This paper reviews the manufacturing method of the unidirectionally solidified eutectic composite. A unidirectionally solidified Al_2O_3/YAG
eutectic composite has superior flexural strength, thermal stability and creep resistance at high-temperature up to 2073K. For example, the flexural strength
is 350--400MPa indepedent of testing temperature from room temperature to 2073K (just below its melting point of 2100K). During tensile test above 1923K, the
eutectic composite shows the evidence of plastic deformation occurring by dislocation motion, and a yield phenomenon similar to many metals observed.
The microstructure of the composite is extremely stable after heat treatment at 1973K for 1000h in air atmosphere. It may be expected that it would be a
new heat-resistant structural material in the twenty-one century.

Laminated ceramic composites which have a unique structure, have been used in tailoring the microstrucure and mechanical properties
of structural ceramics, and it is shown that both strength and toughness can be improved. In this paper, the different mechanisms that can be
used to reinforce laminated ceramic composites were reviewed in two parts at macroscopic scale. Furthermore, optimum design of such composites
was briefly pointed out, and as an example, the fracture toughness was optimized by discussing the effects of changes in specimen variables,
including lamina strength, interface bonding strength, as well as interface and lamina thickness in details.

This article reviewed on the physical properties, the crystal structure, the growth methods, and the applications of the SiC single crystal The preparation of the SiC single crystal by sublimation method was introduced in detail The defects of SiC single crystal caused in the PVT process were discussed

Based on the observation with optical microscope and analysis by EDS of electron microprobe and scan electron microscope, the scattering particles existing
in lead fluoride crystals were firstly confirmed to be lead metal. Their shapes are characterized by gradually evolving from irregrlar shape to diamond shape. There is a face
which direction is always parallel to the (100) face of PbF₂ crystal. It was suggested that the scattering particles are formed from the following process: reduction
of lead metal, inclusion of melt, nucleation and solidification along some direction of PbF_2 crystal.

Glass-ceramics with α-cordierite(2MgO·2Al₂O₃·5SiO₂) as main crystal phase, having excellent dielectric property, are perfect
materials for microwave parts of a medium apparatus. However, the thermal expansion coefficient of the material is not high enough for some special
applications. Now, a novel glass-ceramics with suitable thermal expansion coefficient (47.7×10^-7/℃) and excellent dielectric
property (ε=5.1，tgδ<10^-3) was developed. Crystallization process and the thermal expansion coefficient changes of the material was
studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal expansion property testing. The results show that the thermal
expansion coefficient changes respond to crystal phase proportion and transition.

Samples of DBS modified PbS nanoparticles doped in ORMOSIL were prepared by Sol Gel method and characterized The HRTEM demonstrated that the sizes of PbS nanoparticles are 3～4nm and that the particles separately and homogeneously disperse in the ORMOSIL The blue shift of the absorption edge shows an obvious quantum size effect.

According to the theory of crystallization chemistry, thermodynamics and kinetics, the process of droplet-like phase-separation of CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass
was simulated by using TEM, image analyzer and computer. The mathematics and logical model of phase-separation was developed on the basis of phase transition theory and
experiments. The key factors of following logarithmic normal distribution are that critical sizes of droplet phase nuclei must change in a certain range for the droplet-like phase-separation
controlled by the mechanism of nucleation-growth; relative growth rate of droplet phase locates at 5%--10%. The distribution type has no relationship to the absolute values of critical sizes
when phase-separation takes place, and to the droplet phase diameter when the droplet phase stops growing. This simulation method leads to a new way to control nanometre structure of glass and make a noval glass
materials with some special properties.

The mesoporous silica MCM--41 materials with hexastyle structure were synthesized under strongly acidic condition.
The characteristics of samples were investigated by using XRD, N₂ adsorption, HREM, and SEM techniques. The results show
that MCM-41 powder with hexastyle structure, which is wormlike in micrometer-scale, consists of thousands of mesoporous channels in
nano-scale. The morphogenesis of hexastyle mesoporous silica is due to the accretion of surfactant micella combined with silica oligmers
in the low concentration of TEOS.

