Abstract: High-performance microwave-absorbing materials require a synergy of dielectric and magnetic loss mechanisms to efficiently dissipate electromagnetic energy. However, single-component materials often fail to simultaneously meet the stringent requirements of "thin thickness, lightweight, broad bandwidth, and strong absorption." While extensive research has focused on compositional optimization and microstructural engineering, systematic exploration regarding macroscopic structural design remains relatively limited. Herein, dielectric nanofiber membranes containing carbon-based materials (graphene oxide(GO) and MXene) and magnetic nanofiber membranes incorporated with magnetic nanoparticles were individually fabricated via electrospinning. Subsequently, a multilayer alternating assembly strategy was employed to construct composite films with superior microwave absorption performance. The optimized three-layer composite film achieves a minimum reflection loss of -54 dB at a thickness of 3.9 mm, along with significantly reduced radar cross-section scattering at 4, 6, and 8 GHz. Furthermore, the composite film possesses desirable multifunctional features, including excellent flexibility, low density, and superior thermal insulation, enabling seamless conformity to complex curved surfaces. These attributes render it highly promising for lightweight and efficient electromagnetic protection in aerospace stealth technologies, precision electronics, and telecommunications. This work demonstrates that the multilayer alternating architecture effectively modulates electromagnetic wave propagation pathways and impedance matching, offering a robust design avenue for high-performance microwave absorbers.

Key words: electrospinning, multilayer alternating structure, impedance gradient design, dielectric loss, magnetic loss