Further analysis on the notch strength of alumina ceramics was carried out. Analysis result shows that test results of notch strength and fracture strength
under bending loading condition, i.e. flexural strength follow the normal distribution, the log-normal distribution and two-parameter Weibull distribution as well. Then,
on the basis of the expression for notch strength of brittle material and the fundamental principle of probability theory, correlations between the statistical
characteristic parameters of notch strength and those of flexural strength of ceramics were obtained and checked by the test results.

Nanocrystallines of BaTiO₃ with a cubic phase were synthesized by two methods, sol-gel method and sol-precipitation method. Powders
obtained by the sol-gel method was homogeneous and ultrafine (19nm), with a few amounts of BaCO₃. Pure crystallines of BaTiO₃ with larger
grain size of 42nm and some degrees of aggregates were obtained by the sol-precipitation method. The sol-gel powders had higher sintering
density and better dielectric property. Mechanisms for the evolution of crystalline BaTiO₃ in the sol-gel and the sol-precipitation
methods were discussed in the context of microstructure and dielectric properties.

It was analyzed that the chemistry reaction occured in the process of carbothermal reaction and nitration of natural Kaolin. The influence of temperature and gas pressure on the product composition was studied in thermodynamics. The speed controlling step was discovered by combining the experimental results and theoretic calculation. The favourite temperature was discussed for acquiring more β -Sialon powders.

SiC whisker reinforced alumina composites were fabricated by hot-pressing from the commercial γ-Al₂O₃ and SiC whisker made
in Shanghai Institute of Ceramics. We obtained some samples with 30vol% SiCw hot-pressed at 1800℃ in Ar atmosphere having the flexure
strength of 812±38MPa and fracture toughness of 8.8±0.1MPa·m^1/2 at room temperature; 560±61MPa and 6.1±0.4MPa at 1200℃ respectively. The small amount of additions accelerated densification but
reduced the mechanical properties. In N₂ atmosphere, SiC whisker would be injured and the composites mechanical properties degraded. Moreover,
the microstructural observations indicated that the toughening mechanism of AS composites is different from whiskers pull-out and matrix’s cleavage
fracture at room temperature to whiskers/matrix interface debonding and matrix’s intergranual fracture at high temperature.

Using AlN powders as raw materials and CaO-B₂O₃ as additives, AlN whiskers were fabricated by a sublimation-recrystallization
method. The influences of reaction chamber’s structure and temperature gradient on AlN synthetics were inspected, as well as the fabrication mechanism
and growth characteristics of AlN whiskers. At the earlier stage of reaction, different morphologies of AlN synthetics such as crystal pillars,
whiskers and noncrystalline fibers were produced by VLS mechanism. While at the later stage, VS mechanism occurred, which yielded only AlN
whiskers. By XRD and TEM analysis, it was discovered that most AlN whiskers grew on crystal planes {2110}, {101l} and {0001}, along crystal axes [2110], [101w]
and [0001], l=0, 1, 2 and 3, w=0, 1, 2 and 3. But in some whiskers, oblique growth was observed, therefore nonnormality of macroscopic growth
direction to growth crystal plane existed.

A new modified PbTiO₃ piezoelectric ceramic material added with Pb(Mn_1/3Sn_2/3)O₃ , CaCO₃,Bi₂O₃, NiO was prepared. The modified material has high piezeoelectric activities, large piezoelectric anisotropy as well as low dielectric constant, and low mechanical quality factors. The typical composition of this material obtained from experiments is Pb_0.80Ca_0.20[(Mn_1/3Sb_2/3)_0.05Ti_0.95]O₃+0.5wt% NiO+1wt%Bi₂O₃. Under the optimized preparation technique, its main performance are as follows. ε^T_33/ε₀＝160, d₃₃=70×10^-12C·N^-1；K_t＝60．0；H_p≈0，Q_m＝43，N_t＝2004Hz·m．

The influences of synthesizing process and CuO-V₂O₅ doping sequence on the sintering behaviour and dielectric properties were investigated. The experimental results indicate that BiNbO4ceramic prepared from the powder synthesized at 850℃ for 2h and doped with CuO-V₂O₅ thereafter possesses more homogenious grain size and high bulk density. The dielectric properties of the ceramic are ε_r = 49~52, tan δ≤0.001 (100MHz), ε_r = 44, Q = 2000~2300 (3GHz), τ_f = 38ppm(-40~25℃), τ_f = 16ppm(25~85℃).

