In this paper, chemical oven technology, its characteristics, its application of in scientific experiments and the synthesizing of materials in the space were reviewed. The status quo in application of chemical oven technology, problems existing, as well as their solving routes were substantially discussed.

ZnO thin films are the materials with many excellent properties such as piezoeletricity, conductivity,
optical absorption and emission, gas-sensitivity, and highly nonlinear voltage-current characteristics. They have a wide variety of applications
such as transparent conductors, luminescence diode, window materials for solar cells, optical wave guides, phosphor for monochrome field emission
displays, piezoelectric transducers in the GHz range, surface acoustic wave devices, micro-sensors and micro-actuators, and low-voltage varistors.
There are many methods for the preparation of ZnO thin films, and each has its advantages and disadvantages. The properties of ZnO thin films depend on the dopants and the preparation conditions. This paper reviews the
preparations and properties of ZnO thin films, and discusses their development prospects.

The influence of compositions on phase separation in R₂O-CaO-ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system was investigated in detail by OM and TEM.
The studied results show that a wide miscibility gap is in K₂O-CaO-ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system and it will down to the region
of the concentrations of low Al₂O₃ and high SiO₂ with the equimolecular substitution of K₂O by Na₂O, and the higher the content of ZnO is, the larger the phase separation region is. It is
evident that in the region of low Al₂O₃ concentration the tendency towards phase separation increases with increasing Al₂O₃ content
and when Al₂O₃ content is above 6.20 mol% this tendency decreases with increasing Al₂O₃ content.

Various contents of leadsilicate glass were used to observe the effect on the sintering and properties of cordierite-based glass ceramics. The results show that leadsilicate glass can enhance densification of cordierite glass. The dielectric constant increases with the addition of leadsilicate glass, and its curve similar to the density curve. The thermal expansion coefficients of the samples with different leadsilicate glass contents exhibit the characteristic of additivity.

This paper dealt with in detail the drying-solidification process, contraction and weight-loss
mechanisms, skeleton nanostructures and its evolution trends with temperature increasing for SnO₂ gel system within 20～700℃
heat-treatment interval by TG-DTA, BET-N₂ adsorption, and X-ray diffraction three measuring methods, and further covered with the influences of doping Sb
addition amounts, catalysts and solvents needed in sol stage on drying process and nanostructure of SnO₂ gels. Based on the measurements and
analysis, it is shown that SnO₂ gels are of porous nanostructure of size 1～15nm, in good agreement with Sherer’s Cylinder Skeleton Model, and drying solidification
includes three evolution stages: 20～200℃, 200～550℃ and >550℃, in which the desorption of solvents on the surfaces of gel skeleton,
break-up and oxidation of --acac ring chelated on Sn atom, structural relaxion of gel chain net and gel skeleton crystallization are responsible for the
weight-loss, contraction and solidification of gels, as temperature increases, the nano-skeleton coarsens and enlarges but keeps its radium-length ratio unchanged,

A method for measuring the surface tension---Contour Curve Fitting Method, which is determined by digital video image processing of a sessile drop with using computer
was discussed. The image of a sessile drop of Li₂B₄O₇+KNbO₃ formed on a BN plate was recorded on a digital video tape and converted into digital data
of profile by using the technique of digital image acquisition and processing. The Segmented drop image was fitted with numerical solution of theoretical equations
to determine a surface tension. The thermal and solute surface tension coefficients were given by the following forms respectively, γ_T(mN/m)=210+0.15(T--900℃),
900℃≤ T≤1000℃ and γ_C(mN/m)=229--0.45(C_KN--10wt%), 10wt%≤ C_KN≤30wt%.

Gd_xY_1-xCa₄O(BO₃)₃ (GdYCOB ) crystal is a kind of valuable nonlinear optical crystal. It can
realize THG noncritical phase-matching for Nd:YAG laser and keep stable mechanical and chemical properties. Nd³⁺, Gd³⁺ and Y³⁺
are all rare-earth ions, so we can receive Nd:Gd_xY_1-xCa₄O(BO₃)₃ (Nd:GdYCOB) crystal by a few Nd3+ ions doping. Combined laser action
of the Nd3+ ions and nonlinear optical properties of GdYCOB host crystal in the mixed crystal, a new kind of self-frequency doubling crystal
Nd:GdYCOB was obtained. The synthesis and crystal growth of Nd:GdYCOB crystal were reported in this paper. The transparent spectrum, fluorescent spectrum,
and fluorescence lifetime of Nd:GdYCOB crystal were first measured at room temperature.

