique, that is Y>-1.846X+3.433 (X=0.0059T+0.0101t, Y=-0.0059T+0.0101t, where T is sintering temperature, t is sintering time).
At the pressureless reactive sintering conditions of T=600℃, t=2h, the nanocrystalline Bi₂O₃-Y₂O₃ fast ionic conductor can reach to a relative density of higher than 96%,
and its microstructure is compact and homogeneous with few remaining pores or cracks, its average grain size is less than 100nm.

Zeolite 4A was prepared successfully by hydrothermal synthesis, using cheap Si-Al slag as raw materials. Formation mechanism of 4A zeolite and crystal growth process were studied by some characterized measurements, such as XRD, SEM etc, based on crystallized productions at different reaction time. The results indicate that (1) the reaction mechanism of the process is precursors state phase→SiO₃^2-or AlO₂^- liqulid phase→zeolite P crystallization phase→phase transition from zeolite P to zeolite 4A→reversible phase transition from zeolite 4A to zeolite P; (2) zeolite 4A growth is the results of nano aggregation growth.

Fe₃Al(p)l/Al₂O₃ composites were prepared by hot-press sintering. The thermal shock resistance of the composite was predicted by analyzing the relation between the R-curve and thermal stress intensity factor curve. The results show that the predicting values consist well with the experimentally measured values obtained by the quench- strength method. The thermal shock resistance of the composite is improved by adding Fe3Al particles, the △T_c increasing from 200℃(Al₂0₃) to 400℃(composite). The higher fracture toughness, higher thermal conductivity and lower Young's module and f(β) are the main reasons for the improvement of thermal shock resistance.

The perovskite-like LaSrCoO₄ mixed oxides with K₂NiF₄ structure were prepared by the gelatin,
polyglycol gel and polyacrylamide gel methods and used successfully for CO and C₃H₈ oxidation. These samples were investigated by using the
XRD, TEM, BET, TPR and TPD methods. The effects of preparation methods on structure and performance of LaSrCoO₄ were studied. The results indicate
that all La_2-xSr_xCoO₄ have tetragonal K₂NiF₄ structure, their structure and catalytic activities change with the change of the
preparation methods. T* phase appears in LaSrCoO₄ prepared by the polyacrylamide gel method, and the lower the calcination temperature is,
the more the T* phase appears. At the order of LaSrCoO₄ prepared by gelatin method, polyglycol gel method and polyacrylamide gel method,
their BET surface areas, oxygen vacancies, mobile lattice oxygen and catalytic activities gradually increase, in addition, the lower calcination temperature is advantageous to these changes.

Highly crystalline quality AlN thin films were successfully grown on Ti_0.8Al_0.2N/TiN-buffered
p-Si(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (laser source: KrF). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflective high energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
were employed to characterize the as-grown films. The results show that AlN thin films are (001) oriented and grown with 2D layer growth mode. The growth modes of
thin films rely on the kinds of buffer layers: AlN thin films on Si wafers or MgO/Si substrates are 3D island grown; whereas those on Ti_0.8Al_0.2N/TiN/Si
substrates are 2D layer grown. In addition, the laser energy density has considerable effects on the crystalline quality of AlN thin films: over high
energy leads to rough surface and big particles. The partial nitrogen pressure can make AlN thin films (100) orientation instead of (001) orientation.

The coatings of β-SiC were prepared from the methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on graphite substrates. The as deposited coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD. The
results of SEM and XRD analyses indicate that the surface morphology of the CVD SiC coating shows pyramid structure with (111) plane preferred orientation. HRTEM was used to investigate the microstructures of the
coatings and the interface between the coatings and graphite substrate. The results show that SiC crystal grows according to the preferred orientation of the substrate at the beginning of the deposition, and then the crystal adjusts
the growth to (111) plane.

The c-axis and a-axis preferential-oriented Bi_3.25Nd_0.75Ti₃O₁₂ (BNT) thin films together with (117)-orientation were deposited on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by a metalorganic decomposition (MOD) method. The results show that the crystallinity of BNT thin films mainly depends on the pre-annealing conditions. BNT thin films with a-axis preferential orientation show high remnant polarization, high coercive field, high dielectric constant, high dissipation factor, and large capacitance tuning, while those with c-axis preferential orientation are on the contrary. The anisotropic ferroelectric properties of BNT thin films are similar to those of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT).

