Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) are expected to play an important role in interdisciplinary materials science and future spintronics because charge and spin of electrons are accommodated into single matter resulting in interesting magnetic, magneto-optical, magneto-electric and other properties. In this paper, the recent progress in developing ZnO-based DMSs was reviewed, the hot research and existing problems were evaluated, much better analysis was proposed, and some potential use of DMSs was also presented.

Progress in both fundamental and applied research of nanophase tin oxide gas-sensitive materials was reviewed with emphasis on the application of nanotechnology and thin-film technology to produce tin oxide sensors. Current status and future prospects of the integrated array of tin oxide sensors used in electronic nose that simulates the human nose were also presented.

Cerium-doped lutetium pyrosilicate (LPS:Ce) crystal was grown by using the Czochralski method. A series of problems during growth, such as volatilization of the melt, crack and sandwich inclusions, were discussed. Results show that the components of LPS and SiO₂ volatilize during growth, and the latter is dominant. As volatilization of LPS will not lead to components segregation, there is not a negative affection on the growth process. Poly-crystal caused by the lower seeding temperature and the biggish thermal stress in the crystal are the main reasons for crystal crack. Sandwich inclusions phenomenon is mainly related to three factors, the first is the narrow crystallization temperature of LPS:Ce crystal, the second is the constitutional supercooling appearing in the melt, and the third is the poor precision of the temperature-monitoring systems of the growth equipment.

The effects of GeO₂ on the structure and properties of PbO-B₂O₃-ZnO glass were investigated by DSC, IR, XRD. Results indicate that the addition of GeO2(0.4～2wt%) to PbO-B₂O₃-ZnO glass can suppress crystallization and decrease sealing temperature. When the content of GeO₂ is 0.7 wt%, the stability of glass is the best and the sealing temperature is the lowest (400 ℃), which is a desirable material for low-temperature sealing. The coefficient of thermal expansion of PbO-B₂O₃-ZnO glass can be adjusted by the addition of GeO₂.

Nanocrystalline yttria powders were synthesized from Y(NO₃)₃ solution and ammonia water by a precipitation method. The chemical composition of the hydroxide precursor was Y₂(OH)5NO₃·H₂O. The effects of pH values and striking process on the properties of hydroxide precursor and resultant yttria powders were studied. At low pH conditions (pH=7.9) of the normal striking method, the
precipitation precursor has a layered structure. If the final pH value is comparatively high (pH=10.0), the layered nature of the precipitation precursor decreases, and the crystallites are more fine. By using reverse-strike technique, the layered nature of the flocs disappears, and it is mainly composed of more equiaxed crystallites. More sinterable yttria powders can be synthesized by
calcining the hydroxide precursor with platelet-shaped structure. A small amount of ammonium sulfate doping can reduce the agglomeration of the resultant yttria powders. Resultant Y₂O₃ powders synthesized at a low pH (below 9) show much better sinterability than those from higher pH value derived precursor. By using the nanocrystalline yttria powder, transparent yttria ceramics were produced by vacuum sintering at 1700℃ for 4h without any additives.

Trititanate nanotubes were synthesized from rutile TiO₂ via hydrothermal process. The influences of process parameters such as stirring, acid leaching and calcination temperature on formation and structure of nanotubes were observed by TEM. The results show that continuous stirring could improve the directional growth of TiO₂ particles and formation of trititanate nanoflakes, and nanotubes are formed in the acid leaching process. It also reveals that 300℃ is the critical transformation temperature between nanotubes and long-stick crystalline column. The nanotubes synthesized under optimal condition are uniform and longer than 1μm, and the ratio of length to diameter is 125:1.

By using technical grade TiOSO₄ as the precursor and urea as the precipitating agent, nano-crystalline anatase TiO₂ powders were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The initial pressure of the system was 6MPa. Stirring speed was fixed at 300r/min. Reaction temperature was ranged from 110℃ to 150℃ with holding time from 2h to 8h and the concentration of the precursor was ranged from
0.25～1.5mol/L. The grain size, phase composition and specific surface area of the synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and BET methods. XRD results show that the synthesized powders are all anatase. Calculated grain size is from 6.7 to 10.6nm by Scherrer method. The specific surface area of the powders is ranged from 124 to 240m²/g. The grain size of the powders increases with the increase of the reaction temperature, holding time and precursor concentration. When the precursor concentration is more than 0.5mol/L, the specific surface area decreases with the increase of holding temperature, holding time and precursor
concentration. When the precursor concentration is less than 0.5mol/L, the
specific surface area increases with the increase of precursor concentration.

