ZnO is a novel material for II--VI semiconductor. Researches indicate that n-type ZnO films can be well prepared, this is due to the high self-compensating process
on doping derived from the intrinsic donor defects such as oxygen vacancy (V_O) and zinc interstitial (Zn_i atoms, so n-typed ZnO films are formed naturally
and p-type ZnO films are difficult to be prepared. How to realize p-type ZnO films through doping is the key step for application in the fields of ZnO-based opoelectrical
devices, in which great progresses have been made now. This paper summarized the recent advances in research on p-type ZnO.

The applications of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in elemental analysis of crystals were
reviewed. Although it is an effective and efficient approach for elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence analyses require different sample preparation
methods depending on different sample types and require calibration standards to correct matrix effects. Abnormal reflection may lead to
complicated background and confused qualitative interpretation or/and quantitative measuring conditions if the measured specimen is a single
crystal. In this case, the fusion method is preferable. Attention must be paid to the uncertainty of the measurement when the results are employed
to a specific purpose.

Glasses in the system of PbBr₂-PbF₂-P₂O₅ have low melting temperature, good water durability and good optical properties, which can serve as the host
materials of organic-doped scintillator. In the present paper, the structure of PbBr₂-PbF₂-P₂O₅ glasses was characterised by Fourier transfer infrared
(FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that lead ions play dual roles, network former and network modifier, in the structure
of PbBr₂-PbF₂-P₂O₅ glasses. When P₂O₅ content is 60mol%, most of Pb²⁺ ions act as network modifier. When P₂O₅ content decreases to 50mol%
and even 40mol%, some Pb²⁺ ions could enter glass network and form [PbO₄] tetrahedron or P--O--Pb linkage with decreasing P_₂O_₅ content, while other
Pb²⁺ ions still act as network modifier. The length of phosphate chains decreases with decreasing P₂O₅ content. Both Br^- and F^- ions could
enter glass network and form [PO_4-nX_n](X=Br or F, n=0～4) tetrahedron when they reach certain content, breaking [PO₄] tetrahedron and decreasing
the length of phosphate chains. The P--O--P linkages content keep unchanged with the same P₂O₅ content. Decreasing P₂O₅ content and increasing lead
halide content lead to the formation of P--O--Pb linkage through the delocalization of P=O and P--O^- bonds.

Laser-induced darkening in phosphate laser glasses irradiated by an 800nm, 120fs, 1kHz Ti:sapphire laser was studied for the first time. The ESR spectra of irradiated glass shows laser-induced darkening results from color-center generation through multi-photon absorption. The type of the color-center as hole trapped on non-bridging oxygen.

The transparent stiff sodium borosilicate gels containing CuCl were synthesized by using tetraethyl
orthosilicate/ethanol, boric acid/ethanol, sodium ethoxide/ethanol, CuCl/HCl as precursors. The CuCl-doped glasses were prepared by
densification of the stiff gels at 500～600℃. The effects of the concentration of CuCl and the chlorhydric acid on the sol, gel
and glass were investigated, and the preparation mechanism of CuCl-doped sodium borosilicate glasses were discussed also. The photoluminescence
properties of the glasses were studied. The third order nonlinear refractive index of such glasses were characterized by Z-scan method at
1.33μm, and n₂ measured was 3.3×10^-20_m2/W.

A series of single fiber tensile tests were conducted at 77K and room temperature for glass and
carbon fibers. The results show that at low temperature the statistical characteristics of the tensile strength can still be described by Weibull
distribution function and the average strengths are increased with different degree to the case of room temperature for both types of the fibers. The
scale parameter exhibits remarkable rising at 77K for glass fiber, while it is slight for carbon fiber. However, the shape parameters and tensile
modulus have no obvious change to the case of room temperature for both types of the fibers.

Relaxor ferroelectric single crystals Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-38%PbTiO₃ were grown directly from melt by a
modified Bridgman technique. The segregation during the process of crystal growth was studied in details by measuring the Curie temperature and XRFA. The
results show that the PbTiO₃ content increases with the distance from the seed crystal. Through measuring the Curie temperature of the samples
taken from the bottom and top of PMNT62/38 single crystal it is found that there exists variation of PT content along the parallel and perpendicular
to the growth direction respectively. Due to the segregation, the PT content in the bottom is 35.2mol% and in the top, 43mol% and the dielectric and
piezoelectric properties are different from each other. For the bottom samples the piezoelectric module for (110) is 1200pC/N, for (111) 789pC/N
and for (001) 371pC/N. The dielectric constants (poled) in (110) and (111) orientations are larger than that of (001) and tend to increase with the
temperature decreasing.

