Microstructured biomaterials such as nacreous layer from mollusk shells receive much attention at present. The progress in studies on the microstructure, orientation of aragonite crystal in nacreous layer, and the biomineralization formation theory of nacreous layer were reviewed in this article. Additionally, the inspiration of the particular principles and mechanisms of self-assembly in nacreous layer for fabrication of biomimetic materials were also discussed. It's believed that choosing the appropriate organic substances, and self-assembly into supramolecular structures as the templates for the depositing of inorganic materials, are crucial for biomimetic synthesis.

The low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology was developed in recent years that about integrated technology of electric components. It became mainstream and trend and economy grow point. The paper reviewed the characteristic and technics and relative technologies of LTCC materials in details.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent field emission cold cathode materials. They have a low threshold electric field and a high emission current density which make them attractive for potential application in flat panel display. In this paper, the Fowler-Nordheims theory and other mechanisms of CNTs field emission were clarified; The effects on field emission characteristics of CNTs by different factors, such as the structure of CNTs (MWNT $versus$ SWNT), the orientation, geometrical structure, density of the CNTs arrays, the interaction of CNTs with the supporting suface and the environmental condition and so on, were discussed in detail; The practical applications of field emission characteristics from CNTs in flat panel display areas were also introduced.

Sealing was identified as one of main technical barriers in the commercialization of advanced planar solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs). Much attention has therefore been paid to SOFC sealing. In the present paper, current status of SOFC sealing, including the functions of sealing, sealing strategy, types of sealing, sealing materials (metal alloys, braze, mica, glass, glass ceramics, etc.), was reviewed. Future trends about SOFC sealing were discussed.

The spherical cathode materials for lithium ion batteries have the outstanding advantages such as high pile-density, high capacity density and excellent manufacturing performance, being expected as the important directions. The “controlled crystallization” method is an ideal way to prepare spherical cathode materials. This paper introduced the principle of “controlled crystallization” method and reviewed the research and development of the spherical cathode materials, including LiCoO₂, LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂, and LiFePO₄. The prospective application of the spherical cathode materials was also analyzed.

The Cu/CNTs composite particles were prepared by the chemistry sediment method and using the carbon nanotubes as the carrier. The composite particles obtained were characterized by SEM, TEM. To analyze the catalytic effect of Cu/CNTs composite particles on the thermal decomposition of AP in the composite particles , the comparison sample by simply mixing Cu particles and CNTs particles with AP respectively was prepared and DTA experiments were used to characterize their catalytic performance . Results indicate that the catalytic performance of Cu/CNTs composite particles is superior to that of the simply mixed sample. Compared with the simply mixed sample of Cu and CNTs and AP, the peak temperature of high temperature decomposition of Cu/CNTs composite particles decreases 11.4℃, and the total heat release improves from 494.06J/g to 711.13J/g. It is shown that the catalytic performance of Cu and CNTs on the thermal decomposition of AP can be improved by composition.

The purification in a mixture of concentrated acids was used to modify the surface of carbon nanotubes with hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups, etc. Furthermore, the sensitizing treatment of the CNTs was made in the SnCl_2·2H₂O solution. After treatment the solution with stable homogeneous dispersions of CNTs and CuSO₄·5H₂O was prepared. Then, glucose and formol were used as reductant to reduce the Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ in order. After deoxidation, The CNTs and superfine Cu compound powders were obtained. SEM and TEM results showed that CNTs dispersed homogeneously in the compound powder and combined firmly with superfine Cu.

The surface modification with silane coupling reagent KH-570 of nanosized TiO₂ in the rutile phase pre-coated with silica, was studied. The prepared samples were characterized by FT-IR, XPS,TEM, TG and DTA techniques. According to the spectra of FT-IR and XPS, it can be inferred that the KH-570 is bound on the surface of nanosized TiO₂ particles and an organic coating layer is formed. The mass fraction of KH-570 coated on the surface of nanosized TiO₂ measured is about 7.42%～8.59%.The wetting experiments show that the hydrophobicity of nanosized TiO₂ modified with KH-570 is improved. Mechanical tests reveal that the strength and toughness of the nanosized TiO₂ modified with KH-570 are improved simultaneously.

