Zirconium tungstate shows a strong negative thermal expansion from 0.3K up to its decomposition temperature of 1050K. This behavior is especially unusual because the thermal contraction is isotropic over its entire existence range. Recent progress on the unusual negative thermal expansion properties and the origin of ZrW₂O₈ were reviewed. This paper also discussed the phase transition and its mechanism of zirconium tungstate ZrW₂O₈.

Scanning force microscope (SFM) is paid great attention as a super-resolutional near-field scanning probe microscope in all circles. SFM is becoming a powerful
technique with great potential for imaging and control of nanoscale domain structures in ferroelectric materials, and it is a promising technique well
suited for nanoscale investigation of local properties including ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, dielectricity in ferroelectics. This review is involved with the
latest progress in the imaging principle of nanoscale ferroelectric domain via SFM.

The rare earth oxyorthosilicates Ln₂SiO₅(Ln-Gd³⁺, Y³⁺, Lu³⁺) as inorganic scintillation crystals have attracted much attention recently. The progress on the research of their structures, the scintillation mechanisms of cerium ions and single crystal growth were reviewed, and their scintillation properties, applications and problems requiring further research were also summarized in detail.

Velocity field and temperature field in the high temperature solution in a loop-like Pt crucible were simulated
numerically by using the commercial computational code under gravity conditions. The results indicate that, based on the experimental boundary conditions and
the Boussinesq approximation, velocity field and temperature field with the numerical simulation basically agree with the experimental data, meantime,
the fluid flow trace is also similar to the phenomena observed with the traced particles of Na₂CO₃ in the high temperature oxide solution.

The light yield of some Y³⁺ doping PbWO₄ crystals increases after low dose rate irradiation, and
the radiation hardness is sensitive to annealing temperature. In this study, the experiments among Sb, La³⁺, Y³⁺ doping and La³⁺/Sb,
Y³⁺/Sb co-doping PWO crystals were carried out, the composition of the melt in the top of the crystals was also measured by the XRF method. The
experimental results show that this exceptional behavior only exists in PWO crystals containing Y³⁺ ions. In addition those crystals have 420nm
absorption band in optical transmission spectra. In the processes of PWO crystal growth by the modified Bridgeman method, it is salutary to keep the melt
in a negative charge environment, thus preventing the formation of interstitial oxygen. Integrating with the data obtained, the mechanism of this phenomenon
was discussed, and the principles of choosing dopants to suppress it were also brought forward.

Rare-earth elements (La, Ce) have lower standard equilibrium potential than hydrogen and are very difficult
to electrodeposition from aqueous solution. Co-La, Co-La-P, Co-Ce, Co-Ce-P and Co-P alloys deposits having amorphous structure were obtained from aqueous solutions by
using optimized electroplaing solutions and process conditions. The crystallization kinetics of these amorphous alloy coatings was
investigated. The crystallization activation energy and kinetics equation of five kinds amorphous coatings were determined
by DSC method. The results indicate that the crystallization activation energy of Co-P, Co-La, Co-Ce, Co-La-P, Co-Ce-P amorphous
coatings are 185.7,386.5, 383.0, 587.3, 535.5kJ·mol^-1 respectively. The crystallization mechamism of four kinds amorphous coatings may be expressed
by kinetics equation:
(dα/dT=（A/Φ)e^-E/RT(1-α)

Emerald is an excellent tunable lasing medium. According to controlling seed orientation and using special nutrient separation quartz-seed stack-up technology, many plate and columnar emerald single crystals were hydrothermally grown in one autoclave at a time. Detected by absorption specta, microscope and laser experiment, the quality and characterization of the emerald crystals obtained are analogous to those of natural and other hydrothermal emeralds synthesized by other countries.

The influences of hydrothermal conditions (including starting materials, reaction temperature and time) on
crystal structure and morphologies of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ particles, were discussed. Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ nanocrystalline particles were hydrothermally synthesized in the range of 80～230℃, for 2～12h from Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂,
TiCl₄ and NaOH solution. The XRD results reveal that the Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ nanoparticles obtained possess a typical bismuth layered perovskite structure.
TEM microphotographs show that the Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ nanoparticles are tabular, and their average length is about 200 nanometers.