Nd³⁺:GdAl₃(BO₃)₄ crystals with the size up to 30mm were grown by using the flux method. The absorption and emission spectra in function of the
σ and π polarizations were presented. The radiative lifetime of the ⁴F_3/2 level is 293\mus. From the Judd-Ofelt parameters, the σ-polarized
stimulated emission cross-section was measured to be 2.9×10^-19cm² at the laser wavelength: 1062.9nm, and 5.5×10^-20cm² at the laser wavelength:
1338nm. UV generation tuneable in 378～382nm , green(531nm) generation, blue generation tuneable in 436～443nm and red(669nm) generation as well as infrared
generation tuneable in 1305～1365nm by self-frequency changing were obtained with the output of 105μJ/pulse, 119.5μJ/pulse, 445μJ/pulse, 19μJ/pulse
and 31μJ/pulse respectively, when this crystal was pumped by dye laser.

Tiron (1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzenedisulfonic acid sodium salt) was used as a dispersant for nano-sized alumina suspensions. Surface chemistry of the suspensions
was evaluated via isotherm adsorption and ζ potential measurements. FTIR was used to probe the adsorption mechanism. It was found that the strong adsorption
should be due to the formation of an inner sphere complex between metal ions on the surfaces and alcohol groups of Tiron. With two sulfate groups, Tiron addition in the suspension led to a higher density of negative charge. The rheological
measurements of Al₂O₃ suspensions indicated that the optimum content of Tiron was 0.8wt% at pH=8.5.

Al₂O₃/Ni nanocermets were prepared by the heterogeneous precipitation method and hot-pressing technique. The strengthening and toughening
mechanisms of the nanocermets with respect to the microstructure were analyzed.Hot-pressed at 1450℃, a more than 98% theoretical density of the
cermets can be achieved. Microstructural observations reveal that Ni grains are uniformly dispersed in the Al₂O₃ matrix, some fine Ni grains of less than
100nm are entrapped within Al₂O₃ grains, some Ni grains about 100～300nm are distributed at the grain boundaries, forming intra/inter-type nanocermets.
With Ni addition, the three-point bending strength and the fracture toughness of the dense Al₂O₃/Ni cermets increase by 26% and 79%, respectively.

Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (TZP) with different mechanical properties were obtained by adding certain glass additives with different thermal expansion into
Y-TZP powders and sintered at low temperature. Boundary residual stress was calculated qualitatively by set up thin grain boundary model. The influences of additives’
thermal expansion coefficient on samples’ boundary residual stress and mechanical properties were investigated. The experiment results show that for additives with
low thermal expansion coefficient, because they result in compressive boundary residual stress, samples with relative high fracture toughness can be obtained.

he thermodynamic properties of Mg-Al-O-N system were evaluated and the phase stability diagram of MgAlON was
established. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, MgAlON with different compositions was synthesized. The microstructures, crystalline
characteristics, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of the synthesized materials were experimentally measured and discussed.
A standard diffraction file of MgAlON was suggested. X-ray diffraction and TEM analysis show that there is no other phase than MgAlON
detected. HREM analysis of MgAlON indicates that there is no glass phase existed at the grain boundaries, the grains are bounded directly.
Three-point bending strength of MgAlON keeps very high until 1723K. Oxidation experiments of MgAlON show that the activation energies of oxidation during the chemical
reaction rate controlling stage and that during the diffusion controlling stage are 260 kJ/mole and 573 kJ/mole, respectively.

The effect of holding time on intergranular phase and mechanical property of GPS silicon nitride ceramics was studied. Results show that the contents of intergranular oxygen and total grain boundary phase as well as the density of sintered samples have maximum values with increasing the holding time. Among the range of holding time in this research (0-90min), however, the room temperature strength of GPS silicon nitride ceramics increases with expanding the holding time.

A noncrystalline phase can be formed in the reaction sintering of ZrSiO₄/α-Al₂O₃ mixtures by solid reaction between ZrSiO₄ and α-Al₂O₃. The formation
and evolution of the noncrystalline phase was investigated by using XRD and TEM techniques. It is shown that the noncrystalline phase formed at 1400℃,
where mullite initially formed, is rich in Al₂O₃ in comparison with stoichiometric mullite, and, with the temperature increasing, it evolves to be
rich in SiO₂ due to the enhanced dissociation of ZrSiO₄ and also the formation of Al₂O₃-rich mullite. The formation and evolution of the noncrystalline
phase is closely related to the growth mechanisms of mullite.