It was found that sol-gel transition may occur to electrostatically stabilized silicon carbide suspensions when their pH values are shifted from alkaline
region to neutral. SiC slips may set when they are neutralized by the hydrolysis or esters or lactones. This process was used in the forming of SiC ceramics.
Rheological studies on various factors influencing the setting process by small amplitude oscillatory measurements show that the gelation of the SiC suspensions
depends not only on the final pH, but also on the initial pH and the pH-shifting rates of the systems. These effects indicate that this solidification is not a simple coagulation process
but a gelation process that takes place by forming Si--O--Si bonds between the particles. SiC ceramic green bodies with complex shapes were prepared with this method.

The structure and the permeability of La₂NiO_4+δ oxygen permeating membranes were discussed. TEM studies of La₂NiO_4+δ show that La₂NiO_4+δ
contains a large amount of interstitial oxygen and exhibits a superstructure behavior owing to long range ordering of interstitial oxygen. The oxygen permeation
flux through La₂NiO_4+δ was determined and the relationship between mechanism of oxygen permeability and structure was discussed. The results indicate
that the oxygen transportation by interstitial mechanism is easier than that by vacancy mechanism.

A new compound, NA₃Sb₃P₂O₁₄, was first synthesized by microwave and conventional synthetic methods. The same product can be obtained from two kinds of reacting substances and in different reaction conditions. The material was characterized by XRD, IR, SEM and characterization program. The compound is tetragonal with a=3.6424(5)A, c=5.9488A, and has a layered structure with an interlayer space of 5.95A.

Ca_1-xBa_xZr₄(PO₄)₆(0≤ x≤1, abbrev CBZP) which belongs to NZP family is a new
crystalline soild-solution, it may be possible to utilize the opposite anisotropic behavior of thermal expansion in CaZr₄(PO₄)₆ and
BaZr₄(PO₄)₆ to make the magnitude of thermal expansion coefficient be tailored. The main objective of this study was to prepare the material
with near-zero thermal expansion and lower anisotropy by adjusting composition, and the single phase CBZP was synthesized by
copreciptate methods. The compacts were sintered at temperatures of 1100℃ or 1300℃ with the addition of 3%ZnO or 4%MgO for 2h. Their average thermal expansion coefficients from
20～1000℃ and their thermal expansion curves during heating (from 20～1000℃)and cooling(from 1000～--400℃) were measured by TMA compressing method. The results show that some
compositions with near-zero thermal expansion are Ca_0.85Ba_0.15Zr₄(PO₄)₆ when addition of 3%ZnO and CaZr₄(PO₄)₆ when addition of 4%MgO,
the linear expansion coefficients is 0.6×10^-6/℃ and --0.8×10^-6/℃ respectively. But their thermal expansion curves show hysteresis loops due to microcracking, and the property of thermal
shock resistance is not perfect. It can be concluded that it is difficult to minimize their anisotropy by adjusting composition, though the near-zero
compositions can be abstained by this means. The useful route of improving their property of thermal shock resistance is properly to suppress the grain
growth beyond the transition grain size with an additive (example for SiO₂) during the sintering period to decrease microcracking.

The preparation of manganese(II)-phenanthroline complex functionalized MCM-41 was described. The modification of the internal pore surface of mesoporous MCM-41
with 3-aminopropyl or 3-methacryloyloxypropyl and yielded two different functional groups by using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and (3-methacryloyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
as the precursors. Manganese(II) phenanthroline complex was grafted onto the functional MCM-41 via the coordination of the metal ion with the functional group. The metal
ion complex functionalized mesoporous materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, N₂ adsorption/desorption at 77K, solid state diffuse reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy
as well as electron spin resonance (ESR) at room temperature. After the functionalization, the vibrations such as υC=C, δCH₂ from the organic ligands or Mn(II)
complex can be observed clearly. BET surface area, pore volume and most probably diameter decreased correspondingly according to the data of N₂ sorption at 77K.
In UV-VIS spectra, the absorption at short wavelength was strengthened because of the introduced organic ligands. And the results of ESR suggested that Mn(II)
coordination in complexes didn’t change remarkably.

