Surface coating and exploring new fabrication methods are two kinds of ordinary processes to achieve the fine optical surface of silicon carbide. Two main coating techniques of silicon carbide-based materials, CVD SiC and PVD Si on SiC surface are introduced, and the recent developments of silicon carbide optical fabrication methods are reviewed in detail.

Amorphous calcium phosphates have been widely applied in biomedical fields due to their excellent bioactivity, high cell adhesion, adjustable biodegradation rate and good osteoconduction. Chemical composition, structure, morphology, phase transformation in the aqueous solution or during the process of heat treatment and biomedical application of amorphous calcium phosphates are reviewed in this paper.

The layered ternary ceramics (M_n+1AX_n) have attracted more and more attentions because of their special mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The latest progress of calculation materials science, the primary synthesis processes and the mechanical and oxidation resistance properties of M₂AX bulk samples were reviewed. Additionally, their thermal and electrical properties were also described. The potential applications of M₂AX materials were predicted.

The film containing oriented mesochannels in uniform direction at large scales can be defined as ordered mesoporous thin film. Various preparation methods of ordered mesoporous silica thin films are reviewed in recent years. These preparation methods can be summarized into three kinds in mechanism. The factors influencing the mesoporons film preparation are also discussed and analyzed based on the viewpoint of ’’order’’. In addition, the progress tendencies of those preparation methods in the future are also introduced.

High-quality 1.3at% neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) transparent ceramic was fabricated by a solid-state reaction method and vacuum sintering using high-purity α-Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃ and Nd₂O₃ as raw materials with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as sintering aid. The microstructure, the spectral property and the laser performance of the prepared Nd:YAG ceramic were studied. It is found that the sample exhibits pore-free structure with average grain size of 15μm. There is no secondary phase in the grain boundary and grain. Transmittance of the sample after annealing reaches 82.4% at the laser wavelength of 1064nm. The highest absorption peak is centered at 808.6nm and the absorption coefficient is 4.45cm^-1. The peak absorption coefficient at laser wavelength of 1064nm is 0.11cm^-1. The FWHM of 1064nm main emission peak is 0.82nm, and the fluorescence lifetime is 258μs. A laser diode (808nm) was used as pump source whose maximium output was 1000mW, and end-pumped laser experiment was demonstrated on 1.3at%Nd:YAG ceramic. The sample for laser testing is phi16mmtimes2.8mm in dimension, mirror-polished on both sides and without coating. With 731mW of maxiμm absorbed pump power, laser output of 45mW is obtained with slope efficiency of 23.2%. The laser threshold is 530mW.

Gd₂O₃:Eu³⁺ luminescent materials with spherical shape and the size of 20nm were synthesized by a sol-lyophilization method. The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra show that the precursor samples are hydroxide crystals, and the calcined samples are cubic Gd₂O₃. The PL spectra show that the calcined samples emit Eu³⁺ character red light, and there is efficient energy transition from Gd³⁺ to Eu³⁺. With the increasing of calcining temperatures, the intensity of emission and excitation increases and the lifetime becomes longer due to the crystal growing better, and the surface defects are decreased, then the quenching center is also decreased.

A grating structure was inscribed in a Ag⁺-doped BK7 glass sample by a focused femtosecond laser (800nm,120fs and 1kHz), and the glass sample was then annealed at different temperatures. Absorption spectra show that oxygen deficient centers are formed after the femtosecond laser irradiation and Ag nanoparticles are precipitated after annealing at 575℃. The diffraction efficiency of the inscribed grating decreases with further increase in annealing temperature above 575℃.The microstructure of the grating was also observed by an optical microscope and the mechanism of the observed phenomena was discussed.

The defect chemistry of BaPbO₃ was studied by the measurement of the equilibrium electrical conductivity as a function of oxygen pressure (10^-12-10⁵ Pa). The major defects and their charge-compensating defects in undoped and acceptor-doped BaPbO₃ were present. The influence of impurities concentrations on equilibrium electrical conductivity and both inflexions of the change of major defects in high and low oxygen-activity regions were discussed. At highly oxygen activity the major defects are lead vacancies and their compensating holes. With the decreasing in oxygen activity, the major defects will change from intrinsic disorder into
extrinsic disorder and the acceptor impurities become the major source of defects. At lower oxygen activity the oxygen vacancies become compensating defects instead of the holes, and the reducing reaction becomes the major source of compensating defects. Both inflexions in high and low oxygen-activity regions move to higher oxygen activity with the increasing of acceptor concentrations.