The effect of Na₂O on mechanical properties of MoSi₂/oxide composites for heating elements
was investigated. The results obtained show that the specimens with low Na₂O content possess higher bending strength and Weibull modulus after
heat treatment at 1773K for 100h. Furthermore, removed Na composites have better creep resistance and higher BDTT. Their creep strain rate is 2/5
and 1/3 or less than that of the unremoved Na composites at 1243K and 1303K, respectively, and their BDTT is increased 100K.

Dense and layered LaPO₄ ceramics were fabricated by using pressureless sintering, hot pressing and spark plasma sintering . Densification, texture and mechanical properties of LaPO₄ ceramics by different sintering routes were characterized . Based on the formation of weak interface of Al₂O₃ and LaPO₄ phase, machinable 40wt%Al₂O₃/LaPO₄ composite having a hardness of 6.3±0.45GPa, was fabricated and characterized by using cemented carbide drill.

Helical carbon nanotubes were synthesized by a chemical vapour deposition method from both silica aerogels and silica xerogels containing catalysts.
The research result shows that the helical carbon nanotubes prepared from the silica aerogels have the following pecularities compared with those from
silica xerogels: (1) more degree of graphitization; (2) smaller diameter; (3) better helical shape, namely, the more identical pitch. The peculiar
mesoscopic properties of aerogels are responsible for those above pecularties of helical carbon nanotubes prepared from silica aerogels when compared
with those from xerogels. What’s more, the anisotropy of catalytic activity of the catalyst particles leads to the growth of helical carbon nanotubes.

C/C composites were fabricated by a rapid chemical liquid-vaporized infiltration (CLVI) processing. The deposition temperatures were in the range of 850～1400℃,
and the system pressure was about 0.1MPa. The micro-morphologies and textural characteristics of pyrolytic carbon and fracture surfaces were observed by polarized light microscopy (PLM)
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the special densification situations of CLVI, the forming conditions and densification course of three types of pyrocarbons were
investigated preliminarily. At the same time, mechanical properties of the composite were examined, and the fracture characters and failure mode were also analyzed.
The results show that rough laminar (RL) pyrocarbon grows with curved layers and the microstructure of RL pyrocarbon presents cone-like features. The materials damages with shear-tension
form, while tensile destruction dominates the failure mode; the binding strength of fiber/matrix interface is higher, and the weak positions are located within interlayers.

The recrystallized graphite was prepared from calcined coke, coal-tar pitch and titanium by hot-pressing
progress in order to investigate the effects of the amount of titanium on the thermal conductivity, bending strength and microstructure of
recrystallized graphite. Experimental results show that the recrystallized graphite exhibits higher thermal conductivity and higher bending
strength than the pure graphite prepared by the same process. For the orientation of graphite layers of the present RG-15 materials, the thermal
conductivity and the bending strength are 424W/(m·k) and 50.2MPa at room temperature, respectively. Microstructure analysis reveals that a
little amount of titanium can increase the degree of graphitization of recrystallized graphite, but overlarge amount of titanium dopant makes
basic physical properties worse. For the recrystallized graphite with titanium concentration of 15wt%, the degree of development and arrangement
of graphite crystallite is the best. The degree of graphitization of the present RG-15 material is 96.4% and the value of L_a is 306nm. XRD analysis
indicates that titanium added to carbon substrate is in the form of TiC precipitates. The catalytic role of titanium to preparing recrystallized
graphite can be explained by the liquid phase transition mechanism.

The temperature range of the stable existing and structural transformation of ettringite were studied
by DTA, XRD and SEM. The effect of ettringite structural transformation on expansive behavior of expansion cement was found. The result indicates:
(1) Under dry condition, the ettringite dehydrates quickly between 87℃ and 150℃, the structure distortion makes it extremely lose the crystal
characteristic, but it does not decompose and it can be recovered in water. The ettringite can be synthesized and stable existing, under hydrothermal
condition below 100℃. (2) under the dry condition below 100℃, the expansion cement concrete strength does not decrease but its expansive behavior can be lost even negative expansion produced,
so expansion cement and self-stress cement are not suitable under the dry condition of over 70℃ or under the dry and wet alternate conditions.

