2μm waveband laser crystals in common use are some of host crystals (e.g. YAG, YAP and YLF) doped with Ho, Tm and Er ions. In this paper, a comprehensive dispatch of some 2μm waveband laser crystals on their feature and application background was described. The spectrum characteristics, energy structures of some important 2μm waveband laser crystals were discussed in detail. The latest research progresses on a variety of devices were introduced. Suggestions on the development direction of 2μm waveband laser crystals for LD pumping were made.

This paper presented the introduction of recent progress and application prospects in nuclear medical imaging modalities on LnX₃(Ce)(Ln=La, Gd, Lu; X=Cl,Br,I) scintillator crystals. The starting material manufacture, crystal synthesis method, scintillation properties and scintillation mechanism were reviewed. The future of LnX₃(Ce) crystals was also discussed.

Manganese oxide has been considered to be a promising electrode material for supercapacitors in
terms of its low cost, natural abundance, environmental friendliness and superior electrochemical performance. Characteristics and fabrications
of manganese oxide film electrode and powder electrode were discussed. Synthetic methods of preparing manganese oxide were summarized
systematically and the recent developments and main obstacles in the research of manganese oxide were reviewed. Moreover, the solutions to
improve the specific capacitance and electric conductivity by a doping and composite method were also discussed.

The recent progress in research concerning spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as anode for energy storage devices was reviewed. Physical and electrochemical properties of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ were introduced. The emphasis was laid on the electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as anode in hybrid supercapacitors. Information regarding the synthetic methods for the preparation of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and recent improving work were thoroughly presented.

The thermal conductivity performance of porous silicon and the influence such as aperture, porosity and oxidation treatment are introduced. The state of art of thermal isolation with porous silicon technologies are presented, especially the step current method and pulse current method. It is thought that the pulse current methods will be used abroad because of their special superiorities. Porous silicon has been used broadly in the fields of micro-sensors because of its special thermal isolation performance and advantages in technology.

Er³⁺-doped tellurite glasses with various Na₂O/K₂O ratios were prepared by conventional glass
melting. Glass transition temperature T_g and crystallization temperature T_x were tested by DSC. The effect of mixed alkali on thermal
stability of tellurite glasses was described. The results show that the mixed alkali is beneficial to tellurite glasses on thermal stability and the best
mixed alkali molar ratio is Na₂O/K₂O=1/4. According to absorption spectra, Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters were determined and used to
calculate the radiation rates, fluorescent branch ratio and radiative lifetimes of Er3+ in tellurite glasses. The J-O parameters were
obtained, Ω₂=4.79×10^-20cm², Ω4=1.52×10^-20cm², Ω₆=0.70×10^-20cm². The stimulated emission cross sections
(σ_e=10.40×10^-21cm²) of the Er³⁺ ion ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 transition was calculated by the McCumber theory. The FWHM(FWHM=65.5nm) of the ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 emission and
lifetimes of every level of Er³⁺ ion were measured and the lifetime of ⁴I_13/2 level is 3.99ms. The spectroscopic properties of Er³⁺ ion
were compared in different glasses. The conclusions indicate that tellurite glass is much more beneficial for optical fiber amplifier to realize broadband
and high gain amplification.

To control nucleation and crystallization of glass exactly is one of key steps for preparing nano-crystalline embedded glass. The auxiliary electric field, applied on the glass, which is in thermal treatment process,
may accelerate nucleation and crystallization of glass when the dielectric coefficient of the glass is less than that of crystalline. On the contrary, the nucleation and crystallization of glass will be inhibited.
The auxiliary electric field, whether it plays an accelerating or inhibiting effect on glass, can be used to control nucleation and crystallization exactly when preparing nano-crystalline embedded glass.
The mechanism of effects of auxiliary electric field and temperature field on nucleation and crystallization of glass was deduced. Their effects on TeO₂-Nb₂O₅-AgCl glass were also studied in this
paper. The results show that the electric field can aid the glass to nucleate in the temperature little lower than traditional nucleation region. The speed of crystallization can be accelerated under auxiliary
electric field. The electric field can stimulate nucleation and crystallization of TeO₂-Nb₂O₅-AgCl glass under little below corresponding temperature, which can not provide with enough activation
energy for nucleation and crystallization. The characteristic of very fast loading and unloading of auxiliary electric field will become a kind of “switch” to control the nucleation and crystallization of the glass.
The “switch” will be used to control the growth of nano-crystallines in the glass accurately.