(Ca,Mg)-α-Sialon for the compositions M_xSi_3-xAl_xO_xN_16-x with x ranging from 0.3 to 1.4 were prepared by hot-pressing technique. The result showed that the
crystalline phase in the sintered material consists of α-Sialon and Mg-containing AlN-polytypoid when x is equal to or greater than
1.0 and the AlN-polytypoid content increases as the x-value increases. By the use of duplex metal oxide CaO/MgO, instead of CaO, as additives
to form α-Sialon, the material possesses a better sintering ability. TEM and EDAX results further revealed that the most of added Mg⁺⁺ can be incorporated into the Sialon to form magnesium AlN-polytypoid
phase, whereas the most added Ca⁺⁺ enters α-Sialon structure. The formation of magnesium-containing AlN-polytypoid phase in the composite
materials can provide a new approach to reduce the amount of glassy phase at the grain boundary.

For the synchronous sinter of Al₂O₃ and HAP, it is necessary to decrease the sintering temperature of Al₂O₃ to prevent decomposition of HAP.
A/W bioglass which has low melting point and bioactivity was selected as the liquid phase sintering additive, perfect A/W-Al₂O₃ slurries and A/W-Al₂O₃
tapes were fabricated and various factors which havegreat effect on the properties of slurries and the processing of tape casting
were investigated. Because the bioglass evaporates easily at high temperature, the densities of sample are greatly effected by sintering time and temperature.
But the relative density of the samples prepared at 1300℃ can be reached up to 99.17%, therefore, the A/W-Al₂O₃ and HAP tapes can be sintered
together at low temperature, it is possible to prepare the laminated bioactivity implant with porous bioactive HAP and A/W-Al₂O₃ substrate.

The phase control, mechanical properties and microstructures of α-β-Sialon ceramics were compared among the three counterpart Dy-, Sm-
and (Dy+Sm)-α-β-Sialon compositions. The results show that the dulpex Ln-α-β-Sialon possesses advantage over the single
Ln-α-β-Sialon. Unlike Sm-Sialon, in the (Dy+Sm)-Sialon compositions melilite phase does not occurs during the formation of
α-Sialon. Therefore, the phase compositions based on phase equilibrium can be easily controlled. Sm-Sialons have a rather finer microstructure, higher flexural strength and fracture toughness. These characteristics can
remain in (Dy+Sm)-Sialon ceramics. Dy-Sialons possess a higher hardness and Dy-α’ is much stable than Sm-β’ during heat treatment, which can also
remain in (Dy+Sm)-Sialon ceramics. Therefore, (Dy+Sm)-α-β-Sialon ceramics are quite stable during heat treatment and possesses good mechanical properties.

The montmorillonite in Heping, Guangdong province was studied by chemical analysis, DTA, TG, XRD, IR, AFM and MAS NMR. It is
found that when the temperature is between 500～700℃, The Si and Al spectra of montmorillonite display the spectrum characteristic
of meta-montmorillonite. When the thermal treatment temperature reaches 659℃, the hydroxyl in octahedra sheet begins dehydrating, but the
layer structure is maintaining, this process is corresponding to Al(Ⅵ) turning to Al(Ⅳ) in octahedra sheet. When the temperature reaches 900℃, the Si spectra relevant to montmorillonite disappear, that
means the layer structure of montmorillonite is destroyed, and the new mineral phase χ-SiO₂ is found. When the temperature reaches 1000℃,
there is more χ-SiO₂ phase produced by phase change, meanwhile the Al spectra of thermal products change greatly. When the temperature reaches
1200℃, cristobalite and mullite phases appear. When the temperature reaches 1350℃, the cristobalite and mullite phases reduce a few, and more
cordierite phases appear.