Zirconium oxide containing titanium with ordered pore-arrangement was synthesized by the surfactant-
assisted route, under the hydrothermal condition. X-ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
methods were adopted for the study on the synthesized materials. The results obtained show that it is helpful to increase the BET surface areas when the
amount of titanium is less than 15mol%, and that less than 30mol% of doping of titanium can be successfully incorporated into the
framework of zirconium oxide. Nevertheless, the ordering of the pore structure will decrease with the amount of doping and the noncrystal
titania will appear on the surface of the pore structure, once the amount of doping is more than 30mol%.

The PDP phosphor, LT-GdBO₃:Eu, was prepared by a sol-gel process. Some conventional experiments, such as XRD,
Raman spectrum, and photoluminescence spectra, were given to study its crystal structure and optical properties. When a dye laser system was used, emissions
from ⁵D₀ levels of Eu³⁺ ions at two different sites were easily distinguished. The site symmetries were analyzed by the emission spectra,
and factors that affectted the energy transfer were also investigated. When the sol-gel sample was sintered at 1100℃, a phase transition to the Vaterite-type
GdBO₃ occured, with an absorption of heat which was mainly caused by the realignment of the lattice. The sol-gel samples had quite strong luminescent
intensity. And, at the same time, the quenching concentration was as high as 20mol%.

TiO₂ nanocrystal was produced by calcining at high temperature using TiOSO₄·(NH₄)₂SO₄·H₂O
(ATS) and modified ATS, respectively, as raw material for synthetic rutile crystal growth. The phases of raw material and nanocrystal were measured by means of XRD and the appearance of nanocrystal was analyzed
by means of SEM. As a result, it is shown that there are great difference between two kinds of nanocrystal as for shape and properties, especially TiO₂ nanocrystal calcined from modified ATS is much more
dispersive and homogeneous than that from ATS，although the raw materials of them have similar structure. The influence of the calcination temperature, the heating period, as well as rapid heating or slow heating etc,
on the phase and appearance of the nanocrystal was also investigated. Moreover, the good technological process to produce a great quantity of TiO₂ nanocrystal was presented.

Nanoparticles of Ni-Fe composite were prepared with the W/O microemulsion method. The investigations by XRD, IR and TEM show the ultrafine particles
are coated by surfactants. Their average sizes are less than 30nm and their densities about 2.89g/cm³, the specific saturation magnetization σ_s=13～16Am²/kg, the coercivity H_c=87～123Oe
and the residual magnetism B_r=2.25～3.00Am²/kg. The coercivity and residual magnetism are much higher, it is shown that the complex
supermicropowders have hard magnetic properties. The analysis by X-ray energy spectroscopy shows that part of Ni-Fe has formed alloy phases. Magneticrheological
(MR) effect of the MR fluid prepared from the ultrafine particles is superior and the subsidence stability of the MRF is excellent.

Wet ball-milling and rotating synthesizing were combined to form a new synthesis technology of cathode materials LiMn₂O₄ for lithium
ion battery. XRD results show that the prepared LiMn₂O₄ is pure with a spinel structure type. The LiMn₂O₄ powders have uniform chemical
composition and narrow particle size distribution. The first charge capacity and the discharge capacity of LiMn₂O₄ were 124mAh/g and 115mAh/g,
respectively. And the discharge capacity decayed to above 100 mAh/g after 30 charge and discharge cycles, indicating an excellent cycle
stability of the reversible capacity. The raw materials can be perfectly mixed uniformly with a uniform particle size distribution by using ball wet
milling. The temperature, particle size, crystal structure and chemical composition of the materials are homogenous during rotating sintering,
therefore, the final production LiMn₂O₄ has good electrochemical properties. The industrialization prospect of the new synthesis technology
is very attractive.

By controlling the process of sol-gel and parameters of charging, the charge storage stability of porous silica thin film electret based on silicon substrate
was investigated by measuring isothermal surface potential decay and current spectra of open-circuit Thermally Stimulated Discharge (TSD). The relationships
between these parameters were analyzed. Moreover, the energies of charge traps were evaluated by the initial-rise method after Gauss fitting. The result shows that
the content of water in the solution of reactant has some influences on the charge traps distribution of sol-gel silica thin film. The evaluated activation energies
of charge traps in sol-gel SiO₂ film electret are 0.3eV and 1.0eV, respectively. The influence of relative humidity on the charge storage stability of SiO₂ film
electret was investigated. Decreasing the grid voltage during corona charging is another method to improve the charge storage stability for SiO₂ film electret.