Glasses in the MoO₃-V₂O₅-P₂O₅-Fe₂O₃ quaternary system were prepared as potential replacements to lead-based frits for low
temperature sealing applications. The glass forming regions were explored and the glass forming ability, thermal expansion,
and water durability were investigated. Results show that MoO₃-V₂O₅-P₂O₅ ternary system has strong glass forming ability, which extended down to
10mol% P₂O₅. The glass forming region in the MoO₃-V₂O₅-P₂O₅-Fe₂O₃ quaternary system becomes relatively wider while the stabilities of the
glasses against crystallization are still strong with 10mol% Fe₂O₃. With the increasing content of Fe₂O₃ the glass forming region
becomes smaller. The glass forming ability in this quaternary system is most strong as the ratio of MoO₃/V₂O₅ equals to 1.5.
The thermal expansion coefficient can be increased and the water durability improved by adding Fe₂O₃ content into the MoO₃-V₂O₅-P₂O₅
ternary system. Trivalence iron ions can enter into phosphate chain and form Fe-O-P bond in place of P=O double bond, hereby increase the water durability
of glasses. Many glass compositions in the system of MoO₃-V₂O₅-P₂O₅-Fe₂O₃ have a thermal expansion coefficient of 60～110×10^-7/℃
and a dissolution rate in deionized water at 90℃ of 8.0×10^-9g·cm^-2·min^-1, which willbe a good alternative to lead-based sealing frits.

(Ag_1-xNax)(Nb_1-xTa_x)O₃ nano-powders were produced by the citrate method. It was observed by TEM that the average grain sizes were less than 50nm and their conglobations were small. The reaction mechanism of citrate was also discussed. The changes of microstructure under different sintering temperatures were analyzed. It was verified that.ANNT system was densified in 1040-1060℃. The result of XRD showed that the main grain phase formed was ANNT.

Uniform CdS spheres were synthesized in the aqueous solution with the precipitation method, and TEM and XRD were employed to study the relationship between polymer concentration and morphology of CdS particles. The results show that uniform CdS spheres with 500 nm can be synthesized with controlled concentration of PVP; the greater the concentration of PVP, the greater the diameter of particles, and the more homogeneous the particles; microspheres are composed of small substructural CdS crystallites, and the greater the polymer concentration, the smaller the diameter of substructural crystallites.

Two kinds of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂(Sb₂O₃:TiO₂=0～0.35mol%) nano-particles were synthesized
by the hydrothermal method at 200℃ for 6h. The first kind of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂ was prepared by using titania and antimony trichloride as reactants.
The second kind of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂ was prepared by using metatitanic acid and antimony trichloride as reactants. The Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂
powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TG, IR and the diameter of the particles was evaluated by Scherrer equation. EDS characterization shows that
Sb₂O₃ exists in Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂. The crystallines of all samples are anatase in XRD patterns. The dopant of Sb₂O₃ can inhibit
the particle growth of the second kind of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO2 when the crystalline is changed into anatase TiO₂. The photocatalytic activities
of the two kinds of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂ were characterized by photodegradation of rhodamine B. The photocatalytic activity of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂ is
effectively suppressed by the doping of Sb₂O₃. When Sb₂O₃:TiO₂ is 0.21%, the photocatalytic activity of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂
is the lowest. The photocatalytic activity of the second kind of Sb₂O₃-doped TiO₂ is lower than that of the first.

Titanium dioxide photocatalyst powders were prepared with the sol-emulsion-gel method. The influence factors, such as surfactant concentration, pH values of solution, water content and calcination temperature,
on the size and distribution of TiO₂ nanoparticles were investigated. The results show that TiO₂ nanoparticles are very small when the concentration of the surfactant reaches the critical concentration
of 9.20×10^-4 mol/L and a good distribution can be obtained. Nucleophilic reaction will occur in the basic solution for the Ti(OC₄H₉)₄, the TiO₂ nanoparticles with the smallest size will
be obtained when the pH value is 8.4. The size of TiO₂ nanoparticles will decrease rapidly with the increasing of water and it will reach a steady constant when the water content is 0.5mol/L. The crystallinity
of TiO₂ nanoparticles can be improved by calcination, which makes the amorphous phase transform to anatase and rutile. The shape of the particles can be noticed as:
Formed sphere→Rod→Sphere→Distorted sphere.