Pure BaTiO₃ ceramics and Pr, Mn-doped BaTiO₃ ceramics were prepared by a sol-gel method. The pure BaTiO₃ ceramics were modified by the penetration of Pr and Mn in gaseous state, their structure and electrical properties were studied. The results show that the resisitivity of Pr-doped BaTiO₃ ceramics is decreased to 1.01×10⁵Ω·m, the resisitivity of Mn-doped BaTiO₃ ceramics is increased to 1.50×10¹³Ω·m, while both Pr and Mn penetration can decrease the resisitivity of BaTiO₃ ceramics evidently, which is 1.08×10³Ω·m and 1.29×10⁵Ω·m, respectively . The Pr-Mn penetrated BaTiO₃ ceramics show a distinct NTC effect. The XRD results show that the perovskite structure of Pr or Mn doped BaTiO₃ ceramics does not change obviously, but there are new peaks of BaMn_0.12Al_1.88O₄ and Al₈Mn₄Pr in Pr-Mn penetrated BaTiO₃ ceramics. The XPS results show that Pr, Mn and C element are penetrated into BaTiO₃ ceramics, leading to the binding energy of modified BaTiO₃ ceramics increase and their stability improve. The SEM results show that Pr and Mn penetration can improve the surface state of BaTiO3 ceramics, the grains become finer and grow more integrally than pure BaTiO₃ ceramics, the porosity are decreased visibly.

Er-Mg and Er-Mn doped BaTiO₃ systems were prepared by solid state reaction and the effects of sintering atmosphere on their microstructures and electrical properties were researched. XRD indicates that both samples sintered in different atmospheres have pseudocubic structure. For both specimens, the solubility limit of Er in BaTiO₃ is about 3.0mol%--4.0mol%, however the reducing atmosphere can suppress the solid solubility of acceptors such as Er, which lead to the formation of pyrochlore-type Er₂Ti₂O₇. SEM shows that Mn ions promote grain growth of Er₂Ti₂O₇ secondary phase, but contrarily Mg ions inhibit it. The results suggest that due to the effect of various sintering atmosphere, the solid solubility change of acceptors can affect the core/shell volume ratio in the grains, as well as the valence variety of Mn ions can shift the Curie temperature. Thus the capacitance-temperature characteristics are dramatically improved and two kinds of dielectrics sintered under the proper conditions can meet X8R specification.

Pb(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)O₃ (PZT 95/5) powder was synthesized from the mixture of Pb₃O₄, ZrO₂, TiO₂ and Nb2O5 with cylindrical shock-loading device. By means of XRD, SEM, DSC-TG etc, the effects of shock wave on properties and sintering behavior of PZT 95/5 powder was studied. Also, the sintering activation energy of PZT 95/5 ceramic was obtained according to the sintering equation of diffusion mechanism deduced by sphere model. The results show that, the single-phase perovskite PZT 95/5 powder can be successfully prepared with the effects of high temperature and high pressure of shock wave. Because of the activation and fragmentation caused by shock wave, the grain refinement and lattice distortion are observed in PZT 95/5 powder, which can ameliorate the sinterability of PZT 95/5 ceramic. After pressureless sintered at 1200℃ for 3h, PZT 95/5 ceramic with density of 7.79 g·cm^-3 can be obtained. And the sintering activation energy of PZT 95/5 ceramic prepared by shock synthesis is 115.12 kJ·mol^-1, while that prepared by solid-state reaction is 242.57kJ·mol^-1. The sintering is activated evidently.

(Ba,Sr)TiO₃ nanocrystals with narrow size distribution and quasi-spheric shape were successfully prepared by glycothermal method. The synthesized products were characterized by XRD, TEM and Raman spectroscope. Chemical composition, crystal structure, particle size and crystallinity are strongly influenced by the factors including butanediol/water ratio, temperature and Ba/Sr ratio of the liquid media. The results manifest that the glycothermal process may provide a simple route to the synthesis of monodispersed BST nanocrystals without mineralizing agents.

CdSe nanowires with an average diameter of 20nm and lengths of several hundreds of nanometers to several micrometers were synthesized by a solvothermal method assisted with polyacrylamide (PAM) at 180℃. The structure and morphology of as prepared products were characterized by XRD, TEM and HRTEM. Also, the effect of reaction time on nanowire growth and the growth mechanism were discussed. The optical properties of CdSe nanowieres were investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. An absorption peak found at 660nm in the UV-vis spectrum indicates that the as-prepared CdSe nanowires show a strong blue shift due to quantum confinement effect.