Cr₂O₃ coatings were applied to α-Al₂O₃ insulators and followed by heat treatment in special
conditions. Secondary electron emission coefficient, SEM, XRD, XPS and EELS of the samples were measured and observed. During heat treatment, new phases
can be formed, because the coatings can penetrate the surfaces of the insulators and mix with α-Al₂O₃. The experimental results of XPS and EELS
show that due to the energy gaps of the surfaces decreasing, the densities of defect state, impurity state and surface state in the energy gaps increasing,
more recombination centers and trapping centers can be formed, and that is favorable for the transition of non-equilibrium carriers and leading the
deerease of secondaty electron emission.

Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) can prevent the microcrack of the sol-gel-derived alumina membranes from
occurring during the drying process, and at the same time has effects on the microstructures of the membranes. In the present paper, the crystalline
phase, thermal stability, specific surface area, pore size distribution and pore surface fractal of alumina membranes doped with PVA were
characterized by XRD,DTA,DGA, FT-IR and BET. The results show that PVA is completely removed after calcination at 400℃. The N₂ adsorbed
amount of PVA-doped alumina membranes is greater than that of pure membranes, but doesn’t increase in proportion to PVA content. The
PVA-doped alumina membranes have a sharper pore size distribution, higher pore volume and lower pore surface fractal dimension.

The pure and Boron-doped γ-Al₂O₃ membranes were synthesized by the sol-gel method
and the thermal stability of the unsupported alumina membrane was studied by determining the pore structure change of the membranes, including
average pore size, pore volume and BET surfacearea. The experimental results show that the average pore size of the pure alumina membrane increases sharply after sintering at temperatures
higher than 1000℃. Addition of 16% Boron can considerably stabilize the pore structure of the unsupported alumina membrane.
The pore diameter for the B-doped membrane is stabilized within 13nm after sintering at 1200℃ for 5h. The substantial increase in
the pore size for the pure alumina membrane at the sintering temperatures of 1000～1200℃ is accompanied by the phase transformation
from γ-Al₂O₃ to γ-Al₂O₃. The addition of Boron can raise this phase transformation significantly and thus the thermal stability of the membranes is improved.

Vacuum plasma sprayed Ti coatings were chemically treated with 5.0mol/L NaOH at 40℃ for 24h and immersed into two kinds of simulated physiological
solutions containing Ca²⁺, HPO^2-₄ ions. The surface morphologies and compositions of Ti coating before and after alkali treatment were examined by SEM
and AES respectively. The formation layers on the Ti coating after immersion in FCS and SBF were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD and FT-IR. The changes of ion
concentration and pH value of FCS after immersion were measured by ICP-AES and pH meter. The results obtained indicate that the fibrous and net-like surface
structure forms on the surface of porous Ti coating by treatment of NaOH solution which consists of Na，Ti and O element with the atom ratio nearly equal to that
of Na₂TiO₃. After immersion in simulated physiological solutions, the treated Ti coating shows apatite-forming ability and the apatite formed in FCS is oriented crystallized,
plate-like HA with trace of OCP whereas the apatite precipitated in SBF is needle-like carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite. The bioactivity of the alkali treated Ti coatings
can be explained in terms of the formation of hydrated titanate which can induced apatite nucleation and growth in FCS and SBF.

The hydroxyapatite coating was hydrothermally prepared from plasma sprayed CaHPO₄ coating and its
bonding strength and solubility were studied. The osteoblast culture test was also produced in order to examine the biocompatibility of the coating.
The as-sprayed coating consists of CaHPO₄, β-Ca₂P₂O₇ and α-Ca₃(PO₄)₂, and the phase ratio, crystallity and morphology
are dependent on spraying current and stand-off distance. The as-spayed coating can be converted to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite coating with
needle-like crystals by hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite coating having high bonding strength and stability, possesses good
biocompatibility with the osteoblast.

The uniform transparent TiO₂/SiO₂ composite thin films were prepared via sol-gel processing on the soda lime glass substrates. The addition of SiO₂ to TiO₂ thin films can suppress the grain growth of TiO₂ crystal in the TiO₂ thin films, increase the hydroxyl content Of TiO₂ film, low the contact angle for water of TiO₂ films and enhance the hydrophilic property of TiO₂ films. The super-hydrophilic TiO₂/SiO₂ composite films with the contact angle of 0° were obtained by the addition of 10mol%~20mol% SiO₂.