Ultrafine BaTiO₃-based powders used for making positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) were synthesized by two
chemical steps: polyacrylamide gel process and liquid phase coating process. Firstly, doped BaTiO₃-based powders were synthesized by
polyacrylamide gel process at rather low temperature, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the gels and the precursor powders were
investigated by DSC, TG, XRD, TEM. The results showed that single phase of (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ was obtained when the gel was calcined at 700℃
for 2h, and the mean diameter of grains d₅₀ was 1.155μm. Secondly, acceptor and sintering aid were coated by an aqueous solution containing
acceptor and additive. The microstructure characterization and sintering behavior of the PTCR powders and PTC effect of the ceramic samples derived
from the PTCR powders were investigated. Ceramic samples with low room temperature resistance 17.5Ω, ratio of the maximum resistivity
to the minimum (R_max/R_min) 10⁴ and temperature coefficient of resistivity (α) 12% were obtained.

he Fe-ZnO core-shell nanocomposite particles with “currant-bun” morphology were prepared from the mixture of iron carboxyl and ZnO powders by the ball milling method and were characterized by
SEM, XRD, HRTEM and TG-DSC. The magnetic properties and the microwave electromagnetic parameters of the particles were measured. The results show Fe-ZnO particles have excellent antioxidation property.
Data of XRD, HRTEM and SEM suggest grain sizes of Fe nanocrystals diminish to about 10nm during ball milling and the anisotropy of their surfaces enhance contrarily. The permittivity of Fe-ZnO particles
is lower than that of micron iron carboxyl, but permeability is evidently higher, and specific saturation magnetization is approximate to that of micron iron carboxyl. The method provides a new route to
synthesize other metal-oxide core-shell nanocomposite particles.

The carbon nanotubes being straight with a diameters of 20～50nm, internal diameter of 10～30nm and length of 50～1000μm were prepared by the catalytic decomposition of benzene using the floating
transition method at 1100～1200℃. Benzene was used as carbon source and ferrocene as catalyst with thiophene. Three kinds microwave absorbing materials were prepared from carbon nanotube,
carbonyl iron powder, carbon nanotube and carbonyl iron powder mixture and epoxy resin respectively. Microwave absorbing properties of these three kinds materials were investigated at the frequency
range of 2～18GHz. The results show that the absorbing peak of carbon nanotubes and carbonyl iron powders composite microwave absorbing material moves to low frequency, compared with those of
microwave absorbing materials containing only carbon nanotube or carbonyl iron powders. The carbon nanotubes used are as dipoles to absorb microwave. In the microwave absorbing materials containing
an electromagnetic loss substance and dipoles, the dipoles as an electron couples generate an inductive current in the electromagnetic field. The induced current then causes a loss current and energy dissipation.
And the Rayleigh scattering and interface polarization are main microwave absorbing mechanisms in the microwave absorbing materials containing carbon nanotubes.

The effects of the preparing process and the doping ions on the phase composition of low firing (Zn_0.8Sn_0.2)TiO₄
ceramics were studied. The experimental results indicatethat the phase composition of the ceramics is dependent on the calcining
temperature of ZST powder, and it will affect τ_f, the temperature coefficient of resonant frequencies. Higher calcining
temperature for the powders is favorable to increase the stability of α-PbO type ZST phase for decreasing the temperature coefficient.
It is more useful to restrain the separation of oxides by doping with Nb⁵⁺. Dielectric constant ε, temperature coefficient τ_f
and Q·f of the samples doped with 0.15mol% Nb⁵⁺ sintered at 920℃ are 25, --2.44 ppm/℃ and 4868(5GHz).

We present a study of magnetocaloric effect in the colossal magnetoresistance material (La_0.6Dy_0.1)Sr_0.3MnO₃. From the measurement and calculation of magnetization under various temperatures, we have discovered large magnetocaloric effect with the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition, additional magnetism exchange action introduces additional magnetic entropy change. This result suggests that (La_0.6Dy_0.01)Sr_0.3MnO₃ is a suitable candidate as working substances at room temperature in magnetic refrigeration technology.

