耐高温氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

doi:10.15541/jim20200404

无机材料学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (7): 673-684.DOI: 10.15541/jim20200404 CSTR: 32189.14.10.15541/jim20200404

所属专题：【虚拟专辑】气凝胶，玻璃(2020~2021)

• 综述 • 下一篇

耐高温氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

彭飞(), 姜勇刚(), 冯坚(), 蔡华飞, 冯军宗, 李良军

国防科技大学空天科学学院, 新型陶瓷纤维及其复合材料重点实验室, 长沙 410073

收稿日期:2020-07-20 修回日期:2020-09-17 出版日期:2021-07-20 网络出版日期:2020-10-30
通讯作者: 姜勇刚, 副研究员. E-mail: jygemail@nudt.edu.cn;冯坚, 研究员. E-mail:fengj@nudt.edu.cn
作者简介:彭飞(1985-), 男, 博士研究生. E-mail: feijigong@126.com
基金资助:
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目(2018JJ2469)

Research Progress on Alumina Aerogel Composites for High-temperature Thermal Insulation

PENG Fei(), JIANG Yonggang(), FENG Jian(), CAI Huafei, FENG Junzong, LI Liangjun

Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Received:2020-07-20 Revised:2020-09-17 Published:2021-07-20 Online:2020-10-30
Contact: JIANG Yonggang, associate professor. E-mail:jygemail@nudt.edu.cn;FENG Jian, professor. E-mail:fengj@nudt.edu.cn
About author:PENG Fei (1985-), male, PhD candidate. E-mail: feijigong@126.com
Supported by:
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2018JJ2469)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氧化铝气凝胶是一种高孔隙率、低密度、高比表面积、耐高温和低热导的纳米多孔材料, 在高温隔热领域(如航天飞行器热防护系统、工业窑炉保温材料等)具有广阔的应用前景。但是, 纯氧化铝气凝胶因耐温性(1000 ℃以上)、力学性能和高温隔热性能相对较差难以直接应用, 需要引入增强相和遮光组分制备成气凝胶复合材料以进行改善。本文对耐高温氧化铝气凝胶的制备、氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备及性能等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。研究人员通过原位掺杂改性、沉积改性、有机链和炭涂层改性等方法提高了氧化铝气凝胶的热稳定性。在氧化铝气凝胶中引入晶须、颗粒、多孔骨架和纤维等增强相, 能够大幅提高其力学性能; 纤维和遮光剂的协同作用, 能够提高氧化铝气凝胶抑制红外辐射的能力, 显著降低高温热导率。本文还提出了后续的研究方向：对氧化铝气凝胶的密度、微观结构进行精细调控, 再引入合适的异质元素和遮光剂,以进一步提高气凝胶的热稳定性和复合材料的隔热性能;深入研究复合材料在高温下结构和性能的演化, 以及氧化铝气凝胶和增强相之间的相互作用。作为一种新型的隔热材料, 氧化铝气凝胶复合材料将在高温隔热领域发挥其优势并逐步实现广泛应用。

关键词: 氧化铝气凝胶, 隔热, 复合材料, 增强相, 遮光剂, 综述

Abstract:

As a nano-porous material with high porosity, low density, high specific surface area, excellent heat-resistance, and low thermal conductivity, the alumina aerogel shows broad application prospect in high-temperature thermal insulating areas such as the thermal protective system for space vehicles and the thermal insulation for industrial kilns. However, pristine alumina aerogels can’t be directly used because of their relatively poor thermal resistance above 1000 ℃, mechanical strengths and high-temperature thermal insulating performance. They need to be improved by introducing reinforcements and opacifiers (namely the alumina aerogel composite). This paper summarizes the latest research progress of synthesis of heat-resistant alumina aerogels, and preparation and properties of alumina aerogel composites. Researchers improved the thermal stability of alumina aerogels by modifications such as in-situ doping, deposition, organic chains or carbon coatings. The introduction of whiskers, particles, porous skeletons or fibers into alumina aerogels contributes to considerable improvement of mechanical performance. The cooperation of fibers and opacifiers help to increase the inhibition of infrared radiation and lower the high-temperature thermal conductivity of alumina aerogels. The future of alumina aerogel composites is also proposed: a) finely tailoring the bulk density, micro structures, and introducing proper foreign elements and opacifiers, are supposed to further optimize the thermal stability of alumina aerogels and thermal insulating performance of their composites; b) deeper attention should also be paid on the evolution of structure and properties of composites at elevated temperatures, and on the interaction between alumina aerogel and reinforcement. As a novel thermal insulation, alumina aerogel composites are expected to take their advantages and be widely applied in the future.

Key words: alumina aerogel, thermal insulation, composite, reinforcement, opacifier, review

中图分类号:

TB332

彭飞, 姜勇刚, 冯坚, 蔡华飞, 冯军宗, 李良军. 耐高温氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2021, 36(7): 673-684.