H₂Ti₄O₉ nanocrystals with high specific surface areas were prepared by delamination and precipitation process through ball milling combined with ion exchange reaction. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, thermal analysis, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm, and absorption spectrum. The crystallites of Ti₄O₉^2- in the form of titania nanosheets have lateral size less than 50nm. The specific surface area of H₂ Ti₄O₉ nanocrystals depends on pH values of precipitation solution and ball milling time. The specific surface area of H₂ Ti₄O₉ nanocrystals prepared by ball-milling of K₂Ti₄O₉ for 2h and suspending in 1mol/L HCl followed by precipitation at pH=8 can reach 328.4m²·g^-1.

SiO₂ coated by ZnS nanocrystalline three-dimensional core-shell or hollow nanospheres can be used as building blocks for photonic crystals. To produce these particular three-dimensional nano-materials, a layer-by-layer self-assembled method was used. The electrostatic on the surface of nanometer SiO₂ templates could absorb ZnS nanocrystal and form a layer of thickness-controlled shell. The hollow nanospheres were produced by 5％ hydrofluoric acid etched the SiO₂ templates. The core-shell structure and hollow nanospheres were verified by XRD, UV, PL, TEM, SEM and AFM. The results indicate that after the SiO₂ is coated by ZnS nanocrystalline, the core-shell surface is close and neat, and the particle size is homogeneous. The configuration of ZnS hollow nanospheres is intact, and the thickness is well-distributed.

Magnesia whiskers with a diameter of 1--50μm and a length of 50--2000μm were synthesized via calcinations at different stages using MgCl₂·6H₂O as raw materials and KCl as flux. Through theoretical analysis of bischofite’s pyrolysis and chemical analysis of intermediate products during different sintering stages, anhydrous magnesium chloride was presumed to be the precursor, which was confirmed by the preparation of MgO whisker from anhydrous magnesium chloride. Three factors that influence the whiskers morphology were also discussed including MgCl₂, HCl and H₂O. During the whisker’s growth, heterogeneous nucleation of MgO occurs on the container-wall at initial stage, and then MgO whiskers are grown through VLS mechanism, finally dominated by VS mechanism.

Sodium oleate was used as surface modification agent to modify Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles prepared in high temperature organic solution. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were transferred from organic phase to aqueous solution by the van der Waals interaction between the long aliphatic chain of oleate anion and the hydrophobic groups in the surface of Fe₃ O₄ nanoparticles. Effects of concentration of sodium oleate, pH and temperature on surface modification of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were investigated. Mossbauer spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize samples before and after modification. The results show that the method is effective in ransferring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from organic phase to aqueous solution. The ratio of Fe₃O₄ anoparticles transferred from organic phase is as high as 86％ and the content of ransferred Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in aqueous solution is 10.5mg·mL^-1 on condition that the concertration of sodium oleate solution is 3mmol/L, the content of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in n-hexane is 12.28mg·mL^-1, pH is 8.6,temperature is 60℃, respectively. The surface modified Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with low concentration in aqueous solution can stably disperse in aqueous solution for a long time.

Lithium ion battery cathode material LiFePO₄/C was prepared by using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin as carbon source. Effects of resin on purity and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ were investigated by XRD and galvanostatic charge-discharge test. The results indicate that the hydrogen resulted from pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin can react with LiFePO₄, then Fe₂P, FeP and Li₃PO₄ are formed. Such impurities will lead the capacity of the materials decrease. The impurities can be reduced significantly by carbonization at lower temperature before calcination at higher temperature. The capacity and cycle property of LiFePO₄ are improved greatly by the addition of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. The specific discharge capacity of LiFePO₄ reaches up to 160, 150, 135 and 120mAh/g at 0.2C,1C,2C and 5C(1C=150mA/g) rates, respectively.

Nanosized Te-doped skutterudites CoSb_3-xTe_{x ⁽}x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4) were prepared by a solvothermal method using CoCl₂, SbCl₃ and pure telluride powder as precursors and NaBH₄ as reductant. It is found that trace of other impurity phases such as CoTe₂ are coexisted for x≥0.2. The size of synthesized CoSb_3-xTe_x powders is about 40nm, and the grains are grown up to an average size of about 300nm after hot-pressing. Transport properties measurements indicate that the Te-doped CoSb_3-xTe_x have n-type conduction. As the Te fraction increases, the values of electrical conductivity increase, while the absolute Seebeck coefficient values decrease. A maximum power factor of 2.3×10^-3W·m^-1·K^-2 is obtained at 773K for CoSb_2.8Te_0.2.