A composite granular system consisting of La_2/3Ca_1/3MnO₃ grains and Cu-dependent material,
introduced into the boundary region of the granular surface, was fabricated in a chemical route. The measurement of magnetoresistance $versus$ temperature
dependence for a low magnetic field (0.3 T) indicates that the features of magnetoresistance in the composite granular system are significantly different
from that in pure La_2/3Ca_1/3MnO₃. The pure La_2/3Ca_1/3MnO₃ granular system shows a monotonic increasing response in magnetoresistance
with cooling. But for the composite granular system, a sharp peak with large magnetoresistance appears in the magnetoresistance versus temperature curve
at a temperature near which the insulator-metal transition occurs. The experimental observation was discussed based on the measurement of low-field
magnetization.

Single-phase non-stoichiometric M-type hexaferrite with a certain barium surplus Ba_1+xCoTiFe₁₀O_19+x
(x=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) was synthesized by calcining the precursors at 900℃ for 2h obtained with the co-dump coprecipitation
process. Structural and magnetic properties of the new non-stoichiometric M-type hexaferrite were investigated with XRD,
SEM, TEM, VSM. The results show that the coercive field (H_c) and the remanent magnetization (σ_r) of Ba_1+xCoTiFe₁₀O_19+x are significantly increased
(Δ H_c=16.99kA·m^-1, Δσ_r=5.36A·m²·kg^-1) while the specific saturation magnetization (σ_s) keep almost constant as the x increases in the range 0～0.05, and that
σ_s, H_c and σ_r all continuously decrease as the x increases in the range 0.05～0.20 since Fe³⁺ ions become diluted. At the same time, it is confirmed that the crystal symmetry of
Ba_1+xCoTiFe₁₀O_19+x is not destroyed in the x range 0～0.20; the a-axis length is significantly increased as the x increase in the
range 0～0.10 accompanying a small increase of the c-axis length, and that the a-axis length almost not change although the c-axis length stably
increases as the x farther increases in the range 0.10～0.20. In addition, the phenomena of the growth of crystal grains and crystal shape
transformation from plane form to uniaxial one were observed by a series of SEM and TEM images. These results imply that the excessive barium cations,
which not only act as fluxing agent but also produce the pinning effect to magnetic domainwall, are distributed in large holes along a-axis
orientation of M-type barium hexaferrite.

By using the nanosized silicalite-1 zeolite preseeding polyurethane foams (PUFs) as templates combined with the zeolite seed-induced secondary growth in a synthesis gel free from organic templates, the large monolithic ZSM-5 zeolite foams which well inherit the morphology of PUF were simply prepared. The novel macroporous materials constructed by the zeolite units can eliminate the diffusion in some degree and have more effective promised applications in adsorption, ion exchange and catalysis.

The microstructure, phase properties and domain morphology of Si-doped PMS-PZT ceramics were
investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). XRD results
indicate that all specimens show perovskite structure and tetragonal distortion (c/a) increases as the dopant content increases. TEM results
show that domain morphology evolves from the normal herringbone domain to micron-sized lenticular shape domain structure, and finally changes to
“wavy” pattern as SiO₂ content changes from 0--1wt%. The nano-scale secondary phases of SiO₂ and PbSiO₃ were observed on the
grain boundary, and the twinned ZrO₂ was found surrounded by PMS-PZT perovskite phase. The mechanism of the appearance of twinned ZrO₂
and its content increase with the increase of Si concentration were discussed.

M-T curves, M-H curves, and electron-spin-resonance spectra (ESR) of La_0.7-xGd_x-Sr_0.3MnO₃(0.0≤x≤0.70) were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the system is in a ferromagnetic long-range order at Gd low-doping level; at x=0.30 and 0.40, the samples show cluster-spin glass behavior; at x≥0.50, the system possesses the antiferromagnetic characters. For the samples x=0.30 and 0.40, ESR spectra demonstrate that the phase separation occurs at the temperature far above T_c.