CdSe and core/shell CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) were prepared in aqueous solution by using mercapto-acetate acid as stabilizer.Their luminescence characterization was studied by UV-Vis absorption and emission spectra. The nanocrystals were characterized by
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which were used to characterized their
structure, shape and composition. The results indicated that the quantum dots
synthesized with this method possessed better dispersibility, as well as the
intensity of luminescence of the quantum dots modified the surface was
enhanced greatly and the red shift was shown in the emission and absorption
spectra. The position of absorption peak was different with the different
quantum dots’ sizes.

A new kind of orange-red long afterglow Eu and Ti co-doped Y₂O₂S phosphor was synthesized via a traditional solid state reaction method under reducing atmosphere of CO. The photoluminescence spectrum, afterglow time-resumed spectrum and afterglow decay curve of the Y2O2S:0.03Ti,0.03Eu phosphors were measured. The result shows that the emission spectrum of Y2O2S:0.03Ti,0.03Eu consists of a group of narrow linear peaks from charge transmission of Eu3+. The orange-red afterglow was observed in present phosphors with two different luminescence centers: a broad yellow emission band around 565nm related to Ti emission and a group of narrow peaks of Eu3+ emission in the longer wavelength range. The afterglow mechanism of Eu3+ emission was suggested to come from the energy transfer process from Ti afterglow emission to Eu ions, and result in two different afterglow centers of Ti afterglow emission and Eu{3+} afterglow emission in present Y2O2S:0.03Ti,0.03Eu phosphor.

The whole process of the dendrite growth in PGO melt crystal growth was visualized in the $in~situ$
observation system. It was pointed out that the dendrite had relation with the PbO impurity. An
concentration diffusive layer arising from the impurity was observed, and the dendrite growth was
triggered when the diameter of the layer exceeded the critical value about 12$\mu$m. The rate
of the main trunk of the dendrite against the time was measured. It was noted that the rate was
affected by some factors such as the appearance of the branches and the turning of the main
trunk, which was assumed according to our early work.

In order to improve the ability of fluoroaluminate glass against devitrification, TeO₂ was introduced into fluoroaluminate glass with the molar composition of 10MgF₂-20CaF₂-10SrF₂-10BaF₂15YF₃35AlF₃. The influence of TeO₂ content on the glass formability of fluoroaluminate was studied by differential thermal
analysis technique. And the glass structure analysis was performed by infrared
absorption spectra and Raman scattering spectra. The results indicate that
TeO₂ can increase the crystallization onset temperature T _xof glasses, decrease melting temperature T _mof glasses and improve the ability against devitrification. The structure analysis indicates that,
with the increase of TeO₂ content, the YF₈polyhedral units decrease,
and more [FnAl--O--AlFn], [TeO₃], [TeO₂F] and [TeOF₂] units exist in the glass network with the introduction of TeO₂ which are bridged by the F^-and O^2-. With good glass forming ability, the
TeO₂ modified fluoroaluminate glass also shows high transmittance in the
region of 0.4~5μm; therefore it is a new prospective infrared optical material.

In this paper, UV photosensitivity of a hydrogen-loaded germanosilicate fiber and the relation between photosensitivity and the hydrogen-loading condition were studied experimentally. Experimental results indicate that: ① the curve of refractive index changes in the hydrogen-loaded fibers is exponential type (Δn=3.3×10^-4t^0.31689), at a certain point, refractive index changes reach saturated. This power law accords with the model proposed by Patrick H. However, the refractive index changes of the hydrogen-loading fibers continue to increase when exposed time prolongs; ② the photosensitivity changes are exponential to hydrogen-loading time until they reach saturated; ③ the photosensitivity changes are proportional to the hydrogen-loading pressure.

Er³⁺-codoped TeO₂-WO₃-La₂O₃ glasses were prepared. The thermal stability and spectral properties, such as absorption spectra, emission spectra of the glass samples were measured and investigated. Three intensity parameters, electric dipole transition, magnetic dipole transitions were calculated by Judd-Ofelt theory. The relationship of Ω₂ and glass composition was analyzed. The emission cross-section of the ⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2 transition of Er³⁺ ions was calculated by McCumber theory. When La₂O₃ content was up to 5mol%, glass samples showed no onset crystallization temperature (T_x), indicating that they are saitable
for fiber drawing. The results show that TeO2-WO3-La2O3 glass has a good thermal stability and will be a promising host material for 1.5μm broadband amplification.