Spherical LiNi_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xO₂(x=0.075, 0.1, 1/6) powders were synthesized from the co-precipitated carbonate precursor, Ni_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xCO₃(x=0.075, 0.1, 1/6). The effects of the Co content on the physics and electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xO₂ were investigated. The SEM images of LiNi_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xO₂ show that the spherical material consists of many primary particles, which sizes increase with the content of Co increasement. The results of X-ray powder diffraction show that all LiNi_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xO₂ are pure phase materials with layered structures. The electrochemical tests indicate that the discharge capacities of LiNi_0.5-xCo_2xMn_0.5-xO₂ increase and the cycle performances become better with the content of Co increasing. Under the charge/discharge conditions of 0.2C rate and voltage range of 2.7--4.3V, the discharge properties of spherical LiNi_0.425Co_0.15Mn_0.425O₂, LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ and LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ are 145,150 and 158 mAh·g^-1, respectively. The discharge capacity fadings for LiNi_0.425Co_0.15Mn_0.425O₂ and LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ are less than 3％ , however, there is no fade for that of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3 Mn_1/3O₂ after 50 cycles. The results of AC impedance show that the impedance decreases with the content of Co increasing.

Effects of sintering temperature, time and the lithium salts on the properties of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ synthesized by a solid-state-method were studied based on orthogonal experiments. The results show that sintering temperature is the most principal factor on the performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. Synthesized at proper sintering temperature with appropriate time, the product will have good electrochemical properties with finer particle size and better crystallinity. The high-rate discharge/charge property of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ prepared with LiNO₃ is much better. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ obgained at the optimum condition, namely preparing with LiNO₃ and sintering at 800℃ for 12h, performs well when charged and discharged with high current density. It delivers discharge capacities of 151mAh·g^-1, 140mAh·g^-1 and 115mAh·g^-1 at the rate of 1C, 2C and 5C, respectively, and shows good reversibility.

The cathode on Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9 (SDC) electrolyte was fabricated by a spray method. The composite phases in these materials of Sm_0.5Sr_0.5CoO₃(SSC)-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_1.9(SDC) were proved by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure shows that cathode contacts well with electrolyte and there are many pores in the cathode. The results of thermal expansion and resistance measurements show that thermal expansion coefficient increases with the increasing of SSC, whereas the resistance decreases. The results of electrochemical measurement show that the grade-layer composite cathode has better performance than single-layer SSC cathode.

Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) thin films were deposited from a variety of solutions with different pH values by liquid phase deposition. Continuous Ni(OH)₂ thin films were obtained within the pH ranging from 7.5 to 8.8. The nucleation and growth process of Ni(OH)₂, and β-Ni(OH)₂ crystallization were used to discuss the influence of solution pH on the microstructures of the Ni(OH)2 films. The thin films are made of Ni(OH)₂ nanorods mainly with β-Ni(OH)₂ crystallinity and there are a lot of open pores between the nanorods in the Ni(OH)₂ films. The dimensions of Ni(OH)₂ nanorods change remarkably with the pH of reactive solutions. When solution’s pH is 7.5, the length of nanorods is about 80nm and the diameter is about 50nm. When solution’s pH increases to 7.8, the length of nanorods increases to about 180nm and the diameter is about 60nm. When solution’s pH increases to 8.0, the length of nanorods sharply increases to about 300nm and the diameter is about 70nm. However, when solution’s pH increases to 8.3, the length of nanorods decreases to about 230nm and the diameter is about 80nm. When solution’s pH increases to 8.8, the length of nanorods sharply decreases to about 110nm and the diameter is about 55nm.

Copper oxide/porous carbon composite materials were prepared by a chemical deposition method. The effects of heat treatment temperature and copper oxide loading amount on the physical and chemical properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that heat treatment can change species of copper oxide, and these species can influence the electrochemical performance of the composite electrode materials. After loading 20wt％ copper oxide, a relatively strong peak current appears in the cyclic voltammograms of copper oxide/porous carbon composite electrode, but its electrochemical capability is unstable. The decrease of the loading amount of copper oxide is responsible for the improvement of electrochemical stability. When 3wt％ of copper oxide materials is loaded, the single-electrode specific capacitance of the composite electrode reaches 325F/g, which is higher than that of pure porous carbons (256F/g).