A series of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides were synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized by Raman and XRD techniques. The results show that when x value is changed from 1.0 to 0.5, only a cubic
phase CeO₂ appears. The samples are very well crystallized on decreasing x from 0.50 to 0.99. It can be explained to form an ordered array of O vacancies caused by the insertion of Pr atom completely
into the CeO₂ crystal lattice. For Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ samples 465cm^-1 and 1150cm^-1 Raman peaks are attributed to the Raman active F_2g mode of CeO₂. The broad peak at
about 570cm^-1 in the region 0.3≤x≤ 0.99 can be linked to lattice defects resulting in oxygen vacancies. The new band at about ^195cm-1 may be attributed to the asymmetric vibration that is caused
by the formation of oxygen vacancies. TPR profiles of Pr₆O₁₁ and CeO₂ have two reduction peaks respectively. The reduction process of Pr₆O₁₁ is: PrO_1.83→PrO_1.61→PrO_1.5;
For CeO₂, the peak of low temperature attributed to the reduction of the surface cmoxygen of CeO₂, the peak of high temperature
attributed to the reduction of bulk CeO₂. The reduction peak temperature of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides is lower than that of Pr₆O₁₁ and CeO₂, which indicates that the formation
of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ solid solutions improves the reduction-oxidation behavior. The activity of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ for CO oxidation indicates that the existing of the oxygen vacancies
favors CO oxidation; while the activity of CH₄ oxidation is related to the temperature and the area of the reduction-oxidation peak.

Single-phase Yb α-SiAlON was prepared through combustion synthesis, then the as-synthesized powder was added as crystal seeds for fabrication of Yb α-SiAlON ceramics by SPS. The densification process, phase transformation, as well as microstructure development were studied, and effects of seed addition on the phase composition and microstructure of the sintered ceramics were also discussed. The experimental results show that the samples can be densified very quickly by SPS, and proper temperature and dwelling time are beneficial to phase transformation and grain growth. Seed addition accelerates the phase transformation as well as results in the formation of rod-like crystals, which is helpful to improve the toughness of ceramics.

Carbon covered LiFePO₄ powders with the microstructure of submicro-particles aggregated 5.01wt% carbon content,
and the diameter of aggregated particle of 10μm were synthesized by solid state sintering processing. The capacity and cycle performance were studied
at the charge and discharge rate of C/10, C/5, C/2 and 1C. The results show that below the rate of C/2, the voltage platform and capacity is not sensitive to the rate.
When the rate is increased to 1C, the capacity is decreased and the voltage platform is increased in charge processing and decreased in discharge
processing. Along with the increasing of cycle number, the capacity is increased to its saturate value. After 30 cycles, the capacities are
131.7, 129.1, 123.5 and 114.4 mAh/g, respectively.

C/C composites were fabricated by a rapid chemical liquid-vaporized infiltration (CLVI) process. The deposition
temperatures were in the range of 1200--1250℃. The microstructures of pyrolytic carbon and the morphologies of fractured surfaces were observed
by polarized light microscope (PLM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of matrix microstructures on flexural strength and fracture
mode of C/C composites was analyzed. The results show that rough laminar pyrocarbon constitutes the majority of the matrix deposited at 1200℃,
which results in higher flexural strength and lower fracture toughness. While the matrix pyrocarbon deposited at 1250℃ displays an alternative
layered structure with different optical reflectance, which brings about lower flexural strength and higher fracture toughness. Different mechanical
behaviors may be caused by dissimilar spreading resistance of cracks along the interfaces between pyrocarbon laminae with distinct microstructures, and
the deflection of cracks along the interfaces between smooth laminar and rough laminar pyrocarbon. In addition, a schematic drawing of fracture
profiles of 2D-C/C composites was suggested to explain the fracture mechanism.

Silicon carbon fiber-reinforced SiC composites were prepared by precursor pyrolysis-hot
pressing (PP-HP) and precursor impregnation-pyrolysis (PIP), respectively. The effect of fabrication methods on the microstructure and mechanical
properties of the composites was investigated. It was found that the composites prepared by PP-HP exhibited brittle fracture behaviors though
they were well densified, which was mainly ascribed to a strongly bonded fiber/matrix interface and the degradation of the fibers caused by higher
processing temperature. On the contrary, the composite prepared by PIP showed tough fracture behaviors, which could be rationalized on the basis
of a weakly bonded fiber/matrix interface as well as higher strength retention of the fibers. As a result, in comparison with the composites prepared by
PP-HP, the composites prepared by PIP achieve better mechanical properties with a flexural strength of 703.6MPa and fracture toughness of 23.1Pa·m^1/2.

Nanocomposites with γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in silica matrix were successfully synthesized by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor and iron nitrate as ferric oxide precursor. However, when iron chloride was used as precursor, hematite was obtained in the final composite. It was found that the dried gels obtained at low temperatures (T < 400℃) were amorphous, when the dried gels were heat treated at 600℃, a lot of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were formed, while a further increase of temperature resulted in γ to α-Fe₂O₃ transformation. The addition of acids to the sols resulted in a way to increase particle size and to narrow the particle size distribution of γ-Fe₂O₃ in the composite.