The solid state reaction process of the mixture of SrCO₃ and CeO₂ powders with different Sr/Ce ratios was studied by using XRD and TG/DTA methods. The results show that only Sr₂CeO₄ phase is formed for a firing temperature lower than 950℃ while Sr₂CeO₄ and SrCeO3 phases are simultaneously developed in the initial stages of the reaction for a firing temperature above 950℃. In the initial stages of the reaction above 950℃,the major product is Sr₂CeO₄ for close to 950℃ and it becomes SrCeO3 above 1000℃. There are two types of formation mechanism for SrCeO₃ and Sr₂CeO₄, respectively. When the firing temperature is above 1000℃, SrCeO₃ is formed directly by SrO and CeO₂ while Sr₂CeO₄ is created by SrCeO₃ and SrO. However, SrO and CeO₂ convert directly to Sr₂CeO₄ below 950℃ and SrCeO₃ is produced by the reaction of Sr₂CeO₄ and CeO₂ for close to 950℃. Based on these results, the reaction mechanism of SrO-CeO₂ system is derived and the wrong results in the XRD data of SrCeO₃ (JCPDS36-980) have been clarified. The fluorescence spectra of Sr₂CeO₄ show that the formation mechanism has effect on its excitation spectra.

Many experiments show the amount of products formed by tradition heating is different from that of microwave heating even though the reaction is heated with the two methods from the same initial temperature up to the same ending temperature. In this paper, we proved this possibility from the chemical kinetics theory. Furthermore, we verified this in calcium sulfate crystallization under microwave irradiation. Through specially designed device, the same temperature rising was achieved in microwave heating and traditional water bath. The phase
and figure of calcium sulphate crystals were investigated. The results show the ingredients by microwave heating are appreciably different to that of tradition heating, but the crystal shape looks quite different. There may be some “special effects” in the calcium sulfate crystallization under the irradiation of microwave.

The microstructure and dielectric properties of ternary system BaTiO₃-Nb₂O₅-Ni₂O₃ were investigated. XRD analyses indicate that Nb₂O₅/Ni₂O₃ co-doped BaTiO₃ ceramics have pseudo-cubic structures. The solubility of Nb in BaTiO₃ with 1.0 mol% Ni is <4.0mol%. SEM results show that the grain size of BaTiO3 ceramics initially increases and then decreases with the increase of Nb amount. Also the room-temperature dielectric constant and loss, as well as the capacitance variation values at low and high temperature range initially increase and then decrease with the increase of Nb amount. DSC results show that the Curie temperature of the BaTiO₃ ceramics is shifted to higher temperatures by Nb addition. The modification of the dielectric properties of the ceramic system is considered to be correlated with the grain size and the shift of phase transition temperature by the additives. The novel X8R material developed in the BaTiO₃-Nb₂O₅-Ni₂O₃ system in the present work is very promising for preparation of X8R MLCCs with large capacitance.

Pb(Sn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbZrO₃-PbTiO₃ quaternary piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by conventional solid reaction sintering. The samples
were gained by changing the ratio of Zr/Ti and adding MnO₂、Sb₂O₃ and Cr in order to enhance the values of K _p and Q _m. The effect of Zr/Ti ratio on the temperature stability of the system was also studied. The results indicate that when calcination temperature is 960℃ and sintering temperature is 1240℃, the comprehensive and excellent materials can be made to fit the request of high power devices such as piezoelectric actuator and ultrasonic motor, and the main parameters are as follows: dielectric constant at room temperature ξ₃₃^T/ξ₀=1669, piezoelectric constant d₃₃=285×10^-12C/N, mechanical quality factor Q _m=2179, planar coupling coefficient K _p=54.9%, dielectric loss tanδ=0.4%.

The ZnO-Bi₂O₃ system varistors were modified by doping with rare-earth oxide Pr₆O₁₁ and their electrical properties and microstructure were investigated. The results of experiment indicate that adding a small scale of Pr₆O₁₁ would increase the nonlinear coefficient greatly and decrease the leakage current with no change in threshold voltage. When the Pr₆O₁₁ content reaches to 7wt%, the threshold voltage increases by about 60%, whereas the leakage current and nonlinear coefficient are unchangable. The SEM and XRD analyses testify that Pr₆O₁₁ makes the microstructure of the materials more uniform and compact.