Nano-porous material SiO₂ aerogels were prepared from TEOS/C₂H₅OH and catalyzed by HF. The effects of some variable parameters such as catalyst ，
pH，water and solvent on the sol-gel process were studied. The results showed that catalyst HF greatly influences the velocity of
the hydrolysis and condensation of the TEOS. The special effect of the HF catalyst on the sol-gel process was also discussed. BET and TEM showed that the silica aerogels have a high inner surface
area (673.8m²g^-1) and the diameter of the skeletal particles is about 5-10 nm while the pore size is about 5--30 nm.

This paper studies the structure of IBED Cr-N coatings with different parameters such as N partial pressure, N ions bombarding energy
and N ions/Cr atoms ratio. The results show that the chemical composition and structure of the coatings are mainly determined by N partial pressure.
According to N partial pressure increasing, there are an increase of CrN phase and a decrease of Cr and Cr₂N phase. The grain orientations of the
coatings are affected by bombarding energy. When N ions/Cr atoms ratio changed from 1.45×10^-2 to 5.87×10^-2, high N ion flux of bombarding will result in acceleration of sputtering away from the coated CrN layer as well as its decomposition. In the mean time
Cr₂O₃ is easy to be produced in the layer.

a-C:H(N) films were deposited from mixture gases of C₂H₂, Ar and N₂ by r.f.-d.c. PECVD method. The deposition process, structure and direct current resistivity of the a-C:H(N) films were studied. The deposition rate of the a-C:H(N)
films increases with the increase of C₂H₂ content in the feed gases. The study of XPS and FTIR spectroscopy indicates that up to 9.09at% N can be incorporated
with C atoms in a-C:H(N) films as C≡N and C--N. The bonded N in a-C:H(N) films leads to the decrease of direct current resistivity.

Boron nitride (BN) films were deposited on a pre-boronised AISI 5140 substrate by r. f. plasma-assisted CVD technique, with nitrogen (N₂),
hydrogen (H₂) or H₂ diluted at 10 vol% in argon (Ar) being carrier gas. It was found by FTIR and SEM analyses that for the three kinds of carrier gas
the c-BN content was the highest if Ar+10% H₂ was used, the film thickness was the thinnest if H₂ was used, and the bonding strength of the film
determined through indentation test, was the poorest if N₂ was used as the carrier gas. TEM analysis indicated that most of the films were the
mixtures of amorphous and cubic BN phases, with the sizes of the c-BN particles being 20--40 nm.

In order to fabricate high quality ferroelectric thin films qualified for Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistors (FFETs) and
Ferroelectric Memory Diodes (FMDs), different ferroelectric thin film systems, with the structure of MF (I) S, were deposited by using
the pulsed laser deposition technique. The C-V characteristics of them were analyzed with comparison. The results showed that the primary factors
having effect on C-V characteristics included configuration designs of the thin films in addition to the substrate type and the interface
properties of the systems. Based on the above results, practicable thoughts to improve the C-V characteristics of ferroelectric thin
films were presented.

To improve the properties of oxygen electrodes of fuel cells and metal-air batteries, La_1-xA’_xFe_1-yCo_yO₃(A’=Ca, Sr, Ba) were prepared. Oxygen electrode was prepared, in which La_1-xA’_xFe_1-yCo_yO₃ were used as catalysts for oxygen reduction. In alkaline solution, the polarization curves
of the electrode were measured by using Hg/HgO as a reference electrode. The effect of constitutions on electrocatalytic activities and chemical stability
was studied. The specific surface area of catalysts was measured with BET method. It is found that, when x=0.4, the specific surface area is maximum
and the electrocatalytic activities are the best. It is indicated that La_0.6Ca_0.4Fe_0.6Co_0.4O₃ is a suitable catalyst for oxygen
reduction in alkaline solutions.