Due to its good bioactivity, calcium silicate is potentially a candidate in the biomedicine field. A novel method for synthesizing tobermorite fibers was developed. Tobermorite fibers can be synthesized successfully by the hydrothermal reaction at 200℃ for 5h using a Ca(II)-EDTA complex precursor. Tobermorite fibers obtained in the present work were 40-100μm in length and 0.1-1μm in diameter. The properties of tobermorite fibers were characterized by XRD, SEM techniques. And the formation mechanism was proposed.

Nano-Ni₃S₄ powders from NiSO₄-6H₂O and Na₂S₂O₄·2H₂O at ambient temperature by the liquid phase method were prepared. The factors affecting qualities of the powders were researched and the most favorable experimental conditions were obtained. Samples were characterized by TEM,XRD and complexometric analysis. The results show that Ni3S4 powders obtained are spinel and their average size is lOnm with narrow distribution, good separation and high purity.

At the early stage of MCFC operation, the porous Ni-based cathode subjected to the load of cell stack may deteriorate
in the process of its transformation to the working lithiated NiO cathode, which will result in the potential damage to the cell performance and
lifetime. In this study, a home-made LVDT displacement-measuring system was set up and applied in in situ deformation experiments. The deformation
behaviors of porous NiO and Ni plaques were investigated under the simulating conditions of MCFC operation. The experimental results
indicate that the porous nickel deforms most severely when it is in situ oxidized and lithiated under loading. However, under the same
conditions the deformation of porous nickel which is pre-lithiated and oxidized before a load is applied is much less. In contrast,
the in situ deformation of the porous nickel oxide is not significant as a whole.

Sub-micron size metallic particles were finely deposited on the surface of Carbonaceous Mesophase Spherules (CMS) by the decomposition and reduction of
organic metallic compound by solid-state reaction. Electrochemical cycling tests of coin cells show that the capacity retention at the 30th cycle is 90%, and special capacity is over 430 mAh g^-1, improving about 40\% versus pure
CMS electrode. Obtained Alloy/CMS composite powders with high special capacity are used as anode materials for lithium ion cells and can avoid the drastic volume
change when lithium inserting into and extracting from Alloy matrix, and improve the cycle performance of electrode.

The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of La_2/3Ca_1/3MnO₃ and La_2/3Ba_1/3MnO₃ were
measured at various temperatures. It is show that there exists a temperature T min by which the conventional paramagnetic region of T>T_c
is divided into two different temperature ranges, T>T_min and T_c<T<T_min. At T>T_min, the peak-to-peak linewidth
ΔH_pp as a function of temperature shows a linear decrease on cooling, while at T<T_min, ΔH_pp is anomalously
increased on further cooling. The results can be explained by the “bottleneck” spin-lattice relaxation model. The average A-site ionic size <r_A>
affects strongly the interaction of the spin-lattice and spin-spin.

The sintering behaviors and microstructures of reaction-sintered Sr_0.4Ba_0.6Nb₂O₆
(RSBN40) using mixture of SrNb₂O₆ and BaNb₂O₆ as the starting powders were compared with that of normal sintered Sr_0.4Ba_0.6Nb₂O₆
(SBN40) with single-phase Sr_0.4Ba_0.6Nb₂O₆ powders as starting powders. The experimental results show that the densification rate
of SBN40 is faster than that of RSBN40. Densities of samples SBN40 and RSBN40 reach the maximum, 5.21 and 5.27g·cm^-3 at 1250 and 1300℃,
respectively. In addition, abnormal grain growth occurs more easily in sample SBN40 than in sample RSBN40 at the sintering temperatures above 1300℃.

1-x)Mg₂TiO₄-xLa₂O₃ ceramics were prepared corresponding to 0≤x≤0.1 by the conventional solid-state reaction methed. Their microstructures, dielectric properties were investigated. For the sample without La₂O₃, its average grain size was more than 60μm. With La₂O₃ added, the grain sizes became smaller and new crystal phase _La0.66TiO_2.99 appeared. In the meantime, dielectric constants of materials increased and the quality factor Q values can be up to 16558(10GHz) at x=0.03. Besides, microstructures of materials also changed obviously.