A one-step synthesis of mono-dispersed mesoporous silica spheres by using the mixed surfactants CTAB and dodecylamine proceeded with the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in a mixture of alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, water, and ammonia as a catalyst. The silica spheres have high specific
surface area and can be used as a good substrate in high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The size of 0.2～1.5μm and morphology of the silica spheres can be controlled by varying the proportion of surfactant and co-solvent. The prepared silica spheres can be enlarged to the maximum diameter 3μm with a seeded growth method in a semi-batch reacting system. Based on the experiments above, several mechanisms were discussed on the growth
process of mesoporous silica spheres in the synthesis.

Under mild solid-state reaction conditions a novel Eu³⁺ doped-aluminosilicate that is isostructural with NaGdSiO4 was synthesized, and characterized by x-ray diffractions and a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that Eu³⁺ doped aluminosilicate can emit powerful red fluorescence under the excitation of ultraviolet light. The effect of temperature and doping concentration on the emission and excitation spectra of the as-prepared material was also discussed.

By using Zn₄CO₃(OH)₆·H₂O as the precursor, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the surfactant, ZnO nanorods with several nanometer diameters were synthesized. The product was characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Its room-temperature photoluminescence properties were also studied. The results show that the as-prepared products have high crystallinity
and grow along the 001 direction, combining with good near UV emission properties. The mechanism for the ZnO nanorod growth was also discussed.

Nano-structured onion-like fullerenes (NSOFs) were synthesized from C₂H₂ carbon black/ferrocene by microwave plasma. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the morphologies and structures of the products. Results indicated that NSOFs could be prepared from C₂H₂ carbon black/ferrocene. The particles displayed a clear polyhedral or spherical morphology, with cores and waving out layers.

TiB₂ powder was prepared by SHS-metallurgy. The relative reaction systems were analyzed by DTA. The combustion products and leachable products were analyzed and characterized by XRD, SEM and granularity distribution. The results indicate that SHS reaction of Mg-TiO₂-B₂O₃ system takes place through solid-liquid-liquid-solid reaction process. The combustion products consist of TiB₂, MgO and a little Mg₂TiO₄ & Mg₃B₂O₆. The TiB₂ particles become thinner when the sample pressure increases; TiB₂ particle becomes thinner when adding MgO to the reaction system and TiB₂ particles become bigger when adding TiB₂ to the reaction system. The microstructure of combustion products and the forming mechanism of the different micro-regions were analyzed by Micro-region-technology based on SEM. The growth mechanism of TiB₂ can be determined that one is growing in particle-particle interfaces and the other is growing within particles.

The LiMn_yFe_1-yPO₄ (0.1≤ y≤1) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized by solid-state reaction combined with high-rate ball milling. The crystalline structure, morphology of particles, and electrochemical performance of the sample were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, charge-discharge test and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that all LiMn_yFe_1-yPO₄ samples are simple pure olive-type phase with small particles, and uniformly distribution of gain sizes. At low rate of 0.1C, the first specific discharge capacity of LiMn_0.1Fe_0.9PO₄ is the highest with 145mAh/g and LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 shows the highest energy density of 568Wh/kg. The rate capabilities of the samples are strongly influenced by y value of LiMn_yFe_1-yPO₄. LiMn_0.1Fe_0.9PO₄ shows the best rate capabilities with discharge capacity of 130mAh/g at 0.5C rate and 109mAh/g at 1.5C rate.