Crack-free homogeneous nanoporous silica films on silicon wafers were synthesized via supercritical drying of wet gel films obtained by spin coating the polymeric silica sol using the sol-gel method
with tetraethoxysilane(TEOS) as precursor and poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) as additive. The nanoporous silica films were characterized by FTIR, TG-DTA, AFM and spectroellipsometer. The surface of silica
films prepared with PEG was rough compared to that of films without PEG. The silica film with PEG had higher porosity and lower dielectric constant. Its dielectric constant could be reduced below 2.0.
PEG not only participated in but also modified the sol-gel process of TEOS. The silica film with PEG originally was hydrophilic because of its Si--OH structure and then became hydrophobic after modified
with trimethylchlorosilane(TMCS).

The FeS solid lubrication coating with 500μm thick was prepared by a sol-gel method on the 1045 steel. XRD was used to detect the coating phase structures and SEM equipped with EDX was utilized to observe and analyze the morphologies and energy spectrum of the coating s surface and worn scars. The friction and wear tests show that the coating possesses good properties of anti-friction and wear-resistance. Because the thickness of the coating is much thick, the friction behavior only happens within the coating. So the steel substrate is kept away from wear.

The CN_x nanotubes films were fabricated by pyrolyzing ethylenediamine on Ni substrates at 860℃. The growth of CN_x nanotubes on Ni substrates pretreated in different conditions was investigated. It is found that the Ni substrates pretreated in different conditions have different catalytic effects on the growth of CN_x nanotubes, and the CN_x nanotubes with "bamboo-like" structure grow preferentially on the Ni substrate dipped in HF for 10 min and followed by ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol.

The growth of a 300mm large diameter single crystal silicon is one of the active branches in silicon material research and production. It is known from experiments that the shape of the growth interface,
the temperature distribution in the melt etc. are sensitive to the melt motion. However it is quite difficult to experimentally visualize the convection of melt, temperature and oxygen field. Thus it is extremely
difficult to quantitatively determine how melt motion influence the quality of crystal by experiments. Numerical simulations can provide detailed information of melt motion, distribution of temperature
and so on, which can guide the growth of silicon. In this paper, a low Reynolds number K-ε model was used for the simulation of a 300mm large diameter silicon crystal growth. The velocity field
and temperature field with and without a cusp magnetic field were visualized. Through this study how a cusp magnetic field influences the melt convection was clarified.

Based on the multilayer beam model, with a view to the heterogeneity of the material, this paper focused
on the fracture behavior of the laminated ceramic composites by the finite-element method. In three-point bending condition, the crack propagation process that
the crack penetrates the hard layers and expands along the interfaces of soft layers was presented. The primary mechanism
that the soft layers decoy the crack expanding along the weak interfaces to absorb energy was affirmed. The toughness and strength changes
as a function of the parameters such as thickness ratio, heterogeneity index m, etc. were analyzed by the FEM numerical simulation.

SnO₂ nanocrystals were synthesized by decomposing a stable tin complex for the first time. The crystallite size grew from 4.5nm at 400℃ to 14.6nm at 600℃, the cell volume expansion decreased correspondingly and the specific surface area decreased sharply. The SnO₂ nanocrystals showed high sensitivities to LPG, petrol, alcohol and methanal, and the response and recovery times were much shorter than previously reported values.

S-doped rutile TiO₂ photocatalyst was synthesized by an in situ hydrothermal method. The powders were characterized by XRD, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocataJytic activities of doped TiO₂ were investigated in the degradation of methylene blue solution. The results show that the catalytic performance of S-doped TiO₂ treated at 180℃ is better than that of undoped and S-doped TiO₂ treated at 200℃.

Li₂B₄O₇:Eu³⁺ phosphors were synthesized by solid state reaction in ambient air. The optimum preparing conditions were studied and phase analyses were carried out by the powder
XRD method. The luminescent properties of Li₂B4O7:Eu³⁺ under ultraviolet light excitation were studied. The results show that the structure of the borate contains both [BO₃] and [BO₄]
coordination polyhedra, the predominant emission of Eu³⁺ is ⁵D₀--⁷F₂ transition, demonstrating that the rare earth ions occupy the non-centrosymmetrical sites in Li₂B₄O₇ and Eu³⁺ ion can be stable in the matrix.