The gelcasting of α-alumina and binary zirconia-alumina composites ceramic was further studied. Special emphasis was placed on the preparation and gelation
of concentrated suspension with low viscosity and high solide volume loading. By using dispersant MN made in our laboratory, basic α-alumina concentrated
suspension whose solide loading as high as 65Vol% while viscosity as low as 267 mPa·s was prepared, besides,basic 10Vol% zirconia(3Y)-alumina concentrated
suspension with 55Vol% solide loading and low viscosity was prepared. The properties of gelcasting body were also studied.

Because of the extremely sensitivity to the local environment of the ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺ ion, the fluorescence
of Eu³⁺ ions was studied by introducing Eu³⁺ ions to TiO₂ gel by the sol-gel method, from which the structural changes of TiO₂ gel
were characterized. The results showed that the intensity of ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition increased with the increasement of heat treatment temperature,
which indicated the evaporation of molecular water and the completeness of the condensation reaction. Because of the quenching of the fluorescence
induced by the cluster of Eu³⁺ ions, the addition of Al³⁺ ions greatly enhanced the emission intensity of Eu³⁺ ion.

The synthesized boron nitride and boron-carbon-nitrogen films by plasma source ion nitriding were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS). The effects of boron, carbon and nitrogen elements in the films on the XPS results were studied making use of the film characteristics with the
controllable composition. The XPS revealed that the formation of boron nitride films was confirmed but the sp² and sp³ plain microdomain structures were difficult distinguished, and the formation and bonding structures of boron-carbon-nitrogen
films could be determined. The synthesized boron-carbon-nitrogen films possessed a mixing structure of sp² and sp³ plain microdomains
in the processes.

Bioglass coatings by plasma spray were implanted into animal bone, the interface between the implant and the bone was studied by scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe The biochemistry experiment results showed that the contents of hexosamine and hydroxyproline have a same change tendency in either experiment or natural fracture situation

The quantitative adsorption of ammonium salt of polyacrylic acid on nano-size Y-TZP powder was investigated by using UV adsorption spectrum. The adsorption of
PAA-NH₄ decreases as pH increases, because the PAA-NH_4 is more negatively dissociated. When the pH is 1.02, the adsorption type belongs to high affinity. The highest
adsorption percent can reach as high as 98%. If initial pH falls in the range of 2.7 to 13.6, the pH of the supernate is near to 8.3 and their Zeta potential
is in the range of --35 to --40mV. In a wide pH range the adsorption ability is less effected by the initial pH, due to the high buffer ability of PAA-NH₄.

Concentrated Y-TZP aqueous suspensions(～50vol%) were prepared by employing poly acrylate(NaPAA and NH₄PAA) as dispersant. Zeta potential
of the suspensions was displaced to pH 2.2 by the adsorption of RCOO^- group released by PAA salts in aqueous solution. The viscosity was at its lowest
point when NaPAA content was 1.8 wt%. Solids loading and particle size significantly influenced the rheology of Y-TZP suspensions. Concentrated
suspensions(>35vol%)were typical Bingham fluid, second newtonian plateau was observed at high shear rate. Plastic viscosity and yield value
demonstrated sharp ascension in 50 vol% suspension under a shear rate of 20s^-1. The appropriate particle size for preparing high solids loading
Y-TZP suspensions was about 350 nm.

A novel technique was studied to prepare cathode materials for lithium-ion battery. Ultrafine LiCoO₂ powders were synthesized by a spray drying method. DTA/TGA
were employed to analyze the mixed powders. XRD results show that the prepared LiCoO₂ is HT-LiCoO₂ which has α-NaFeO₂ structure type. SEM photographs
show that the powders are homogeneous with grain size of hundreds of nanometer. Electrochemical property experiments testify that the powders have excellent
electrochemical properties with initial charge capacity of 148mAh/g and discharge capacity of 135mAh/g. Its prospect of industrialization is attractive.

Ultrafine α-Al₂O₃ powders were prepared via a novel two step calcining method XRD analysis showed that the as synthesized powders were α phase, the sizes of the powders were observed about 80～100nm with regular morphology through TEM analysis.