Si-Mn/C composite was obtained by sequentially ball-milling the mixture of the silicon and manganese powders (atomic ratio of 3:5), followed by the addition of 20wt% graphite. The phase structure and morphology of the composite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM). The results of XRD showed that there was no new alloy phase in the composite obtained by ball milling. SEM micrographs confirmed that particle size was about 0.5～2.0μm and the addition of the carbon restrained the morphological change of active center (Si) during cycling. The Si-Mn particles were dispersed among the carbon matrix homogeneously, which ensured a good electric contact. Electrochemical tests showed that the material obtained by adding carbon achieved better reversible capacity and cycleability. The Si-Mn/C composite had a reversible capacity of 347mAh·g^-1 and a coulombic efficiency of 70%, and the Si-Mn/C composite electrode annealed at 200℃ revealed a reversible capacity of 463mAh·g^-1 and a charge-discharge efficiency of 70%. Moreover, the reversible capacity retained 426mAh·g^-1 after 30 cycles with a charge-discharge efficiency of over 97

Samples of Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO₃ (LSGM) were prepared by using a solid state reaction method. The conductivities of LSGM with various additions of Sr and Mg were dealt with. The results show that the ionic conductivities of LSGM increase with the increase of x or y at first, and after reaching a maximum, the
ionic conductivities of LSGM decrease with the further increase of x or y. It can be seen that Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO₃ materials with the highest conductivity, σ=0.148S/cm at 800℃, are LSGM1520 and LSGM2015. For the two compositions, LSGM materials are composed of single phase-LaGaO₃ without secondary phases. It can also be seen that ionic conductivities of LSGM increase with the increase of testing temperature and the curves of ln(σ T) with 1/T reveal two straight lines intersecting at T*(T* is about 670℃) and activation energy of oxygen-vacancy motion at lower temperatures (TT*).

The perovskite-type LSGM(La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.85Mg_0.15O_2.875) and Co-doped
LSGMC_8.5 (La_0.9Sr_0.1(Ga_0.9Co_0.1)Mg_0.15O_3-δ) were synthesized by the advanced Pechini method. Their properties were compared by the analysis of XRD, DTA-TG, impedance spectra, conductivity and density. It showed that Co doping decreased the forming temperature of cubic perovskite structure from 1400℃ to 1300℃, and increased the fractional density from 95% to 99%. The conductivity of the LSGMC8.5 sintered at 1400℃ for 6h is 5.38×10^-2S/cm. So the Co-doped LSGMC8.5 is more suitable for IT-SOFC.

The stability of perovskite structure, cell parameters and phase transition temperature of sintered B₂O₃-doped Ba_1-xSr_xTiO₃(x=0～1) ceramics were investigated. The results show that, with dopant amount increasing, the perovskite structure is maintained but the cell parameters are changed slightly. The c and a change irregularly, while c/a and cell volume (a²c) monotonously decreases and increases respectively. The trasition temperature of doped Ba_1-xSr_xTiO₃ will rise a little, compared with that of undoped ones. With sintering temperature rising, transition temperature decreases since cell volume contracts due to solutionizing of Ba and Sr (with the same dopant content). But with dopant amount increasing, the transition temperature changes hardly (with the same sintering temperature). It means that B₂O₃ does affect the cell parameters of Ba_1-xSr_xTiO₃, although the ionic radius of B³⁺ is very small; B³⁺ entered and stayed in the cell in interstitial mode, but its solid solubility is very limited.

The spinel Li_1.02Co_xCr_yMn_2-x-yO₄ as a cathode of lithium ion secondary battery was synthesized by a solid-state method. The influences of the different Cr and Co content in the LiMn₂O₄ on phase constitution and structure, lattice parameters and electrochemical properties were investigated. The spinel structure was kept still with inserting a small amount of Cr and Co to Li_1.02Mn₂O₄. The Jahn-Teller distortion and the Mn³⁺ disproportionation reaction were restrained efficiently. With the substitution content of Cr and Co increased, the lattice parameters of Li_1.02Mn₂O₄ decreased, while specific surface area was increased, and the specific capacity of the cell was improved. In addition, the initial capacity was decreased, but the cycle performance of materials was improved obviously.