A wet procedure to prepare stoichiometric and homogeneous Zr rich PZT powders was described. The hydroxide precursor was prepared by coprecipitation from a mixed nitrate solution containing Pb²⁺, Zr⁴⁺, Ti⁴⁺ ions at pH 9. The precursor pellets were calcined at 550℃ for 0.5h and reactively sintered at 1130℃ for 2 h under hot-press, then a density of 98% theoretical density was obtained, as well as the samples exhibited good ferroelectrics properties.

A new method for production of ZnS:M[M=Mn, Cu, Cu(Al)] nano-phosphor powders was described. The size of ZnS:M
nanoparcicles can be well controlled from 1.8nm to 3nm by adjusting the molar ratio of mercaptoacetic acid to monomer of methacrylic acid. Selected area
electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrate that the ZnS:M nano-phosphor powders have zinc blende crystal structure. TEM image
indicates that the ZnS:M nano-phosphor powders have uniform size distribution. The photoluminescence (PL) of ZnS:Mn reveals that the ZnS:Mn nano-phosphor
powder has greatly luminescent efficiency, compared with bulk ZnS:Mn.

Microwave absorbing property of SiC reticulated porous ceramics(RPCs) was investigated in the present work.
The microwave absorbing efficiency of SiC RPCs was found to increase remarkably, compared with that of SiC materials without reticulated porous
structure. This is contributed mainly to the complex electromagnetic reflecting, scattering, and interference effects within the reticulated
structure. Effects of pore size, relative density and sample thickness on the microwave absorbing property of SiC RPCs were discussed. This work
will develop a novel approach for the design and manufacture of structural microwave absorbing materials with high performance and low cost.

The layered LiCoO₂ compound, was prepared at low temperatures by calcining a complex precursor at different
temperatures. The details of the synthesis procedure were presented and the physical properties of the synthesized cathode materials were discussed in
the light of structural (XRD). The average particle size of the powder calcined at 700℃ is 60nm, and it is in a narrow range. The charge
and discharge cycling of the cells containing the synthesized oxide as the positive electrode in conjunction with lithium metals and employing a
non-aqueous electrolyte show that LiCoO₂ treated at 700℃ exhibits excellent performances in terms of its high first discharge
capacity (167mAh/g) and cycling stability in 30 cycles (capacity loss of 13.8%).

Lithium vanadium oxide LiV₃O₈ used as the cathode of rechargeable lithium batteries was made by a new synthesis method, in which LiOH, V₂O₅ and
NH₃H₂O were used as starting reactants to produce precursor containing Li and V, and then calcining the precursor to obtain the resulting production LiV₃O₈.
The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the LiV₃O₈ compound made by this new method has a different crystalline orientation compared with that prepared by
traditional synthesis methods, and the crystallinity of the former is lower. The discharge-charge test results demonstrate that the LiV₃O₈ compound
has good discharge-charge properties, with a discharge specific capacity of 264mAh/g in the first cycle and 249mAh/g in the fifteenth cycle.

The electrochemical storage of energy in a special kind of active carbon materials used as capacitor
electrodes was considered. Petroleum coke was used to prepared activated carbons with special porosities and structures by NaOH and vapor etching
with catalysis of NaHCO₃ in turn. Nitrogen adsorption was used to characterize the porous structure of the carbons. Carbon electrodes
were fabricated to serve as electrodes of double layer capacitors. The electrochemical performance of the capacitors in 6M KOH was
investigated with constant current charge and discharge experiments. A specific capacitance larger than 160F/g was achieved with an electrode
composed of 75% active carbon and 20% graphite. Evaluation of capacitor performance by different techniques, e.g. voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy
characteristics was also discussed. A hybrid power source consisting of nickel-hydrogen battery and double layer capacitor was demonstrated to
power successfully simulated power loads encountered in communication equipment or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).

By microstructure analysis, I-V characteristics and complex impedance spectra measurement, the
microstructure and related electric properties for the varistors based on SrO-Nb₂O₅-TiO₂ semiconducting ceramics with different doped
amounts of Nb⁵⁺ and Sr²⁺ were investigated. The distribution and effects of Nb⁵⁺ and Sr²⁺ on electric properties for the
materials were discussed. The results show that Nb⁵⁺ dissolves into TiO₂ grains substitutes Ti⁴⁺ to enhance ceramic semiconducting
behavior, and proper addition of Nb-doped amount can avail grain growing. The Sr²⁺ mainly distributes in grain boundary areas,
which behaves as an interface acceptor state and so influences on the electric properties of varistor markedly. The experimental results on
post heat-treatment in air show that the varistor voltage is increased observably with heat-treatment temperature above 800℃, but the
nonlinear coefficient is ameliorated only at an appropriate temperature range.