PENG Fei, JIANG Yonggang, FENG Jian, CAI Huafei, FENG Junzong, LI Liangjun. Research Progress on Alumina Aerogel Composites for High-temperature Thermal Insulation[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2021, 36(7): 673-684.

图/表 15

图1 氧化铝气凝胶的制备过程(R代表烷氧基, X代表氯离子等阴离子)

Fig. 1 Preparation of alumina aerogels (R refers to the alkoxyl group and X refers to the anion such as Cl-)

图2 高温热处理后的氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶[39]

Fig. 2 Alumina-silica aerogels after heat-treatment[39] (a) Specific surface areas of aerogels with different molar ratios of Si; (b) TEM photos of the pristine alumina aerogel (AA-1300) and alumina-silica aerogel calcined at 1300 ℃(ASA81-1300); (c) Distribution and atomic ratio of Si and Al in the aerogel with a theoretical Si/Al molar ratio of 0.125:1 (Bars representing 20 nm; the red and green color representing Si and Al, respectively)

图3 硅改性氧化铝气凝胶[47]

Fig. 3 Si-modified alumina aerogels[47] (a) Deposition modification of the gels; (b) Macro and (c) Micro changing of pristine and Si-modified alumina aerogels after heat-treatment at 1300 ℃

图4 典型氧化铝气凝胶的(a)多孔结构[5]和(b)弹性模量

Fig. 4 (a) Porous structure[5] and (b) elastic moduli of alumina aerogels

图5 氧化铝气凝胶复合材料的制备方法

Fig. 5 Synthesis of alumina aerogel composites

图6 硼酸铝晶须增强氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶复合材料[27]

Fig. 6 The aluminum borate whisker reinforced alumina-silica aerogel composite[27] (a) Macro and (b) micro morphology; (c) Mechanical properties

图7 氧化锆纤维多孔骨架及其增强的氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶复合材料[37]

Fig. 7 Zirconia fiber-based porous skeleton and the alumina-silica aerogel composite reinforced by the skeleton[37] Micro morphology of (a) skeleton and (b) composite, and (c) their mechanical properties

图8 石英纤维多孔骨架宏观形貌(a)和微观形貌(b,c)[33]

Fig. 8 The macro (a) and micro morphologies (b,c) of the quartz fiber-based porous skeleton[33]

图9 纤维增强氧化铝(氧化铝-氧化硅)气凝胶复合材料[55,56,57]

Fig. 9 Fiber reinforced alumina (alumina-silica) aerogel composites[55,56,57] (a) Influence of mass fraction of fibers on mechanical properties[55]; (b) Behavior of composites under compressive and bending loadings[56]; (c) Morphology and (d) bending/tensile strengths of composites with different fiber densities[57]

图10 陶瓷纤维增强氧化铝气凝胶复合材料(厚度15 mm)的石英灯单面加热试验现场(a)和温度曲线(b)[56]

Fig. 10 Test site (a) and temperature curves (b) of the ceramic fiber reinforced alumina aerogel composite (15 mm in thickness) heated by a quartz lamp apparatus[56]

图11 莫来石纤维增强氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶复合材料的高温热导率[57]

Fig. 11 High-temperature thermal conductivities of mullite fiber reinforced alumina-silica aerogel composites[57]

图12 加入遮光剂的莫来石纤维毡增强氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶复合材料[68]

Fig. 12 Opacifier embedded mullite fiber felt reinforced alumina-silica aerogel composite[68] (a) Macro morphology; (b) Temperature curves of the composite (20 mm in thickness) during one-face heating test

图13 引入氧化钛的莫来石纤维增强氧化铝气凝胶复合材料的高温热导率(a)[47], 不同氧化钛含量复合材料的高温热导率(b)[54], 含氧化钛的复合材料(厚度为20 mm)在丁烷火焰加热(1300 ℃, 15 min)下的冷面温度(c)[54], 复合材料的传热机制(λs、λg分别为固态、气态热导率)(d)[54]

Fig. 13 The mullite fiber felt reinforced alumina-silica aerogel composite doped with TiO2 (a) High-temperature thermal conductivity[47]; (b) High-temperature thermal conductivity of composites with different content of TiO2[54]; (c) Temperature (cold-face) of the composite (doped with 10wt% TiO2) fired by the flame of butane spray gun at 1300 ℃ for 15 min[54]; (d) Heat transfer mechanism of the composite (λs and λg refering to solid and gaseous thermal conductivity, respectively)[54]

图14 碳化硅改性莫来石纤维的微观形貌(a)和以改性莫来石纤维作为增强相的氧化铝-氧化硅气凝胶复合材料的热导率(b)[69]

Fig. 14 (a) Micro morphology of SiC modified mullite fibers; (b) Thermal conductivity of the alumina-silica aerogel composite reinforced by SiC modified mullite fibers[69]

图15 典型的纯氧化铝气凝胶及其隔热复合材料的热导率值

Fig. 15 Thermal conductivity of typical pristine alumina aerogels and alumina aerogel insulation composites

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耐高温氧化铝气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

Research Progress on Alumina Aerogel Composites for High-temperature Thermal Insulation

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