The effects of different-temperature-heat treatment on crack healing and strength of TiC_P/Al₂O₃ and SiC_W-Al₂O₃ composites were studied systematically. The results show that when the
samples are heat-treated at 1000～1400℃, crack healing will happen and the strength will be improved largely. The diffusion and the chemical reactions are the main mechanism. The
microstructure and thermal physical properties of the surface reactional layer determine the range of strength improvement. Stress relaxation is
benificial for strength, but the oxidation-induced bubbles weaken the specimens.

The silver halide fibers were made by means of hot extrusion. SEM micrographs show that the grain sizes of the fibers do not change when temperature of hot extrusion T=120~210℃ and grain size 1-2μm. The pressure is decreased as the temperature increases when T >210℃, The grain size is 5-10μm at 250℃. The growth of grains results in scattering loss increment. The temperature and pressure airs decreased when the model is smeared with lubricant, but the lubricant results in loss increment.

Crack-free and hydrophobic SiO₂ aerogels were repeatedly obtained at subcritical condition dried with iso-butanol, which were modified by TMCS. The microstructure
and properties of the silica aerogel were measured by pore size distribution, SEM, IR, contact angle and BET techniques. The results show that the SiO₂
aerogels prepared at subcritical conditions have classical nano microstructure(mean particle size: 10nm; mean pore radius: 14.5nm), large specific surface area about 708.3m²/g). Because of the significant reduction of drying pressure from
6.4MPa to 2.3MPa, the manufactory price of the silica aerogels can be reduced. On the other hand, it is hydrophobic, which can be used widely. So it is more
suitable for large scale production and application.

Nanocrystalline TiO₂ powders doped with Na⁺ and K⁺ were prepared by stearic acid sol-gel method. The resulting nanocrystallines were characterized by FTIR, XRD and TEM. The reaction mechanism was also studied. The experimental results showed that rutile TiO₂ can be obtained at 500℃ by using stearic acid sol-gel method, while anatase TiO₂ were obtained from doping with Na⁺ and K⁺. As a result of doping, the crystalline size decreased with increasing the amount of dopants.

Superfine Al₂O₃-SiO₂ gel of mullite composition was prepared by a sol-gel method, using TEOS and aluminium chloride hexahydrates as starting materials. Its mullitization process was monitored by DTA, XRD and IR measurements. The as-received gel is a diphasic one, comprising of bayerite and amorphous silica. By going through transition phases of γ-Al₂O₃ and Al-Si spinel, this gel transforms to mullite at 1250℃. The mullite powder obtained has a very fine grain size and shows a plate-like morphology.

Parameters such as applied voltage, hydrogen partial pressure, flow rate were changed respectively in order to research the electrochemical properties of dense
SrCe_0.95Y_0.05O_3-δ. Meanwhile, the stability of this material was investigated. It suggests that this dense material exhibits excellent proton
conduction at high temperature in atmosphere contained hydrogen. Both the applied voltage and hydrogen partial pressure contribute mostly to proton conduction. The
proton conduction is attributed to flow rate of hydrogen less at low temperature while more at high temperature. The optimistic flow rate is 30mL/min.

The thermodynamic data of Ti-Si-C ternary system were collected and calculated. The equilibrium phase diagram of Ti-Si-C ternary system and the estimates of the unknown thermodynamic data of carbides and silicates were used to calculate stabilized chemical potential and to draw the stabilized chemical potential diagrams of Ti-Si-C ternary system.

The microstructure and composition distribution of TiC-Al₂O₃/Fe functionally graded materials(FGM) prepared by SHS/PHIP were studied, and the resisting thermal
shock behavior was analyzed. The results show that TiC-Al₂O₃/Fe FGM has the desired composition distribution. The thermal shock fracture of TiC-Al₂O₃/Fe
FGM originated from the surface on the side of ceramic and propagated perpendicular to the graded layer. And the crack of thermal fatigue originated and propagated in
graded layer. However, no cross-section crevice through the graded layer was found in the two conditions.

The technique of powder preheating and explosive sintering was used to prepare single phase
nano-ceramic, with the raw material of α-Al₂O₃ powder with grain size about 40nm. SEM, XRD were used to determine the
microstructure of sintered samples. Recent progress indicated that, the single phase nano-ceramics of aluminium oxide with
96%-100% theoretical density and grain size less than 100nm were obtained, the grain growth was accelerated along with the increase of powder preheating temperature, the lattice deformation of grains was not evident compared with that explosive sintering
technique adopted at room temperature. The nano-ceramic quality and its improing ways were analyzed and discussed.