NaCo₂O₄ thermoelectric oxide ceramics with high crystallographic anisotropy were synthesized successfully by combining the traditional solid-state reaction and cold high pressure compacting method. XRD and SEM measurements show that the sintering after cold-high-pressure compacting is helpful to align the c-axis of layered grain within the sample along the pressing direction, i.e. the sample is highly textured. The thermoelectric properties of NaCo₂O₄, measured below room temperature exhibit a metallic behavior in both the resistivity ρ and Seebeck
coefficient S. The sign of S is positive, indicating a p-type thermoelectric material. Compared with the samples prepared with other methods, although the thermal conductivity is higher due to the suppression of the phonon scattering by grain boundary or point defect, the above sample exhibits lower ρ and higher S which leads to the improvement of the ZT value that reaches 0.013 at 300K.

Skutterudite compound Co_4-xNi_xSb₁₂ was synthesized by the melting method and its thermal and electrical properties were measured in the temperature range of 300～850K. The carrier concentration and electrical conductivity increase with increasing Ni content substituting for Co. The absolute value of Seebeck coefficient decreases and T opt of Seebeck coefficient shifts to a higher temperature with the increase of Ni content. These different transport behaviors in the samples are ascribed to the introduction of extra electrons to the Skutterudite structure by Ni substitution. The lattice thermal conductivity of Co_4-xNi_xSb₁₂ is significantly depressed as compared to that of CoSb₃ by introducing extra electron-phonon scattering mode. The maximum ZT value obtained for Co_3.92Ni_0.08Sb₁₂ at 750K is about 0.55.

The cathode material for lithium batteries Li_1.15-xN_i0.₃₃Co_0.33Mn_0.33O_2+δwith good electrochemical properties was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The synthesis mechanism was examined via X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and difference thermal analysis and cyclic voltammetry. Li_1.15-xN_i0.₃₃Co_0.33Mn_0.33O_2+δexhibited initial specific discharge capacity of 190mAh/g and tenth of 180mAh/g at 2.5～4.5V by current density of 0.1 mA/cm². That Li_1.15-xN_i0.₃₃Co_0.33Mn_0.33O_2+δmain phase can be obtained as low as 400℃ is attributed to the short distance among lithium, manganese, cobalt and nickel formed in precursor prepared by the citric acid gel process. The crystallinty and layered structure were improved by sintering at high temperature. The solid solution formation could be a three-step process: (1) formation of small particle Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O solid solution main phase at lower temperature; (2) decomposition of residual lithium carbonate; (3) bulk diffusion of lithium oxide from exterior into the bulk of Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O solid solution.

Modified spinel lithium manganese oxides LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z and LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z/C composite cathodes for lithium-ion batteries were prepared by the solid-state method. The structure and morphology of as-prepared cathode materials were characterized by XRD and ESEM. The electrochemical performances of the materials were tested by constant-current cyclic testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the modified materials LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z and LiMn_2-x-yCo_xLa_yO_4-zCl_z/C were the simple spinel phase. Electrochemical tests showed that the material obtained by adding glucose as carbon additive gave an enhanced performance in terms of improved practical discharge capacity and good cyclability. The specific capacity was 126.5mAh·g^-1 at the first cycle. The cell was cycled for 50 cycles with an average specific capacity of about 123.5mAh·g^-1, the degrading rate of which was less than 2.4%.

Ni-Ce_0.8Gd_0.2O_1.9(CGO) cermet anodes of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) were prepared by the iso-static pressing method, which were sintered at 1450℃ and successively reduced at 700℃ with H₂ diluted by 80% He. The resulting anodes were characterized by the pore structure measurements, SEM, XRD and EDS as well. The conductivity and the electrical performance in corresponding cells were also measured. The prepared Ni-CGO
cermet anodes mainly possess the pores of 1～2μm in diameter and the porosity of up to 30% that increases with the content of NiO. It can be observed by the SEM measurements that the metal phase is well amalgamated with the ceramic phase and that the anode combines with the electrolyte tightly. NiO in the anodes can be reduced to Ni completely by the mixture of 20%H₂～80%He at 700℃ without the phase transformation of CGO. The conductivity of the reduced anode increases as the NiO content increases. The threshold value of the NiO content is 40% in weight, over which the remarkable increase in conductivity is not available. The fuel cells composed of Ni-CGO as the anode, CGO as the electrolyte and La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe0.8O_3-α(LSCF) as the cathode provide with the power density of up to 0.14W/cm² at 650℃.