PMN-10PT is a kind of well-known typical relaxor ferroelectrics, whose dielectrical behavior is analogous
to that of spin-glass systems. Dielectric properties were studied by adding a small amount of different dopants into PMN-10PT ceramics using the normal two-step method. When doped with Li₂O, the maximum dielectric
constant of this material is 28640, which is higher than that of pure PMN-10PT, while the degree of frequency dispersion and DPT are decreased.
When doped with CaO and Yb₂O₃, on the contrary, the opposite results will be obtained. In addition, the Raman spectra show that the degree
of B-site order of the materials is increased when doped with Li₂O and decreased when doped with Yb2O₃, respectively.

Sol precursors were prepared by the cosolubilized hydrousgel process using titanium butoxide and lanthanum
acetate as well as barium acetate. After condensation and drying, the wet gel and dry gel were obtained respectively. Dry gel ground and screened
was pressed into disc and sintered at different temperatures for holding different time to fabricate ceramic sensors. The measurement of humidity
sensitivity and gas/alcoholic sensitivity (seven kinds of gases H₂, CH₄, CH₂=CH₂, CH₃CH=CH₂, CO, C₆H₆ and gaseous CH₃CH₂OH) of these sensors were performed. The humidity sensor displays high sensitivity: S=5×10⁴kΩ/RH(%) (relative
humidity RH=32.8%～93.6%); good linearity: r=0.998; minimum humidity hysteresis: <4%; response time: τ=110s; and fine selectivity: sensitivity-less to above seven kinds of gases. The microstructure was characterized by SEM, AFM and XRF to confirm the
morphology, perovskite phase and surface roughness and whole element analysis. The mechanism of lanthanum modification was discussed that
titanium ion Ti⁴⁺ can capture a free electron. It is easy for this electron to jump into the conduct band due to non-equivalent substitution
of Ba²⁺ by rare earth ion La³⁺.

An acrylic acid/acrylic ester copolymer was employed as a dispersant for Bi4Ti3O₁₂ aqueous
suspensions. Surface chemistry of the suspensions was investigated by several techniques. Zeta-potential measurements showed that the isoelectric point
(IEP) of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ was shifted from pH=4 for pure Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ to low pH regions in the presence of copolymer. FTIR spectra indicated that
copolymers adsorbed on Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ surface via physical interaction. The adsorption amount varied with different copolymer content and reached
to the maximum values when 1.5wt% (dry mass base) copolymer was added, then decreased because of the deadsorption of the copolymer. The rheology of
Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ aqueous suspensions was also studied. The results suggested that the stabilization of the suspensions was improved remarkably
by the adsorption of the copolymer on Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ surface. The stability of the suspensions was attributed to the electrostatic mechanism
when the copolymer concentration was less than 1.5wt% and may be the depletion mechanism when the copolymer concentration was higher than 2.0wt%.

The BaTiO₃ based temperature stable dielectric materials have been sintered at relevant high temperature to make MLCs. In this study, based on Ba_1-xCd_xTiO₃ to replace BaTiO₃, the sintering temperature was decreased efficiently. The MLCs materials meeting EIA X7R specifications were obtained, which were sintered as low as 1150℃ and had relevant high dielectric constant at room temperature.

In this work, by die-casting-bonding process, in 948-1098K and N₂ atmosphere, Al/AlN substrate was produced
successfully. The bonding strength of Al and AlN substrate tested by mechanic testing equipment was more than 15.56MPa; The micorstructure
of Al/AlN interface was investigated by SEM and microscope. The results show that there is nothing produced in the interface of Al/AlN,
the crystal of aluminium grows on the surface of AlN directly, the bonding temperatures have no influence on Al/AlN interface strength.

The surface forces between alumina colloidal sphere and alumina flat surface in sodium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions were measured by atomic force
microscope. A short-ranged, non- DLVO force was observed in 10^-4 mol/L MgCl₂ solutions keeping the pH as 3.96 and 7.92 respectively. When pH was raised to 9.5,
the short-ranged repulsive force was also observed, it hindered the two surfaces close to each other due to the attractive Wan der Walls force. We proved that
in the first condition, the short-ranged non DLVO force was originated from the specific adsorption of magnesium ions, which could be verified from Zeta potential
measurements. In another case, this short -ranged repulsive force was from the specific adsorption of several kinds of magnesium hydroxides. With the rising of
pH, the adsorbed layer became dense and lost its elasticity.