By using computer controlled ultra-low frequency dielectric spectrometer and HP4124A impendence analyzer,
we measured the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of SrTiO₃ ceramics in the frequencies from 10^-4Hz to 10⁵Hz. The complex dielectric constants
obtained can be well extracted into the summation of two components. The lower frequency one can probably attribute to the motion of space charges
in grain boundaries, the higher frequency one can attribute to that within the grains. Further, real permittivity of the latter component changes to be
below zero at high frequencies. It indicates that frequency domain method is not a proper method for describing dielectric spectroscopy, while the
experimental results can not be explained by traditional dielectric polarization theory.

The characteristics of ZnS-SiO_2 dielectric film were studied by using AFM, XRD, TEM, UV/Vis/NIR
spectrometer, and spectroscopic ellipsometer methods. It was indicated that the as-deposited ZnS-SiO₂ film is amorphous and has Straski-Krastanov type
growth characteristic. The surface of the ZnS-SiO₂ film is very smooth. The grain size of the ZnS-SiO₂ film is very small, around 2～10nm. The
transmissivity of the ZnS-SiO₂ film is large and the extinction coefficient is very small, which are beneficial to reduce the loss of laser power. The
refractive index of the ZnS-SiO₂ film is large and the recording layer can be protected very well.

CdTe and Te-doped CdTe thin films were prepared by close-spaced-sublimation(CSS) technique. The composition, structure, surface and electrical properties of the
films were studied by using XRF,XRD, SEM and HALL. The results show that the films deposited by CSS have good crystallization. Crystalline grain is 100 times bigger
than that of the films deposited by RF method. Te doping changes the crystal characteristic of CdTe films. The proper Te doping can improve lattice growing
of CdTe films, and cause lattice constant increasing. The films’ resistivity decreases while mobility and carrier concentration increase, which indicates
electrical conductivity of Te doped CdTe increases greatly.

The paper simulated and analyzed gas phase environment in diamond films growth by hot filament chemical vapor deposition(HFCVD). GRI-Mech3.0, a detailed thermochemical
reaction mechanism of methane combustion chemistry, was used to simulate C/H gas chemistry in HFCVD diamond films reactors. By simply simulating the reactive flow,
the gas composition at the position of the substrate was obtained, which agrees well with other’s experimental results. The influences of filament temperature,
carbon-contained gas concentration and hydrocarbon precursor gases in feed on gas phase and diamond films growth were discussed. The results suggest that CH₃
other than C₂H₂ is the dominant diamond films growth precursor in HFCVD, while H superequilibrium above substrate is important for good diamond films growth.

Single crystals of different ytterbium-doped yttrium alumium tetraborate (Yb:YAl₃(BO₃)₄,Yb:YAB)
were grown by the flux method. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of Yb³⁺:YAl₃(BO₃)₄ crystals were measured. In the absorption
spectra, there is only one absorption band at 976nm, which is suitable for InGaAs diode laser pumping. In the fluorescence spectra, there is one
fluorescence peak at 1.03μm. The thermal expansion presents strong anisotropic character, and the thermal expansion of c-direction is about 3.5
times than that of a-direction. The relationship between thermal properties and crystal structure was discussed. 4.3W output power at 1040nm can be obtained
when pumped by 11W fibre-coupled laser diode at 977nm, and the slope efficiency is 48%; At the same experiment condition, 1.1W cw green output can be achieved,
with a diode-to-green optical conversion efficiency of 10%.

The crystal of BSO was grown at a spacecraft for the first time. The space-grown and terrestrially-grown BSO crystals were measured by X-ray rocking curves and dislocation etchings as well as transmission spectra. The results show that the optical qualities of space-grown BSO crystal can be highly improved under microgravity.

LiGaO_₂ is the most promising substrate newly found for the epitaxy of GaN. Mirror-like GaN(0001) films were
grown on LiGaO₂(001) substrates by using MOCVD. The GaN films and substrates were investigated by means of AFM, XRD and X-ray double-crystal diffraction.
The result shows that a preferable quality of GaN(0001) films can be grown on LiGaO₂(001) substrates by using MOCVD. LiGaO₂ being unstable under the conditions
of MOCVD which should be operated at high temperature and in deoxidize ambience, LiGaO₂ substrate cracks appear easily in the growth process, but no phase changes.

The dielectric and piezoelectric properties, polarization vs E-field curves of Pb(Mg_1/3 Nb_2/3)O₃-PbTi0₃ single crystal were measured. Results show that the ferroelectric properties strongly depend on the composition and poling field. These are essentially attributed to the intrinsic metastable orthorhombic ferroelectric state, whose phase stability depends on the composition and poling field intensively.