The results of hydrothermal synthesis of PZT powders were reported The effect of synthesis temperature, time and catalytic promoter on the crystalline powder was investigated by means of XRD and SEM The result showed that the PZT powder obtained has a tetragonal perovskite structure, the dimension of the crystalline powder particle is from 0 .6μm to 2.1μm, and the particle is cubic.

To study the microwave effects to the formation of nanoparticles, the hydrolysis reaction of FeCl₃ with NaH₂PO₄ to get spindle-type colloidal
hematite particles under microwave radiation was reported. We found that the reaction velocity increased greatly, and the reaction conditions, for
example, the acidity of the solution, concentration ratio of the components and the microwave radiation time had important effects on the nanoparticle
formation and the morphology. Here, the roles of microwave and H₂PO^-₄ during the hydrolysis process were also discussed.

Translucent AlN ceramics were prepared by hot pressing with AlN powder synthesized by using carbon thermal reducing method and additive CaC₂. The experiments
show that the AlN powder with high purity, small particle size and narrow size distribution is necessary for translucent AlN ceramics. CaC₂ is an effective sintering
additive for translucent AlN ceramics, improving the densification of AlN and evaporating cleaning the grain boundary. The product is translucent in the range
of ultraviolet to infrared. The microstructure study shows that the translucent reason is the grains of AlN complete growing and closely arranging.

Al₂O₃-SiC composite powders including different size SiC particles were prepared by the heterogeneous precipitation method. The TEM
morphology of Al₂O₃ coating SiC particles was observed. Dense bodies were obtained by hot pressing. SEM observation showed, the Al₂O₃
matrix grain size became smaller with the addition of smaller size SiC particles, but the reduction trend was not as strong as Zener expected. The mechanical properties
of nanocomposites increased when the size of SiC inclusion became smaller, which was relative to smaller weakening effect of SiC particles on matrix
grain and smaller matrix grain size.

The effects of liquid additives (CuO, V₂O₅, LiF, PbO, H₃BO₃, Bi₂O₃) on the sinterability and dielectric properties of bismuth-based ceramics were
investigated. The sintering temperature of all these materials are lower than 900℃. Nb₂O₅ ZnO-Bi₂O₃ ceramics with ε _r=150--170,
tanδ=0.002--0.008(100Mhz) and Δ C/C≤±5%(1Mhz) were obtained.

The evolution of microstrain and crystallite size in Al₂O₃ subjected to high-energy ball milling was studied by X-ray diffraction
analysis. As expected, the ball milling produced a noticeable increase in microstrain and a decrease of the original crystallite size. A mathematical
linear correlation between microstrain and the reciprocal of crystallite size was obtained, and double-n phenomenon was observed in the ε～ 1/D relationship. The
mechanism of microstrain increase for different milling period, which could be reflected from variation of the slope in the ε～ 1/D relationship, was suggested.

The reduction behavior of PZN-PZT piezoelectric ceramics was preliminary studied for developing of the so called RAINBOW device
with ultrahigh induced displacement based on this material. Multilayer microstructure was observed in the cross section of reduced samples.
Fracture morphology, phase constitution and electric conductive type of every layer were studied with the help of SEM, XRD and electric
conductivity measuring methods. An explanation of the reduction process and mechanism of PZN-PZT ceramic reduced by graphite under high temperature
was proposed. It was believed that the reduction first happens at grain bourndary, then at the inner part of grains. With the increasing of
reduction extent, the variation of electric conductive types of different layers follows the sequence of insulator,semiconductor and metal. XRD
results showed that the original crystal stucture of PZN-PZT solid solution retains in the layers with lower level reduction, while it is completely
destroyed in highly reduced layers.

The mechanism of B site ordering and disordering in Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN) was examined by heat treatment at different annealing time The B-site structural ordering characteristics were exposed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) By analyzing the different types of chemical bonds in the BO₆ network by the Raman spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that ordered domains in PMN are Mg rich region while disordered domains are Mg poor (or Nb-rich).