The cathode material LiMn_2-xCr_xO₄(0≤x≤0.1) was prepared by the ultrasonic coordination precursor method. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge testing. The results show that the LiMn_2-xCr_xO₄(0≤x≤0.1) powders have prefect surface morphology, highly discharge capacities and better cycle
performance. In addition, the method can be employed to synthesize cathode
material for lithium-ion battery as a new route.

Sol-gel technique was employed to apply LiCoO₂ coating to the state-of-the-art cathode of molten carbonate fuel cells. The effect of LiCoO₂ coating on the NiO dissolution in eutectic Li₂CO₃-K₂CO₃ molten carbonate, single cell performance and the Ni precipitation in electrolyte matrix was investigated. The results show that LiCoO₂ coating can effectively reduce the solubility and dissolving ratio of NiO in Li₂O₃-K₂CO₃ molten salt, enhance the performance of the single cell, and inhibit Ni precipitation in the electrolyte matrix to certain extent.

Porous apatite-wollastonite/β-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds (AW/β-TCP) were prepared from apatite-wollastonite (AW) glass-ceramic powders and
β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic powders, using stearic acid as porogen. The mixture powders were allowing compression molding and firing at 1170℃ to obtain porous composite scaffolds. Characteristics of the scaffolds were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and so on. Rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were co-cultured with AW/β-TCP in vitro to evaluate the biocompatibility of the composite. Results show that: AW/β-TCP composite scaffolds with 30wt% of stearic acid reach the compressive strength of 14.3MPa, with the porosity as high as 66.9% and pore diameter ranging from 100 to 700\mum. In vitro experiments reveal that AW/β-TCP scaffolds are biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable. The porous AW/β-TCP composite is expected to be a andidate scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

The composition and morphology
of original cuttlebone and hydroxyapatite(HAP)-converted cuttlebone were
characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanism of self-assembly was also discussed. The results show that the mineral of original cuttlebone is rod-like aragonite polymorph of CaCO₃ and the chamber-like macroporous architecture is its extrinsic feature. In phosphate solution, the interior aragonite
converts hydrothermally to HAP by a solid-state topotactic ion-exchange reaction in which the HAP retains the morphology and the orientation of the original aragonite. Meanwhile, the exterior aragonite converts hydrothermally to HAP via dissolution-recrystallization, with squama-like morphology. These squama-like HAP self-assemble to microspheres with hydrothermal reaction time prolonged.

As the first-selected electrode material for supercapacitors, activated carbon should possess high specific surface area, high conductivity and density which are difficult to be provided by the same kind of carbon material. A nanoporous glassy carbon (NPGC)electrode slice with monolithic nano-open porous structure and excellent capacitance properties was made. The properties of NPGCs completely exceeded that of carbon aerogels, and pore-forming mechanism of NPGCs was
investigated. Results show that a “shell and core” structure is formed in cured resin particles due to different cross-linkage degrees in inside and outside layers of cured resins by adding an amount of curing agent--hexamine, mill-mixing and adjusting the curing temperature. When crushed and compacted, cured resin can be compacted into a slice due to the adhesive effect of “core” and “core” is prevented from fusion to become GC due to non-fusion of “shell” in carbonization. Then, an abundant of open pores is formed inside and outside carbon particles through which activation agent gases can diffuse into the
internal parts of the matrix and the nanoporous glassy carbon is obtained.