Mesoporous ZnO precursors with different apertures were synthesized by a sol-gel method under neutral conditions. With the thermal oxidation method, ZnO nanocrystalline particles were prepared by calcining the precursor of the mesoporous materials in air, and then the influence of reaction conditions on the luminescence intensity was discussed. The electroluminescence results indicate that there is neither blue-shift nor red-shift in their EL spectra by comparing the EL spectra of the samples dealt with the template agents with that of the samples dealt without surfactant. Under the same electric field intensity, the EL emission intensity of calcined mesoporous precursor ZnO is enhanced enormously. In detail, the intensities of samples dealt with ODA and F-127 are 2.7 and 4.6 times higher than that of the samples dealt without template, respectively. The enhanced EL intensity may be resulted from the mesoporous structure remained on the particles surface.

ZnO single crystal with a diameter of 32mm, was grown by a seeded chemical vapor transport method. X-ray diffraction technique was used to evaluate the crystalline quality. The structure defects and optic properties of as-grown and annealed ZnO crystals were compared by Raman and photoluminescence measures. It is found that the growth direction is along c-axis and FWHM is 47arcsec and 78.4arcsec in the centre and at the edge of the crystal, respectively. Quality of the crystal is improved after annealing in oxygen ambience.

Highly c-axis oriented ZnO and Zn_0.9Mn_0.1O thin films were fabricated on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Photoluminescence results show that Mn atoms doping induces the blue-shift of UV emission. At the same time, the intensity of UV emission decreases, while green emission increases. X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the influence of Mn-doping on properties of ZnO thin films. The results indicate that Zn_0.9Mn_0.1O alloy forms after Mn doping in ZnO. Mn atoms enter into the ZnO crystal lattice and substitute Zn atoms with Mn²⁺ state. As a result, the band gap of Zn_0.9Mn_0.1O increases, which is associated with the UV emission blue-shift. Furthermore, the reaction between the doped Mn and interstitial Zinc atoms(Zn_i) prompts the decay of samples' crystallinity. Thus, interstitial Zinc atoms(Zn_i) decrease and the oxygen vacancy (V_O) increases, showing the intensity weakening of the UV and violet emission, and the increasing of green emission of the film samples.

The densification and grain growth kinetics of microwave and conventional sintered ZnO varistors were studied. It reveals that there are no differences in the components of microwave and conventional sintered samples. Microwave is beneficial to the densification and can lower down the sintering temperature. Both densification and anti-densification processes affect the densities of the final products and the evaporation of Bi component is the main cause. The grain growth exponent values (n) are 2.9--3.4 for the ZnO varistor sintered by microwave, and lower than the ones of conventional sintered samples. And the apparent activation energies (Q) of microwave and conventional sintered ZnO varistors are 225 and 363kJ/mol, respectively. Bi₂O₃ liquid phase, spinel phase and the ''nonthermal effect'' of microwave are the main factors to co-influent the grain growth of microwave sintered ZnO varistors.

Powder samples, NiNb₂O₆, MgNb₂O₆, CaNb₂O₆, SrNb₂O₆, BaNb₂O₆, were prepared by solid state reaction. Crystal structure, optical and powder morphology of the samples were analyzed by XRD, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra and SEM. The photocatalytic properties were investigated by degrading rhodamine B under UV irradiation. The substitution of alkaline-earth metals for Ni improves the photocatalytic activity of MNb2O6. After UV irradiation for 10h, the concentrations of RhB/SrNb₂O₆ suspension and RhB/BaNb₂O₆ suspension are degraded to 21% and 37%, respectively.

SrNb₂O₆ powders were prepared by a conventional solid-state method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectra. Their photocatalytic activities were investigated on the degradation of methyl orange. The results show that the photocatalytic activity of pure phase SrNb₂O₆ calcined at 1400℃ is lower than that of the impure
phase SrNb₂O₆ calcined at 950℃. The heterojunction model is used to explain that the impure sample can improve the photocatalytic activity due to the interface interaction of Nb₂O₅ and SrNb₂O₆.

Nanosized titania particles consisting of anatase, rutile and brookite phases were synthesized under solvothermal conditions with different alcohols as solvents, hexamethylene tetramine (HMT) as precipitant as well as precursor of titanium trichloride. XRD, TEM, UV-Vis and XPS spectra were employed to characterize these samples. The effect of treatment solvent and HMT amount on the phase composition and photocatalytic activity of titania were investigated. It is found that anatase is easier to form at acidic condition, but rutile and brookite at basic condition, using methanol as solvent. The TiO_2-xN_x with nitrogen doping in TiO₂ is obtained under solvothermal conditions. The results of photocatalytic degradation to methyl orange show that the mixed crystallite of anatase and brookite has the best photocatalytic activity.