Monodispersed tin doped indium oxide (ITO) powders with 70±10nm particle size and 11 m²/g special surface area were prepared by a hydrothermal process at 240℃ for 12h, and calcination
process at 500℃ for 2h, by using indium and tin metals as raw materials. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis confirm that the as-prepared powder
is monodispersed and increasing the NaOH excess concentration (from 0 to 2.0mol/L) and the initial indium and tin concentration (from 0.25mol/L to 1mol/L) is benificial to preparing monodispersed ITO
powders with small particle sizes.

CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramics with giant dielectric constant were prepared by the traditional ceramic method, in which the oxide powders were mixed and pre-sintered at 850～950℃, and then
sintered at 1050～1090℃, respectively. XRD, SEM and LCR were used to measure the phase structure, the morphology and dielectric properties of the ceramics. The results show that the dielectric
constant and the temperature at which the low dielectric constant typically transforms to special high are seriously controlled by the perfection and the defects of grain boundaries of the crystalline. The
relaxation temperature of the dipole in the sample pre-sintered at 950℃ and sintered at 1090℃ is 70K lower than that of the dipole in the sample pre-sintered at 880℃ and sintered at 1050℃,
and the dielectric constant is 300% enhanced, and simultaneously remains giant in a relative wide temperature range. The better the crystallinity of the ceramic, the faster the transation of the dielectric
constant from low to high.

Three electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) samples were characterized by XRD and chemical analyses.
Their electrochemical performances were studied by cyclic voltametry, constant-current discharge, and choronopotentiometry. The results show that the
three samples have the same structure, γ-MnO_2, but their combined water contents are different. The chemical compositions of the three samples
can be formulated as A: Mn⁴⁺_0.881Mn³⁺_0.044O²-_1.655(OH)^-_0.345, B: Mn⁴⁺_0.880Mn³⁺_0.048O^2-_1.666(OH)__0.334 and C:
Mn⁴⁺_0.879Mn³⁺_0.054O^2-_1.677(OH)^-_0.322. The electrochemical performances are influenced by the combined water contents,
which are related to the number of cation-vacancy in the samples. The open circuit potential, the discharge capacity and the peak potential of one
electron reduction increase with the increase of the combined water contents in the samples.

25SiC/75Cu (vol%) coated composite particles were prepared by the reduction-rotation precipitation process. The simultaneous DSC-TG-MS technique was used to characterize the thermophysical and thermochemical behaviour of the coated composite particles. The results show that a decomposition reaction occurs at about 846℃, releasing O₂ and leading to a weight loss. The eutectics of Cu-Cu₂O and Cu₂O-SiO₂ melts at about 896℃. SiC will react with Cu at above 950℃, resulting in the formation of CO₂ and weight loss.

TiB₂ cermet containing 7wt% Fe and 3wt% Mo was fabricated by hot pressing. The effects of sintering temperature, holding time on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated, the densifacation process during sintering was analysed. The experimental results show that the bending strength and the Rockwell hardness reveal a peak value with the sintering temperature rising up; with holding time prolonged, the bending strength decreases slightly. The densification rate is the fastest in the rearrangement stage during liquid sintering.

The LiX with nearly 100% Li⁺ was ion exchanged with different Mⁿ⁺ (Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and La³⁺) in water solution, then the adsorption isotherms of these zeolites were measured at 25℃. The data demonstrate that the higher the Mⁿ⁺ in the LiX is, the lower the adsorptive separation property of the zeolites with N₂ and Ar is. This is likely to be caused by the outflow of the Li⁺ locating at the active site for N₂ adsorption in the LiX. It is clear that LiX zeolite is the best adsorbent for separating N₂ and Ar among the adsorbents studied in thid paper.

Nano-CeO₂/TiO₂ mesoporous composites were prepared by a structural guide-supercri-tical
fluid drying(SCFD)-intrusive precipitation method．The obtained composites were characterized by useing TEM, XRD, BET and BJH etc. techniques, and the
composites were used in photocatalyzing and breaking down bright red 3B dye in water and in the waterfree electrorheological (ER) suspensions. The results
show that the photoelectricity properties of the composites formed by assembling nano-CeO₂ in the pore space of mesoporous TiO₂ are different from
nano-TiO₂ particles in the anatase structure and have the obvious enhancement effect.