TiN-Al₂O₃ nanocomposite powders were prepared by ball milling with nano TiN and Al₂O₃ powder as starting materials. The sintered bodies were prepared by hot-pressing. The effects of TiN nanoparticles on the mechanical
properties and electrical conductivity of TiN-Al2O3 nanocomposites were studied. Experimental results show that the addition of 15vol% TiN
increases the bending strength of hot-pressed Al₂O₃ from 370MPa to 690MPa and the fracture toughness from 3.4MPa·m^1/2 to 5.1MPa·m^1/2,
respectively. The electrical resistivity of nanocomposites decreases with increasing amount of TiN and reaches a minimum (6.5×10^-3Ω·cm)
for the nanocomposite with 25vol% TiN.

SiC whisker reinforced laminated Si₃N₄/BN ceramics with additives Y₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and MgO were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS) in 13min of heating
to 1650℃ and 15min dwell time. The density of the samples densified by SPS was 3.18g/cm³. Bending strength reached 600 MPa, and the work of fracture
reached 3500 J/m². The arrangement of hard Si₃N₄ layer and soft BN layer, the pull-out and broken of SiC whisker were the main reason for improving toughness
of this ceramic. XRD and SEM indicated SiC whisker, long rod like β-Si₃N₄ and platelet like hex-BN were the main phase and SiC whisker, long rod like β-Si₃N₄ had strong preferred orientation.

Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (TZP) stabilized with 2mol% Y₂O₃(2Y-TZP) with superfine grains and
high perfomances were obtained by adding certain glassy additives into 2Y-TZP powders and sintered at lower temperatures. The sintering character,
microstructure and mechanical properties of the materials with various content of additives were investigated. It could not only lower sintering
temperatures, but also improve flexural strength and fracture toughness of the materials by the common effect of cryptomere strengthening and phase
transformation toughening. The influence of stabilizer content on mechanical properties of low temperature sintered Y-TZP was discussed. The results
showed that for 2Y-TZP materials, because of low stabilizer content and small critical transformation size, more tetragonal zirconia could change
into monoclinal, and had better effect of transformation toughening, hence higher fracture toughness was obtained.

The microstructures of two ablative materials were studied. The results show that the silica fiber
glass in No.1 ablative material remains unchanged after the simulative ablation, and proper combination of the fiber glass with different
diameters leads to increase in packing density, which not only makes the ablative material possess high mechanic strength, but also improves
its thermal insulation at high temperature. No.2 ablative material has the honeycomb structure. The honeycomb is filled with hollow glass
pellets of 50～100μm in diameter. Due to this special structure, No.2 ablative material is characterized by low density and high thermal
insulation.

Five kinds of simulated body fluid (SBF) were prepared according to the Ca²⁺ ions concentration in body fluids of human, dog, pig, rabbit and monkey. The
cylindrical porous specimens of φi4×8mm were obtained by sintering the green block of biphasic calcium phosphate(HA/TCP=70/30) at 1200℃.
There were two kinds of porous specimens: dense pore wall and pore wall with micro pores. After 14-day immersion in SBF, bone-like apatite formed on the pore wall
with micro pores while no apatite was observed on the smooth pore wall. The bone-like apatite grew faster in SBF of dog and rabbit than in other SBF. In animal experiment,
the same phenomena were also observed: bone-like apatite formed faster on specimens implanted in dog and rabbit than in other animals. This sequence is different from
the order of osteoinductivity of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics implanted in these animals. The results show the formation of bone-like apatite on materials
is an important factor but not the only factor for their osteoinduction.

The relationship between the reflectivity of the Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ thin films, which are as-deposited
and melt-quenched states separately, and the pulsed laser time was investigated by the focused pulse laser, and it was found that
the reflectivity changes for the two kinds of samples are different. On the basis of the principle of the droplet formation in the gas-liquid
system and the basic ideas of the statistical physics, the crystallization mechanism and course of the Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ thin films, which are in
as-deposited and melt-quenched states separately, were analyzed and studied in detail. The crystalline nucleus can’t form if Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ is in
below-saturation or saturation state, different size crystalline nucleus can form if it is in super-saturation. While only the crystalline nucleus
which are more than the critical size can grow into crystalline. In addition, the stress, decreasing the crystallization energy barrier and increasing
the super-saturation degree of the amorphous Ge₂Sb₂Te₅, is the leading factor causing the different relationships of reflectivity change
with pulsed laser width between the as-deposited and melt-quenched Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ thin films. At the same time, on the basis of the
analytical results, the reflectivity change characters and laws of the two kinds of the samples under the focused pulse laser were explained in detail.