The PZT/Ag composites were fabricated via conventional powder processing at 1200℃ by using PZT and Ag powders as the starting materials. Although the sintering temperature being higher than melting point of Ag, the pure Ag particles were homogeneously dispersed in the PZT matrix with sound PZT/Ag interfaces, and no metallic alloys between Ag and Pb were formed. At the same time, a small quantity of Ag was found to diffuse into the Pb-lattice. In the range of 0～15vol%
Ag, the dielectric properties of the PZT/Ag composites were investigated. The results show that the relative dielectric constant ε_r first decreases when Ag concentration is <1vol%, and then increases gradually up to 15vol%. This dielectric constant anomaly was explained on the basis of A-site cation substitution of perovskite structure as well as the percolation theory. In the lower Ag concentrations, the Ag⁺ substitutes Pb²⁺ and decreases the dielectric
constant and this is the dominant mechanism; with the increase in Ag concentration, the effective dielectric field is established to increase the dielectric constant and it gradually becomes the dominant mechanism.

TiO₂ film; heterojunction electrode; photoelectrochemistryThis paper introduced the electrochemical deposition of Cu₂O thin films on TiO₂ films by cathodic reduction to form p-Cu₂O/n-TiO₂ heterostructure electrode. The effects of bath temperature on film thickness, purity and morphology of Cu₂O films were studied. Pure spherically shaped Cu₂O grains with 40～50nm diameter were obtained. It is found that annealing at 200℃ can improve the spectral transmittance of the Cu₂O film and the film has a band gap of 2.06eV. The measurements of photoelectrochemical behavior of the nanocrystalline p-Cu₂O/n-TiO₂ heterostructure electrode show that such heterostructure electrode produces strong n-type spectral response and can improve the photoelectron conversion efficiency.

Pb0.92La0.08TiO3 films with thicknesses between 580 and 1830nm were deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates by using a sol-gel process under a relative low temperature of 580℃. The results obtained show that the films are crystallized well with pure perovskite polycrystalline structure. The surfaces of the films are smooth and condense. With the increase of the film thicknesses, the grain sizes and dielectric constants of the films increase. The dielectric constant-electric field curves are symmetric about zero bias axis, and show the hysteresis for all the films. In addition the coercive fields E c decreases with the film thicknesses increasing. All the films are transparent and the absorption edges shift to longer wavelength with increasing thicknesses of the films. The refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of 1830nm thick film are 2.39 and 0.009, respectively, at 633nm wavelength.

(Pb_x,Sr_1-x)_0.85Bi_0.1TiO₃thin films with perovskite structure were prepared on ITO glass substrate by a sol-gel method. XRD, SEM and impedance analyzer were respectively used to characterize the phase status, morphology and dielectric properties of the films. The results show that during the formation of (Pb_x,Sr_1-x)_0.85Bi_0.1TiO₃ thin films, nucleus of the perovskite phase are initially formed and then congregated together. These aggregated nucleus are then transformed as the perovskite-phase crystalline. And finally, the crystalline phase grows and separates gradually to form the perfect crystalline structure. The content of the perovskite phase formed in the thin film under rapid thermal process(RTP) is more than that formed in kinetic equilibrium under traditional heat treatment. It is due to the high active decomposed ions forming the perovskite phase directly when
heat-treated by RTP. The structure of the perovskite phase has a close relation to the ratio of Pb/Sr in the system because of the difference of radius between Pb²⁺ and Sr²⁺. The transformation temperature between cubic and tetragonal of the perovskite phase is increased as increasing Pb2+ whose radius is larger than that of Sr²⁺. It appears at room temperature when the content of Pb²⁺/Sr²⁺ is about 0.4/0.6. Meanwhile, the tetragonality of the perovskite phase is increased
with increasing Pb2+ ions. High tunability of the (Pb_x,Sr_1-x)_0.85Bi_0.1TiO₃ thin film is exhibited when the film composition is close to transformation point between paraelectric and ferroelectric. Pb²⁺ ions act as a dominant factor to affect the Curie point of the system and then to change tunability.

An organic template of monodisperse polystyrene spheres (PS) was prepared by a soap-free polymerization method. The spaces in the PS templates were filled by the sol synthesized by using Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O, NH(C₂H₂OH)₂, ethanol and distilled water. The gelation of polystyrene/inorganic precursor was completed at room temperature. Ordered porous ZnO films were obtained after removing PS template by calcining. The influnce of precursor concentration and dipping time on the arrangement of the pores was discussed. TG-DTA, XRD, TEM, SEM, IR reflection spectrum and UV-VIS spectrum were applied to characterize structures and properties of the films. The results show that the PS template has fcc structure in which the (111) plane is paralleled to substrate and the diameter of PS is 420nm. The transformation temperature of ZnO from amorphous to blende is 460℃. The diameter of the pores is about 280nm and the pore-wall is made up of ZnO grains with diameter of about 46nm. The transmissivity reaches 60%. E _g is 3.24eV.