Raman scattering spectroscopy is widely used to investigate the phase transition of ferroelectrics, including the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition. In the present paper, the phase coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases caused by Fe2O3 doping in Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.2(Zr_0.5Ti_0.5)_0.8O₃(0.2PZN-0.8PZT) ceramics was investigated by Raman scattering spectroscopy in detail. On the basis of the Raman scattering analysis on the tetragonal E(3TO) and A₁(3TO) modes and the rhombohedral R l mode, or on the tetragonal E(3LO) and A₁(3LO) modes and the rhombohedral R h mode, the tendency of phase transition induced by Fe₂O₃ doping was evaluated, which has been affirmed by XRD results. This indicates
that Raman scattering analysis is an effective way to investigate the doping effect on the phase coexistence in PZT based ceramics.

Polycrystalline Ca_1+xB₆(x=-0.02, 0, 0.02) ceramics were prepared by hot press and normal methods respectively and their ferromagnetic properties were analyzed systematically. The results indicate that all the samples prepared are ferromagnetic when sintering temperature is less than 1500℃. Though the porosity ratio of these samples prepared by these two methods is significant difference, the ferromagnetic properties are not changed with the changing porosity. We believe the ferromagnetism in the CaB₆ ceramics is not concerned with the Ca vacancies or the porosity in the samples.

Ultrafine powders of β-tricalcium (β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂, β-TCP) powders (about 100nm in average size) were obtained by the precipitation method. Transparent β-TCP bioceramics were fabricated by using these ultrafine powders and spark plasma sintering technique at 875℃ for 2min under 40MPa and at the heating rate of 150℃/min. No phases other than β-TCP were detected in the sintered samples. The relative density of the prepared β-TCP was over 99.7%. The results of the FESEM show that the transparent bodies have an average grain size of 250nm and seem to be pore-free. The MTT method shows that the proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells on transparent β-TCP bioceramics is much better than that on the polystyrene cell culture cluster.

This paper described the tribological properties under different braking speeds of carbon/cabon composites whose microstructures are rough lamina, smooth lamina, mixture of rough lamina and smooth lamina respectively. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope techniques were used to characterize the microstructures and the worn surfaces. The friction and wear properties of the composites were tested by using a laboratory dynamometer. Results indicate that the friction coefficients of the material a increase to the peak at 15m·s^-1, while the friction coefficients of sample b and c increase to the peak at 20m·s^-1. However, the same temperature of about 250℃ is showed under the worn surface 1mm when the friction coefficient increases to the peak. The weight loss increases with the increase of the braking speeds from 5m·s^-1 to 30m·s-1, but the weight loss of 28m·s-1 is lower than that of 30m·s^-1.

SiC coated CNTs nano-composites were prepared by the conversion of the precursor polycarbosilane (PCS) and their microstructures were observed and analyzed by SEM, TEM and HRTEM. The electromagnetic parameters of the nano-composites were measured under the frequency from 2 to 18GHZ. Results
showed that uniform and compact SiC coatings on the surfaces of CNTs could be synthesized in the initial PCS/xylene concentration section of 10%～15%. The measurement of the electromagnetic parameters of SiC coated CNTs one-dimensional nano-composites indicated that the main electromagnetic loss mechanism was dielectric loss. When the initial PCS concentration was 15%, the SiC coated CNTs nano-composites had the highest dielectric coefficient and loss angle and the best electromagnetic wave absorption properties as well as the composite effects.

Low-cost C/SiC composites were prepared by “CVI+PIP”combined process. A silicone impregnant with fillers was used in the PIP process. The pyrolysis mechanism of the impregnant and the properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that silicone impregnant with fillers has high pyrolysis yield and its pyrolysis product is dense, pressure can enhance the PIP efficiency of the fillered impregnant. “CVI+ P-PIP” hybrid process makes use of the densification advantages of CVI process and PIP process, which can shorten the process cycle. C/SiC/C multilayered coating can decrease the bonding strength of the fiber/matrix interface, and it reduces the diffusing velocity of oxygen to the surface of carbon fibers. Hence the mechanical properties and anti-oxidation properties are improved. The flexural strength and fracture toughness (K IC) of the C/SiC composites are 455MPa and 15.7MPa·m^-1/2 respectively. The weight loss of the C/SiC composites is merely 8.5% after heated at 1300℃ in air 3h.