A solution consisting of styrene-acrylate spheres and anatase TiO₂ colloidal particles was synthesized. The films were
prepared from resultant solution by a dip-coating technique, and then styrene-acrylate spheres were preferentially dissolved in toluene, and the porous anatase TiO₂ films were obtained at room temperature. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were adopted to analyze the influence of the styrene-acrylate emulsion consumption, the dosage of TiO₂ sol, the aging time of the solutions and the conditions of eliminating styrene-acrylate spheres
on the morphology of the films. The results show that the mass ratio of TiO₂ sol and styrene-acrylate emulsion affects the morphology of the pores; the aging time is a dominant factor for the formation of the dense pores on the surface;
styrene-acrylate spheres can be eliminated effectively by the ultrasonic oscillation. The results also indicate that the appropriate proportion is: 15g TiO₂ sol+0.2g styrene-acrylate emulsion+10g H₂O; the solutions are aged for 15d, and the films are soaked into toluene and vibrated by ultrasonic for 10min.

Ti-incorporated Ti-HMS-1 mesoporous molecular sieve was synthesized at ambient temperature by the assembly of
TS-1 precursors using dodecylamine (DDA) surfactant as template agent, and characterized by XRD, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, FT-IR, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance. The results show that Ti-HMS-1 prepared consists of the mesoporous structure with ''worm-like'' holes and MFI structure unites, and the Ti atoms are incorporated into the framework. After treated in the boiling water at 373K for 50h, Ti-HMS-1 remains most of the mesoporous structures, which indicates Ti-HMS-1 has higher hydrothermal stability as compared with Ti-HMS. For the oxidation of styrene using H₂O₂ as oxidant, the catalytic performance of Ti-HMS-1 is higher obviously than that of Ti-HMS or TS-1. The selectivity of Ti-HMS-1 to products is similar to that of Ti-HMS.

Ethylene-modified microporous silica membranes were prepared by acid catalysed cohydrolysis and condensation reaction of tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS) and ethylenetriethoxysilane (TEVS) in ethanol and characterized by means of N₂ adsorption, TG, NMR and contact angle meter. The results show that the modified materials remain a desirable microporous structure with a
pore width centered at 0.5--0.7nm, and that the hydrophobic property of modified silica membranes is considerably improved due to the gradual replacement of hydrophilic silanol by hydrophobic ethylene on the surface with increasing molar ratio of TEVS/TEOS.

SiC_f/SiC composites were fabricated by a polymer infiltration and pyrolysis process using 2.5D SiC fiber preforms. In the first slurry infiltration process, active Al and inert SiC filler were introduced to enhance the infiltration efficiency. The effects of Al filler addition and thickness of PyC as interphase on mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The mechanical properties of the composite with active Al as the filler are remarkably improved. The bending strength and proportional limit stress reach 441MPa and 380MPa, respectively. In the range of 200--500nm, the effect of PyC thickness on the bending strength is not noticeable. The elastic modulus of the composite slightly decreases with the increase of PyC thickness.

Al and SiC powders were chosen as active filler and inert filler, respectively, for the fabrication of preceramic-derived multi-phased ceramics, using polycarbosilane as preceramic precursor. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and soaking time on ceramic yield, linear shrinkage, mechanical properties and microstucture were investigated. Volume expansion was observed
due to the reaction of Al particles with carbon-containing pyrolysis products and reactive atmosphere. The derived ceramics with small shrinkage and high ceramic yield could meet the demand of near net shaping process. After the ceramic composite was pyrolyzed at 1000℃ for 1h, the bending strength reached 293MPa with the shrinkage of 0.08% and ceramic yield of 99.68%.

Effect of needle-punching processing parameters on carbon-carbon (C-C) composites reinforced by carbon cloth and carbon fiber net was studied by a mechanical needling equipment in the thickness direction of perform. It is shown that high values of needle-punching density (ND) and punching depth (PD) lead to high values of perform density and fiber volume fraction, both ND and PD have larger effect on interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) than on compression strength and bending strength of C-C. The interlaminar shear strength, tensile strength, and bending strength of C-C all increase lineally with increasing punching density from 20 to 50punch/cm², also increase with increasing punching depth range from 12 to 16mm.The optimized ND parameters are 30punch/cm², which result in 15.5MPa of ILSS, 137.68MPa of bending strength and 224MPa of X-Y direction compression strength, respectively. The optimized PD parameters are 12mm, which result in 134MPa of bending strength and 213.2MPa of X-Y direction compression strength, respectively.

The effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of 2D PAN fiber reinforced mesophase pitch-based carbon/carbon (C/C) composites was studied by polarized light microscope (PLM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and mechanical properties test techniques respectively. PLM results indicate that the structure of the mesophase pitch matrix is graphitic and anisotropic. TEM and SEM results show the mesophase pitch matrix is the lamellae layer structure and the fiber-matrix interface morphology is similar to the "fissured-type 〞interface. The non-brittle fracture behavior of the composites is related to multiple crack deflections caused by the fiber-matrix interface and delamination microcracking within the pitch carbon layers. The fractured surfaces are made of fracture and pulling out of fiber. The flexural strength and the fracture toughness (K_IC) of C/C composites are 257MPa and 11.4MPa·m ^1/2, respectively.

C/C-TaC composites prepared by liquid precursors are promising in improving the ablation properties of C/C composites. The formation mechanism of TaC by tantalum-contained resin precursor was investigated through the analysis of components and morphologies of tantalum-contained resin after different heat treatment by XRD and SEM together with the DSC-TG results of tantalum-contained solution. The results show that tantalum-contained solution promotes the solidification of resin. Treated at 100℃, TaF₅ will hydrolyze into TaO₂F and the resin will solidify. Treated at 800℃ in vacuum atmosphere, part of TaO₂F in tantalum-contained resin will decompose into Ta₂O₅ solid and TaF₅ gas. Then, Ta₂O₅ will be reduced and compounded by carbon into TaC with fine sizes at 1000℃. The lossof tantalum can be controlled by prolonging treatment time at lower temperatures (room temperature --100℃) and introducing anhydrous ammonia into the solution.

The geometric model of Al₂O₃ grain is designed based on its crystal character, through randomly slicing the grain model with a given slenderness ratio with the emulation slicing system, the grain random section parameter-aspect ratio can be gotten. Then, the relationship between three-dimensional shape parameter of crystals and its two-dimensional section shape parameter can be established. In practical application, utilizing the relationship, three-dimensional shape of grains can be queried by measuring grains section parameter.

Expanded graphite (EG) was prepared by using natural flaky graphite as raw material which was from different producing area and with different particle sizes, and by using sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate mixture of certain compounding ratio as oxidant. The results show that the expansion ratio of EG decreases from 750mL/g when the particle size is larger than 420μm to 110mL/g when the particle size is 95--85μm. Observing and determining the pore structures in EG by using SEM and mercury porosimetry, it is found that the size of macrostructures and sub-microstructures decreases along with the decrease in particle sizes. The size effect mainly results from the difference in the crystallization degree of graphite, and it is reflected in the ash content, sulfur content, adsorptivity of EG,tensile strength of compressed EG sheet.

With the help of thermogravimetric analysis technique, non-isothermal oxidation kinetics of polycrystalline graphite was investigated by model-fitting and model-free methods, and the microstructure of the same surface of different weight loss was observed by SEM. Results show that the activation energy (E) depends strongly on weight loss fraction (α). Oxidation starts from grain boundary, and the pore size on observed surface almost does not change with the increase of weight loss at the initial stage of oxidation. The non-isothermal oxidation of polycrystalline graphite exhibites three regimes: in the initial stage (α<20%), oxidation is controlled by chemical reaction; in middle stage (20%<α<60%), oxidation is controlled by chemical reaction and gaseous diffusion; in final stage (α>60%), oxidation is controlled by gaseous diffusion. The model-free method is recommended as a trustworthy way for obtaining reliable kinetic information from non-isothermal oxidation of graphite.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) were used to characterize the surface component and bonding state, and these analyses show that the content of hydroxyl group on the surface of Ti-O-N film is enhanced by the chemisorption of phosphoric acid, and the reaction sites with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) are amplified, furthermore the concentration of immobilized heparin molecules are increased. Fluorescence staining analysis qualitatively proves that the terminal amino groups of APTES are in existence. The result of the toluidine blue method shows that the concentrations of the immobilized heparin on the Ti-O-N film treated by phosphoric acid are 6.6μg/cm². The evaluation of the platelet adhesion test in ~vitro indicates that the Ti-O-N film treated by phosphoric acid and then immobilized with the heparin molecules can effectively suppress the adhesion and activation of the platelets, and has a better antithrombotic property.