The effects of different doping concentration of Eu²⁺ on the properties of Sr₂Al₆O₁₁-based phosphor
were studied. The results indicate that there are two main emission peaks at 403nm and 493nm existing in the phosphor, while the doping concentration
of Eu²⁺ is below 0.01mol, which are corresponding to various Sr1 and Sr2 sites in the Sr₂Al₆O₁₁ matrix. While increasing the doping
concentration of Eu²⁺, the emission peak of 403nm disappears and the peak of 493nm becomes strong simultaneously due to the energy transfer
between the different Eu²⁺ centers. Decay curves imply that the phosphor without co-doping Dy³⁺ has no long afterglow properties.
When the doping concentration of Eu²⁺ is 0.01mol, the long afterglow is the best in three experimental samples with different Eu²⁺ contents.
The luminescent properties will decrease while increasing the doping concentration of Eu²⁺ due to the concentration quenching.

The properties of a new high-k gate dielectric material LaAlO₃ were investigated. LaAlO₃ thin films
were prepared on p-type Si substrates by using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering deposition. XRD analyses show that the films are amorphous even
after annealed in O₂ at 650℃ for 15min. The capacitance equivalent oxide thickness is 2.33nm with a leakage current of 3.73mA/cm²
and 5.32×10^-4mA/cm² at V _g=+1V and --1V, respectively. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic curves show the existence of
interface states in LaAlO_₃ thin films. The hysteresis voltage in C-V curve is about 0.09V. The density of interface states calculated is about
8.35×10¹¹cm^-2. The current-voltage characteristic curves show that Pt/LaAlO₃/Si thin film is conductive only under one voltage
direction. The LaAlO₃ thin film will be a promising high-k gate dielectric for future ultra-large scale integrated devices.

The nanosized chromium oxide powders were synthesized by the precipitation method. Then they were nitrided by NH₃ at 800-900℃ for 4-8h, and 40-80nm
chromium nitride powders obtained. X-ray powder diffraction and TEM were adopted for the characterization of the powders obtained under different ammonolysis
conditions. The influences of the ammonolysis temperature and the holding time on the powder properties were investigated. The results show that this process
for preparing CrN powders possesses many advantages such as time saving, temperature lowering, and simpler equipment needed.

MgO(10.4mol%)-ZrO₂ powders coprecipitated were heated isothermally and quenched from 500 to 1450℃, then acid-leached and milled. Afterwards, the prepared powders were characterized by XRD and TEM technologies. The results show that all MgO(10.4mol%) is almost soluble in ZrO₂ after isothermal heating at 1450℃ for 2h and quenching; at 750-1350℃, the solubility of MgO is about 2.2mol%; at 500℃, it is 7.7mol%. The rest of MgO exists on the surface of the ZrO₂ crystallites.

SnO₂ nanospheres with fine structure were prepared with SnCl₄·5H₂O as raw materials by a
solvothermal process. The X-ray diffraction pattern and selected area electron diffraction show that the as-prepared SnO₂ crystallites
are well crystallized. Transmission electron microscope micrographs show that the prepared product contains nanospheres with sizes of 50-80nm.
Magnified TEM image further reveals that the nanospheres display fine structure consisting of 2-6nm ultrafine particles. This structure tends to have high
specific surface area and favorable for the application in gas-sensitive detection.

By applying combustion process with urea as the fuel, the precursor powders of the phosphor were obtained. After the heat treatment to the precursor powders, YAG:Tb phosphor was synthesized. The characteristics of the phosphor were determined by XRD, SEM and PL spectra techniques. The chemical purity of the phosphor was greatly improved though no flux added to the phosphor. The particle sizes of the phosphor were fine (1-2μm) and well-distributed. The luminescent properties of YAG:Tb and YAG:Ce,Tb were analyzed.

Titanium aluminium carbide (Ti₃AlC₂) powder was fabricated through combustion synthesis
process by using Ti, Al, C and TiC powders as raw materials. The experimental results show that the phase formation of the final product
is affected by the addition of TiC exceptionally. TiC is the main phase in the final product under the condition of no addition of TiC in the
raw materials. However, Ti₃AlC₂ becomes the main phase with the addition of TiC in the raw materials. Furthermore, the amount of
Ti₃AlC₂ is enhanced with increasing the amount of TiC addition in the raw materials and decreasing the combustion temperatures.
The addition of Ti₃AlC₂ as seed crystal is beneficial to form Ti₃AlC₂.