The modified hydrolysis method was employed to prepare modified TiO_x/acrylamide particles doped with chromium ions. XRD, TEM and particle size characterization results indicate that the particles are amorphous, and the average particle size is 140nm. The ERF possesses an optimum property when the Cr/Ti molar rate is 10%, under 4kV/mm DC electric field, the static shear stress can reach 152kPa. The mechanic property of ERF is enhanced remarkably due to the good wettability between particle and silicon oil, which results from the decrease of particle size caused by the synergetic effect of employment of Cr ions and SDBS synchronously. The ERF also shows a very good dispersion stability.

The influences of laser ablation processes on the solubility and the crystallizability of laser evaporated Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanopowders were studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscope and high resolution electron microscope (HREM). Results indicate that ZrO₂ crystalline lattice with an increasing solid solubility exhibits larger disorder. Increasing air pressure in the sample chamber favors the formation of amorphous ZrO₂.
Amorphous ZrO₂ consists of Zr-O-Zr (Al) clusters with short-range order but long-range disorder. The Zr-O and Zr-Zr (Al) interatomic distances in amorphous ZrO₂ are shorter and the disorder of amorphous ZrO₂ is larger than that of crystalline Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ solid solutions.

The multiple non-linear regression analysis method was applied to build up the non-linear regression mathematical model y=b₀+Σb_ix_i+Σb_iix_i²+Σb_iiix_i³, and the complex oxides were used as effective dopants to X7R ceramic powders of multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC). The non-linear regression equation regarding the relationship between the dosage of different dopants and the dielectric properties was established based on the testing data. Moreover, the modification mechanism of dopants on the characteristics of the ceramics was explained in this paper. The regression equation suggests that with the increase of Nb and Ce addition to BaTiO₃, the dielectric constant decreases, which is consistent with "core-shell" structure theory. According to the multiple regression equation analysis results, the dosage of different dopants was adjusted to develop the environmental friendly X7R MLCC ceramics. The main features of the BaTiO₃ ceramics sintered in air atmosphere at 1140℃ are ε_298K=2900±50, tgδ≤1.0%,ρ≥10¹¹Ω·cm,Δ C/C _25℃(-55℃～+125℃)≤±15%.

Mg-Al-HT (Hydrotalcite) and Mg-Fe-HTLcs (Hydrotalcie-like compounds) were used as precursor. Calcined at 550℃ and 380℃ for 2h, they were transformed into Mg-Al-LDO (Layered Double Oxide) and Mg-Fe-LDO respectively. Both of them have strong tendency of obtaining anion and water from ambient to recover their primary crystal structure of HT and HTLcs. At room temperature, arsenous absorption capacity is 83.2mg/g for Mg-Al-LDO, and 87.45mg/g for Mg-Fe-LDO. It is found that pH values increase while arsenous anion is absorbed by Mg-Al-LDO, which is predicted by the equation that describes the chemical reaction between Mg-Al-LDO and arsenous solution. During the reaction of Mg-Fe-LDO with the same solution, pH ascends first and then descends. It is believed that there is another reaction besides arsenous absorbed by Mg-Fe-LDO, i.e., arsenous anion will be deposited by Fe(III) in the LDO. Theoretic absorption capability of the LDOs on arsenous anion calculated from the chemical equation is 219.3mg/g for Mg-Al-LDO and 187.5mg/g for Mg-Fe-LDO, much higher than their real performance at room temperature. In believing that it is due to the competition from dissolved CO₂ with arsenous anion, the system is heated to 90℃ to expel
CO2 from the solution. Absorption capability on arsenous anion at 90℃ is 114.9mg/g for Mg-Al-LDO, and 199mg/g for Mg-Fe-LDO. Heating has double effects for the later in the system: the competition from dissolved CO₂ is eliminated, and the deposition of arsenous by Fe(III) in LDO is enhanced.

Oxidation reaction happened when Al₂O₃-SiC W composite heated at high temperature. The reaction producer moved to the crack area which induced crack healing. The kinetic analysis of crack healing of Al₂O₃-SiC W composite shows that: the velocity of crack healing can be showed as: - Cv/t=(2πC²_v0·ΔP+F)/(2πB₀C_v)·1/2·(k/t)^1/2, and the strength recovery can be expressed by the following formula: σ_f/σ_f0=[1-(2πC²_v0·ΔP+F)/(πB₀C²_v0)·k^1/2·t^1/2]^-1/4. Compared with Al₂O₃-TiC P composite, the filling coefficient F was added. The physical meaning of F coefficient is the area equivalent except the crack area. For Al2O3-SiC W composite, F is related to the whisker bridge, whisker emerge, and the area on which reaction producer can follow and fill in the crack. When heated at 1200℃, F is about 9.94\times10^-8 m².

Highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin films were grown on Si (100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to analyze the crystalline and microscopic structure of the films. Results show that with the increase of substrate temperature and oxygen pressure, the crystallinity is enhanced and the film presents smooth, dense and uniformed microstructure, and strong interface bonding with substrate under optimal conditions. The photoconductive UV detectors based on ZnO films with interdigital (IDT) configuration were fabricated by the lift-off photo- etching method. The I-V characteristics of the detectors before and after ultraviolet illumination were also investigated, indicating a good ohmic behavior between electrodes and ZnO films, and significant photoresponsivity
was observed under UV illumination.

Wide band gap and highly transparent conductive Ga-doped Zn0.9Mg0.1O (ZMO:Ga) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The properties of the films were characterized through hall effect, double beam spectrophotometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of substrate temperature and post
deposition vacuum annealing on structural, electrical and optical properties of ZMO:Ga thin films were investigated. The experimental results show that the electrical resistivity of the film deposited at 200℃ is 8.12×10^-4Ω·cm, and can be further decreased to 4.74×10^-4Ω·cm with post annealing at 400℃ for 2h under 3×10^-3Pa. In the meantime, its band gap energy can be increased to 3.90eV from 3.83eV. The annealing process leads to the improvement of (002) orientation, wider band gap, increased carrier concentration and blue shift of absorption edge in the transmission spectra of ZMO:Ga thin films.

Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ (BST) thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrate by
radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The as-deposited films were crystallized by conventional thermal annealing (CTA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA), respectively. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis show that the surface layer of the CTA-annealed film contains much non-perovskite BST phase, and has a thickness of 3～5nm approximately; while the RTA annealed surface layer contains much lower non-perovskite BST phase, and its thickness is less
than 1nm. Meanwhile, with the annealing temperature increasing, the CTA-annealed surface layer increases, but for the film annealed by RTA, its thickness doesn't increase so obviously. The results also show that the formation of the non-perovskite BST phase could not be attributed to the surface adsorbate of CO or CO2, but to the elements such as oxygen. GXRD and AFM analysis manifest
that the compact surface structure can effectively prevent the absorbed elements from diffusing into the BST film further, resulting in a thinner surface layer containing non-perovskite BST phase.

The nano-films of TiO₂ were prepared by using ultrasonic atomization technology. The films were characterized by the absorption of UV spectrum. Their surfaces were viewed by the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and the X-ray diffraction. The hydrophilic effect of the films was determined. The influence of the frequency of ultrasonic atomization on the nano-films of TiO₂ was discussed. The analytic results show that the resulting products are a nano-film of TiO₂ as uniformed crystal of anatase with the particle diameter of 20～80nm. After heated or irradiated by UV radiation, the two films become super-hydrophilic materials.

For the modification of α-Al₂O₃ microfiltration membrane, the nano-crystalline TiO₂ coating was obtained by a homogeneous precipitation method using titanium sulfate and urea as raw materials. The effects of reaction temperature, reactant concentration and coating times on the modification of the membrane were investigated systematically. The micro-structure of nano-crystalline TiO₂ coating and its modifying mechanism were also studied by means of TEM, Zeta electric potential analyzer etc. The results show that nano-crystalline TiO₂ modifying coating composed of 10～15nm grains is smooth and dense, and the water flux of the modified membrane is increased by more than 19% over the membrane before modification.

By using a unipolar multifunction pulse power supply, titania films with micropores and micrograins were prepared by microarc oxidation of titanium alloy in a Na₂CO₃ and NaOH electrolytic solution under the condition of the constant pulse current density and frequency of 20A/dm² and 5000Hz. XRD and SEM were employed to characterize the phase component and surface morphology of the films. The experimental results show that (1) the film consists of rutile and anatase phases, and the content of rutile increases with the increasing treatment time; (2) the coating surface is porous and has a large number of micrograins sized from 300nm to 1μm, and the sizes of the micrograins and micropores increase gradually, with the increasing time, while their densities decrease by degrees.