Macroporous calcium silicate bioceramics with interconnected pore structures were prepared by adding
PEG as pore-forming agent. The porosity and the compressive strength were controlled between 53.7% and 73.6% and 4.9MPa and 48.5MPa,
respectively, by the regulation of PEG amount. The samples with porosity of 63.1% were soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) to investigate their
bioactivity and degradability. After soaking in SBF for 1 day, the samples were completely covered by hydroxycarbonate apatite layers. The degradability
of the samples reached 7.14% after soaking in SBF for 7 days. The results suggested excellent in vitro bioactivity and degradability of the macroporous
calcium silicate ceramics. Therefore, these macroporous calcium silicate ceramics may be potential candidates as bioactive and degradable scaffolds
for hard tissue repair and tissue engineering applications.

Under hydrothermal synthetic conditions and from 1NiCl₂·6H₂O-mH₃PO₄-nNH₄F-pNH₃·H₂O-40H₂O(n=0, 3) system, we synthesized five kinds of materials
containing microporous VSB-1 and VSB-5 with 24 member rings, microporous sample A Ni₁₂(HPO₄)₆(PO₄)₂(OH)₆ with 12 member rings, layered
structural sample B NH₄NiPO₄·H₂O, and microporous sample C (C₂H₁₀N₂)[Ni(H₂O)₆](HPO₄)₂ with 8 member rings linked
by hydrogen bonds. They were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TG. The effect factors of raw materials, pH, Ni/P ratio, template agents, and mineralization agent on synthetic products were investigated. The phase maps were also provided.
The effect factors of pH, Ni/P ratio, and mineralization agent play important roles in the synthetic processes. It is important that we synthesized VSB-1
without F ions.

Needle-shaped ZnO and ellipsoid-shaped Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles, as raw materials of thick films, were prepared by metallic vapour oxidation, and the obtained Bi₂O₃ is a mixture of δ and β phases.
The phase structure and surface morphology of the thick films based on ZnO, Bi₂O₃ and ZnO-Bi₂O₃ mixture were investigated by XRD and SEM, then the resistance and gas sensitivity of the thick films
were measured. The results indicate that Bi₂O₃ films show P-type conductivity and have sensitivity to alcohol and acetone more or less. Compared with ZnO, the sensitivity of ZnO-Bi₂O₃ to benzene,
toluene and xylene is lower, which is relative with the increase of granular sizes and barrier height located at grain boundaries of the thick films. But Bi₂O₃, maybe as a very low activity catalyst,
improves the gas sensitivity of the thick films to alcohol and acetone.

TiO₂-SiO₂ thin films were prepared by the sol-gel processing. The photocatalytic activity of the thin films were characterized by means of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under
UV irradiation. The structures of the films and powders were studied by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR, HRTEM, FE-SEM, AFM and UV-Vis-NIR transmission spectroscopy. The effect of
its structure of the film on photocatalytic activity was investigated. It was found that the degradation rate of methylene blue of the TiO₂-SiO₂ thin film (Si/Ti=0.2) was the best of all. Rutile and anatase
phases were detected in TiO₂ powders while only anatase TiO₂ was detected in TiO_₂-SiO₂ powders even annealed at 500℃. The main mechanism could be ascribed to the fact that Ti--O--Si
amorphous glassy phase and amorphous SiO₂ are created when SiO₂ is doped in TiO_₂ thin film, these two phases enclose TiO₂ particles, which block the transformation of TiO₂ from
anatase to rutile and limit the growth of crystal sizes, so the photocatalytic activities can be improved .

Carbon films were synthesized on biomedical 316L stainless steel through twinned microwave ECR plasma source enhanced magnetron sputtering system. Visible Raman spectra show the films are typical amorphous DLC films. By measuring the static contact angles with the sessile-drop method, the wettability of DLC films was characterized. The surface energy of the DLC film is 40mN/m or so, and the polar component of surface tension is greater than the dispersive part, which is hydrophobic. The fact indicates that the solutions with strong acidic and allkali properties, exert a weak destructive action on DLC films. The surface energy of DLC films is dependent on the carbon bonds and surface roughness.