The influence of 316L fibre’s dimension and content on the properties of HA-ZrO₂(CaO)/316L biocomposites was studied. The results show that mechanical properties of the composites with fibre diameter of 40μm is better than that of 50μm, and with fibre length of 0.8--1.2mm is better than that of 2--3mm. Micropores increase with volume fraction of 316L fibre because of mutual contact among fibres, which becomes microflaws and leads to descending of mechanical properties. Therefore, it is concluded that HA-ZrO₂(CaO)/316L fibre biocomposite reinforced by 20vol% fibre with dimension of φ40μm×(0.8--1.2)mm has optimal mechanical properties, i. e. bending strength, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness and
relative density are 140.1MPa, 117.8GPa, 5.81 MPacdotm1/2 and 87.1%, respectively. No obvious flaws or pores appear in the composites and 316L fibre is enwrapped in the HA-ZrO₂(CaO) matrix and both integrate each other tightly. The combining mechanism of matrix to 316L fibre is physical adhering force. Small amount of Fe element of the toughing phase diffuses in the HA(ZrO₂) matrix, but no Ca, P element of the matrix diffuses in 316L fibre toughing phase. Both matrix and toughing phase are relatively independent and no chemical reaction is observed in the composites. Brittle fracture and tough fracture are illustrated in HA-ZrO₂(CaO)/316L fibre biomaterials with 5vol% fibres and 10vol%, 20vol%, 40vol% 316L fibres, respectively, and the toughness increases with the increasing of 316L fibre contents in HA-ZrO₂(CaO)/316L fibre biomaterials with 10vol%, 20vol%, 40vol% 316L fibres.

Macroporous calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold was prepared by a salt-leaching method using water-dissoluble rod-shaped monosodium glutamate crystals as poregen. The relationship between the porosity and the amount of poregen was investigated. The results indicate that the porosity of CPC scaffold come up to (79.8±2.3)% with a pore size range of 100--600μm. Chitin fibers was incorporated to reinforce CPC scaffold. The compressive strength of the Chitin fibers reinforced CPC scaffold increases 3 to 4 times higher than that of the CPC scaffold without fibers and the strain of fracture increases remarkably. The scaffold material may be applied in the bone tissue engineering for repair of non-load bearing bone defects.

Using Pulsed Laser Deposition method, the La _0.9 Ce _0.1 MnO ₃ thin film was epitaxial prepared on LaAlO₃ (100) single crystal substrate. The XRD result shows the film has perovskite pseudocubic structure with preferential orientation (100). The R-T curves show the metal-insulator transition and CMR effect, and the T _MI are 213K and 223K for 0T and 0.1T, respectively. The maximum MR is 38.5% at 0.1T. Correspondingly, the peak temperature at the maximum MR is 153K. This indicates that the films display CMR effect in the mental region. The fitting results show that the data satisfy R=R ₀+R ₁ T ²+R ₂ T ^4.5 for T<T _MI, and for T>T _MI, it is satisfied with small polaron model．The effect of the continue wave laser (532nm, 40mW) on the film was also investigated．Below T _MI, the resistance increases．Above T _MI there is a decrease of the resistance．The T _MI shifts to the low temperature when the laser irradiates．This is attributed to the change of the spin
order in the film because of photoinducing, reduce the double exchange, and change electronic transport. The resistance meets the exponential foula R(t)=R ₀+A exp(-t/τ), which can interpret the relaxation process from the photoinduced spin correlation state.

Observation in-situ of crystal growth of the transparent model alloy is an effective method to study solidification of crystal. An apparatus system to study the process of crystal growth was designed, which includes the room of crystal growth in unidirectional solidification and the observation and measurement apparatus. With this experiment system, the morphology of growing interface of Succinonitrile-5wt% ethanol as a transparent model alloy were experimentally studied at different growth condition parameters. It is found that the effect of the buoyancy-driven flow and the microconvection in the crystal growth process can cause downstream alternation of the cell growth direction.

The directionally solidified Si-TaSi₂ eutectic in ~situ composite for field emission was prepared with the electron beam floating zone melting (EBFZM) technique. The microstructure characteristic of Si-TaSi₂ eutectic was systematically investigated. The Si-TaSi₂ eutectic in ~situ composite, which has high-aligned and uniformly-distributed TaSi₂ fibers in the Si matrix, can be obtained when the solidification rate changes from 0.3mm/min to 9.0mm/min. With the increase of the solidification rate, the diameter and the inter-rod spacing of the TaSi₂ fibers are decreased, while the density and the volume fraction of the fibers are increased. The solid/liquid interface is studied by the zero power method as well. When the solidification rate varies from 0.3mm/min to 5.0 mm/min, the solid/liquid interface morphology
has the following evolution processing: planar interface→shallow cell interface→cell interface→planar interface.