The highly ordered anodic aluminium oxide film, namely, AAO film was prepared with the electrochemical anodization method. On-line nanomeasurement and in-situ scanning functions were conducted by the nanocompression instrument cooperated with nanoindenter. The results show that the nanohardness of AAO film with 50nm hole at 0, 3.3, 6.6, 9.9μm compression displacement is 1.49, 1.79, 1.69, 1.55GPa and the elastic modulus is 11.79, 12.32, 12.82, 13.19GPa. The indentations at 6.6, 9.9μm compression displacement appear obvious plastic deformation produced by the compression force as indicated by the load versus displacement curve and indentation surface morphology, so the nanohardness decreases while the elastic modulus increases all through.

Half-metallic magnetic material Fe₃O₄ is a new kind of spintronics material, which can provide 100% spin polarization. The Fe element has many electronic valences, so the pure Fe₃O₄ is difficult to prepare. Therefore, in this paper we mainly focused on finding the optimal way to fabricate pure Fe₃O₄ film. Half-metallic Fe₃O₄ films grown on Si (100) substrates were prepared by DC magnetron reactive sputtering. The annealing temperatures were investigated carefully, and the polycrystalline Fe₃O₄ films fabricated on Ta buffer layer shown better properties than the film directly sputtering on Si substrate. The optimum condition for the formation of polycrystalline Fe₃O₄ under DC magnetron reactive sputtering was found. The negative magnetoresistance of polycrystalline Fe₃O₄ was also tested, and showed a very weak saturation trend as the single-crystalline Fe₃O₄ films.

A CuO nanoflower film was fabricated on copper by controlled surface oxidation in KOH aqueous solutions with an oxidant K₂S₂O₈ and subsequent heat treatment in air. Results show that the nanoflower is formed by self-assembly of tens of CuO nanosheets. The nanosheet is about 2μm in length, 120nm in width, and 12nm in thickness. After fluorination treating, the nanoflower film exhibits super-hydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle of about 158°. The possible mechanism was proposed on the growth of the CuO nanoflowers. Also, the wettability of the CuO films was discussed on the basis of Cassie theories.

The SiO₂-ZrO₂ gel films were formed on silica or K9 glass substrate from the sols that were derived from Zr-butoxide modified chemically with benzoylacetone and then mixed with tetraethyl orthosilicate via sol-gel process. The obtained gel film shows a characteristic absorption band, at around 334nm. The Si-O-Zr, Zr-O bands were detected by FTIR. The negative tone gel film was irradiated with high pressure mercury lamp through the mask and then leached in ethyl alcohol. The above process gave uniform surface-relief gratings of different patterns with different masks. The present study has proved that the photosensitive gel films are versatile in fabrication of micro optical devices.

AP40 glass-ceramic coatings on TiAl6V4 substrate were deposited by an atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process. The morphology, microstructure and phase compositions of the coatings were studied by means of optical, scanning electron microscope and X-ray analysis. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings were also investigated.
The tensile bonding strength of the coating was evaluated in accordance with the DIN 50160. The results show that the coatings have low crystallinities. The spray parameters influence significantly both the porosity of the coatings and the deposition efficiency. A suitable heat-treatment can increase the coating crystallinity, reduce the porosities and increase the bond strength.

HA coatings with silver-zirconium phosphate antimicrobial were prepared via vacuum plasma spraying, and then their surface morphologies, phase compositions, bonding strengths and antibacterial capability were examined. The results obtained show that no obvious change of the surface morphologies is observed after adding antimicrobial in HA coatings. Some new phases such as CaZr(PO₄)₂ and Na6CaP2O9 appear in the coatings when the antimicrobial
content is high to 10wt%. The bonding strengths of the HA coatings with antimicrobial are higher than that of the HA coating, and the values increase with the increase of antimicrobial content in the coatings. The coatings with the content of antimicrobial equal to or higher than 5% are effectively antibacterial to Pg, Fn and Aa. The antibacterial ability is ordered as Pg>Fn>Aa.