Fluorinated diamond-like carbon (a-C: F) films with different fluorine content were grown on silicon (100) substrate by pulse filtered cathodic vacuum arc source technology (FCVA). Influences
of the fluorine incorporation on the various properties of the amorphous carbon based film were especially emphasized, including its microstructure, its mechanical properties and the hydrophobicity. The film
composition and structure were successively characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) and laser Raman scattering spectroscope. Surface morphology and roughness were analyzed by
atomic force microscope (AFM). Hardness and scratch resistance were measured by nano-indentation and nano-scratch, respectively. Water contact angles were measured by the sessile drop method.
As a result, with the increase of CF₄ flow rate in the feed gas, fluorine content was gradually increased to the film, the maximum fluorine content, 45.6 at% in the film was obtained. Raman spectra indicate
that these films possess a diamond-like structure. The addition of fluorine to the amorphous carbon based film has a critical influence on its properties. The film surface becomes smoother due to the
etching behavior of --CF⁺_n. Hardness and the scratch resistance results show that these films have fairly good mechanical properties, the nano-hardness is all above 12GPa. The hydrophobicity
of this film is evidently improved, with the contact angle of 106° of double-stilled water, approaching that of polytetrafluoroethylene (110°).

Carbon nanofibers were synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of acetylene on Ni-coated alumina flakes at 450-800℃. SEM and TEM observations indicated that the diameters and structure of carbon nanofibers were strongly affected by temperatures, the carbon nanofibers synthesized at 550℃ had a coil-like shape, while the products obtained at 700℃ contained many plateletstacked nanofibers. A growth model was proposed to explain the structure of the platelet-stacked nanofibers.

A novel catalyst-free method of preparing β-SiC nanowhiskers by using carbon fibres as solid carbon source was presented. A large quantities of β-SiC nanowhiskers with 10-40nm diameter and micrometer-scale length were successfully produced without catalyst. The features of this method were given. Compared with other preparing methods, the micro-structures of the β-SiC nanowhiskers and the growth mechanism were discussed. The research shows that the relatively high heating-temperature, the partial supersaturation of SiO, and partial supersaturation of CO are the key preparing factors.

RuO₂·xH₂O/AC composite electrode, an ideal electrode of super-capacitors, was prepared. For super-capacitors used usually having lower working voltage of super-capacitors, a newly hybrid super-capacitor was developed. The capacitor was composed of a tantalum metal anode, Ta₂O₅ dielectric, 38wt% H₂SO₄ electrolyte solution and RuO₂·xH₂O /AC cathode. Test results show that the parameters of the hybrid super-capacitor are 50V, 2.1mF, the storage energy density is 1.48J/cm³, showing that it has the high storage energy density and good impedance performance and can be used in pulse power systems.

The development of ZnO based devices suffered from one major disadvantage: the lack of good, reproducible, p-type material. In this paper, Al+N codoped p-type ZnO films were fabricated by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmittance spectra and Hall-effect measurement were carried out to discuss the effects of substrate temperatures on the properties of codoped ZnO films and the possible reasons. The results show that the codoped ZnO films can be realized at the substrate temperature of 500℃ with a p-type conduction, carrier density of 2.52×10¹⁷cm^-3 and resistivity of 28.3Ω·cm.

The α-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared by the combustion synthesis method, The lattice parameters of α-Al₂O₃ were determined by XRD at temperatures ranging from roomtemperature to 1100℃, the thermal expansion coefficients of △α/α₀; △c/c₀ and △V/V₀ per℃ of α-Al₂O₃ lattice were 7.27×10^-6/℃, 7.50×10^-6/℃ and 21.92×10^-6/℃ respectively.

The nano-scratch behaviors of Ar⁺ implanted single-crystal silicon were investigated by a nano indenter system, the micro-structure of the implanted layer was analyzed with TEM. The results show that Ar+ implantation of single-crystal silicon increases the critical load, the best dose is 1×10¹⁶ions/cm². The mixed structure of micro-crystal and amorphous silicon is formed on the surface of Ar⁺ implanted single-crystal silicon. This contributes to increasing the ability of plastic deformation and to increasing the fracture toughness of single-crystal silicon.

NbSi2 coating was formed on niobium by halide-activated pack cementation process. The microstructure of the as-formed coating and the possible reactions of Si deposition were investigated. The results indicate that the as-formed coating consists of single phase of NbSi₂- SiF₂ is responsible for the transportation and deposition of Si in the pack.