Nano-crystalline tungsten carbide thin films were fabricated on foam nickel and nickel foil substrates by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The structure and morphology and constitutes of the thin films were token by XRD, SEM, EDS. The real surface area, chemistry stability and electro-catalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction of the films were also investigated. The electrochemical analysis shows that the real surface area of 1cm² WC/foam-Ni and WC/Ni films catalysts is 83.21 and 64.13cm² respectively. The Tafel
parameter a of the thin film electrode for hydrogen evolution is 0.422～0.452V.
The hydrogen evolution exchange current density is 4.02～4.22×10^-4A/cm², When the over-potential is 263mV, the activation energy of hydrogen evolution is 45.62～45.77kJ/mol.

Microarc oxidation coatings were prepared on pure titanium substrates in a Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SiO₃ electrolytic solution by microarc oxidation with the pulse frequency of 500～8000Hz, the effects of pulse frequencies on growth kinetics, surface morphology and phase composition of the coatings were studied.
The result shows that the coating growth rate is dependent on the pulse
frequency. When the frequency is less than 2000Hz, with the increase of frequencies, the coating growth rate decreases sharply, while the frequency is greater than 4000Hz, it keeps almost invariable with the treating frequency increased. The coatings consist of plentiful rutile and anatase, and a small quantity of unsaturated oxideTiO_2-x, (0.022-x reduces gradually with the increase of the frequency. The coating surface is porous, with the frequency increasing, the roughness and micropore size of the coating surface decrease gradually, and the pore number increases little by little.

A complex Al-Si-O ceramic coating was deposited on aluminium alloy by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The composition and structure were analyzed by XRD and SEM, and the adhesion strength of the coating to substrate was investigated by thermal impact, mechanical impact and tensile tests. The results show that the coating
consists of a mixture of α-Al₂O₃, γ-Al₂O₃ and mullite. The coating surface is rough with anumber of the plasma discharge products. The coating can suffer mechanical impact and thermal impact of 600℃, it indicates that the coating possesses of good ductibility, thermal shock resistant and adhesion strength to the substrate. The tensile test shows that the adhesion strength of the coating to substrate is higher than 20MPa.

Diamond films prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were polished by a composite technique of laser polishing and hot chemical polishing. The surface morphology and microstructure of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, scan electron microscopes (SEM) and atomic force microscopes (AFM). The measurement results of the diamond films before and after composite polishing show that the diamond films are high quality (111)-oriented polycrystalline diamond films. The roughness of the diamond films is decreased obviously and is in the order of 100 nm after polishing. The microstructure of the diamond films can't be changed by composite polishing. All the results obtained indicate that the composite polishing technique is an effective way for diamond surface disposal.

A new coupling electrochromic solution was investigated by introducing titanium ion into viologen solution. The solution-based electrochromic device was assembled by using this coupling solution. The transmittance of this electrochromic device decreased from 80% to 20% in the wavelength of 600nm, which was characterized by UV-Vis spectra. The bleaching time of this electrochromic device was less than 2s and this electrochromic device had a character of self-erasing process.

Oxidation reaction happened when Al₂O₃-TiC p composite heated at high temperature. The reaction producer moved to the crack area which induced crack healing. The heating temperature, time, and indentation affected the crack healing greatly. The kinetic analysis of crack healing of Al₂O₃-TiC p composite shows that: the strength recovery can be expressed by the following formula:σ_f/σ_f0=[1-2Δ(P·k^1/2_)/B₀·t^1/2]^-1/4, and the velocity
of crack healing can be showed as: - Cv/t=(C²_v0·ΔP)/(B₀C_v)·1/2·(k/t)^1/2. Reaction velocity constant, reaction time, the rate of volume increases due to reaction, and original crack size are four key factors of crack healing. The analysis of strength before and after crack healing proves the correctness of the crack-healing model.