The preparation and oxygen-sensing properties of α-Ti₃O₅ films were studied. The results of testing show that the Ti₃O₅ film with orthorhombic structure (α phase) can be obtained by reduction TiO₂ thin films in H₂ atmosphere. The α-Ti₃O₅ film is stable up to 650℃ in air. It has low resistance-temperature coefficient and certain oxygen-sensing properties, but its oxygen-sensing properties need further improvement.

Ge-Sb-Te and Ge-Sb-Te-O thin films were prepared by RF-sputtering. XRD spectra of the films in
as-deposited and heat-treated states show that the films changed from amorphous to crystalline states due to heat-treatment. By using DSC data
of the amorphous film materials, measuring the peak temperature of crystallization at different heating rates, the activation energies
and frequency factors were calculated. The experimental results show that sample Ge-Sb-Te-O has a higher value of activation energy than sample Ge-Sb-Te, so
oxygen-doping can improve the crystallization rate of Ge-Sb-Te phase-change material.

Polycrystalline tungsten oxide films with good electrochemical stability were prepared by dc reactive sputtering methods. The Raman spectra of the films show that W6+ is reduced to W⁵⁺ with Li⁺ and electrons co-intercalation. Intercalated electrons entere extended states of crystalline tungsten oxide and cause infrared reflectance. The emissivity of WO₃/ITO/Glass can be reversible modulated between 0.261-0.589.

The white anodic film on aluminium surface is a kind of important thermal control coatings for spacecraft. In this article a systematic study about
the film was carried out by anodizing aluminium foil in sulfuric acid electrolyte. The experimental results show that the optical properties
of the coating depend strongly upon the film thickness and various operation parameters: polishing time, oxidation voltage, electrolyte temperature etc.
Polishing aluminium surface can increase solar reflectance of the coating while increasing oxidation voltage and electrolyte temperature makes infrared
emittance rise rapidly. Under the optimized conditions (oxidation voltage 10V, electrolyte temperature 20℃) white anodic thermal control
coatings with excellent performance on aluminium surface can be prepared.

Porous γ-alumina transition membranes with a most probable pore size of 0.38μm and thickness of 4μm were successfully synthesized
via sol-gel route on the porous alumina substrates with pore size of 0.9μm. The physical chemistry transformation and microstructure of the
as-prepared membranes were systematically characterized by using DTA-TG, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The results indicate that the transition membranes fabricated
in the work are smooth without any crack. Also, As-prepared membrane has the characteristic of preferred oritation. The separation coefficient for
H₂-N₂ is about 3.30.

Nanometer-sized antimony-doped tin oxide powders were prepared by coprecipitation using SnCl₄·5H₂O and SbCl₃ as starting materials. The characteristics
of the powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The influences of antimony
concentration on the phase, particles size and powders resistance were researched. The results indicate that samples with lower Sb concentration(x≤0.462) are
tetragonal SnO₂ phases with Sb atoms as the solute in the lattice while Sb atoms are separated from tetragonal SnO₂ phases and oxidized into Sb₂O₄
phase in samples with higher Sb concentration(x≥0.519); Doped Sb plays the role of reducing SnO₂ crystallite size and restrains the crystallite growth
during heat treatment, and the particle size is insensitive to Sb concentration when Sb concentration is above 0.181; the electric conductivity of SnO₂ powders
increases with increasing Sb concentration and reaches a maximum at x=0.095, and the resistance of samples increases rapidly at x>0.245. The optimal range of
Sb concentration is 0.181～0.230.

CdSe nanocrystals were synthesized in tributylphophine (TBP) and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOPO) solvent by using a soft chemistry method. In contract to other methods, the reagent was injected several times while keeping the temperature over a period of time. TEM, AFM UV-vis were used to show the structure character of the nanocrystals. The formation mechanism of the nanocrystals was also discussed. The as-synthesized nanocrystal is shaped like a triangle cone with nearly equal sides of 60nm.

The influences of several anionic dispersants on the colloidal and rheological properties of nanosized Y-TZP
suspensions were investigated. Isothermal adsorption was conducted to study the interaction between the dispersant and the powder. It was found that
these dispersants adsorbed chemically on the powder. The zeta potential of Y-TZP powder at alkaline region changed from --20mV to --40～--50mV
after the addition of dispersants. Rheological measurements showed that the dispersant addition significantly enhanced the fluidity of the slurry. The
deflocculation mechanism of the dispersant for the suspension was finally discussed.

A new forming method called RIP was applied to fabricate Y-TZP nano ceramics. With RIP, a high pressure of about 1GPa was attained; a green compact
with a weight of about 16g and a relative density of about 56% wasobtained. Y-TZP nano-ceramics having a grain size of about 70nm were
obtained when sintered at 1100℃ for 2h. The results show that the sintering ability of the green compact is so good that it can be sintered to 97% at a low
temperature of 1100℃. The relative high density of the green compact and the small pore size are the main reasons for the excellent
sintering ability.

TiO₂/zeolite composite photocatalysts were prepared in the water with natural zaolite and TiCl₄, and the structure characterization was carried
out by X-ray, IR and TG-DTA. Their photcatalytic reactivity was studied by the methyl orange and methylene blue solution decomposition effect under the sun.
The results confirm that the anatase forms on the zeolite surface, and the mineral structure changes and the photocatalytic effect of low temperature
treatment is more excellent than that of higher temperature treatment, the decolouration rate is in the vicinity of 100%, and can be repeatedly used.

The wetting angle between the liquid Ni₃Al and the TiC solid matrix was measured by using a 2AP-LEITZ high temperature microscope at 1420℃ under a flowing
Ar gas atmosphere. The effect of Mo addition into Ni₃Al on the wettability of Ni₃Al-TiC and the effect mechanism were mainly discussed. The result shows
that, the wetting angle of Ni₃Al-TiC is as low as 17℃, indicating an ideal cermet system. When Mo is added, the wetting angle gains a further
decrease, lower than 11℃. It is considered that, a small amount of Mo diffuses into the boundary of TiC particles and forms solid solution. The substituted Ti
then reacts with Ni₃Al in-situ. Thus decreases the tensile stress on the solid-liquid interface of Ni₃Al-TiC, leading to a great improvement in the wettability between Ni₃Al and TiC.

Based on the disproportionation reaction, SiC particles were coated with Cu. AES technology was carried out to determine the influence of size-distribution on the phase homogeneity between SiC and Cu. Cu tends to deposit on the large particles rather than on the very fine coexisted particles in a wide size-distribution powders. Nano SiC particles can be coated readily with the narrow particle size- distribution, which leads to the desired phase homogeneity.

A fast carbonation process was developed to synthesis plate-like calcium carbonate in dilute lime slurry.
The influence of some process factors, such as the solid concentration of lime slurry, the orifice diameter of gas distributor, the flow rate of
CO₂, and the reaction temperature on the morphology of CaCO₃ was investigated. The experimental results and the thermodynamic calculation
indicate that lower pH, stronger absorbing of CO₂, and lower Ca²⁺/C_T values are favorable for the formation of plate-like CaCO₃.
The suitable carbonation conditions are as follows: <0.1%(m) of the solid concentration of lime slurry, 0.7～1.5mm of the orifice diameter of the gas
distributor, 100～400mL/min of CO₂ flow rate, and temperature 20～30℃.

Silane coupling agent SG-Si900 (SGS), a solution of rare earth elements containing SG-Si900 (SGS/RES), and
a solution of rare earth elements (RES) were used to modify glass fiber surface, respectively. The friction and wear properties of polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) composite, filled with glass fiber modified with rare earths, under oil lubrication were investigated. The worn surfaces were analyzed by using
a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that, the friction-reducing and anti-wear properties of the PTFE composite filled with modified glass fiber are enhanced, compared with that of the PTFE composite filled with
unmodified glass fiber. The effect of RES is the most obvious, that of SGS/RES is the second, and that of SGS the third. The wear of the PTFE
composite, filled with glass fiber modified with rare earths, is characterized by slight wear under oil lubrication. This is attributed to that using rare
earths to modify the glass fiber surface can largely improve the interfacial adhesion between the glass fiber and PTFE. The rare earths modified glass
fiber filled PTFE composite exhibits excellent friction and wear properties.