The influence of the addition of V₂O₅ on the sinterability and microwave dielectric properties of BMT ceramic was investigated. It was found that the sinterability of BMT could be improved greatly by the addition of small amount of V₂O₅. A dense BMT ceramic with 98% relative density could be obtained with the addition of 0.1mol% V₂O₅. The dielectric constant and unloaded Q. f value are 25 and 62450 GHz respectively.

According to Si₃N₄/S45C joining sample with soft metal interlayer in the thermalload, the effect of residual stress on bending strength was studied.

Some results obtained are as follows. (1) The tension stress in the edge of Si₃N₄ section is mainly reason to affect the bonding strength. (2) There is a linear
relationship (σ₀=-1.63σ+658.1) between the bending strength and the residual stress. (3) The heat cycle results in machining hardening of join samples,
so that the residual stress increases and at the same time the cracks formed make the strength decreased.

The tribological properties of Sialon in air, water and three different sodium solutions were carried out by using SRV ball-on-disk tribo-tester. The tribological test
results demonstrate that either under dry sliding or water lubrication, CM-60 shows better anti-wear properties than C-60; water lubrication reduces the friction
coefficients of both Sialon ceramics (CM-60 and C-60) but increases their wear volumes. The wear volume order of CM-60 in the three different sodium solutions is as
follows: NaNO₃>Na₃PO₄>NaH₂PO₂, it indicates that the anti-wear properties of these Na salt solutions are correlated with their oxidation ability; the friction
coefficient order of CM-60 in water and three different sodium solutions can be described as: NaNO₃>H₂O>NaH₂PO₂>Na₃PO₄. All of these lubricants made the wear
surfaces of Sialon ceramics quite smooth. It means that sodium salt solution can be used in chemical polishing of Sialon. Results also show that the reaction between
water and the oxides of Sialon has led to corrosion wear of Sialon. Thus, both in water and Na salt solutions, the wear volumes of Sialon ceramics were increased.

Tribological properties of plasma-sprayed self-mated Cr₃C₂-NiCr, WC-Co and Cr₂O₃ coatings and the Cr₂O₃ coating against WC+Co hard alloy and toughened SiC ceramics were investigated under water-lubricated sliding. It was found that
Cr₂O₃ coating was the most wear-resistant among the three kinds of self-mated coatings and had a wear coefficient less than
10^-6mm³N^-1m^-1. Wear mechanisms of the coatings were explained in terms of microcracking and grain fracturing. The higher the fracture toughness, and the lower the porosity and the length of microcrack of the coating, the more wear-resistant the
coating was. The friction coefficient and wear coefficient of Cr₂O₃ coating were obviously reduced when it was mated to WC+Co hard alloy and toughened SiC ceramics, which may be related to surface condition and tribochemical reaction of material of friction pair.

Friction and wear properties of plasma-sprayed Cr₂O₃ coating against SiC bulk at different loads and sliding velocities under
water lubrication were investigated . Worn surfaces and wear debris were examined by means of SEM and XPS. The aim was to reveal wear mechanism and
lubrication state of the pairs under different testing conditions. The results obtained indicate that friction coefficients and wear coefficients
for Cr₂O₃ coating and SiC bulk pairs are quite low. Wear mechanism of Cr₂O₃ coating is microfracture along the borders of pores and
plastic deformation, and wear mechanism of SiC bulk is formation of SiO₂ through tribochemical reaction and dissolution of SiO₂ in water. Wear
mechanisms of Cr₂O₃ coating and SiC bulk are steady upon normal loads and sliding velocities. The pairs are in boundary lubrication state
at low velocities and high loads and in partial elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication either at high velocities or at low loads.

A material of bioactive gradient coatings was designed. The difference of thermal expansion coefficients between coating and substrate was reduced. The residual stress within the plasmasprayed coatings heat-treated was reduced. The bonding strength of the coatings was measured to be about 38 MPa. The residual stress produced within the coatings was measured by the sin²Ψmethod of XRD, and the influence of residual stress on the bond strength of the coatings was explored.

The clear stable sols were obtained above 50℃ with about 100:1 suitable H₂O/Al³⁺mol~ ratio, 5:1 ROH/H⁺, 0.07:1 H⁺/Al³⁺ concentrations of
peptizant acid. Crack-free alumina membranes were obtained by rapid gelation processing of sols in shorten gel time. The suitable concentration of the sol was between
0.5～1.4 mol AlOOH/l sol, the suitable spraying distance shorter than 200mm. The pore size of the membrane was influenced by the size of boehmite grain, the pore size
of γ-Al₂O₃ prepared by the boehmite sol with 3 nm grain size was about 3nm. Asymmetric alumina membrane was obtained by further modifying alumina supporter
by using the clear stable sol. When the mean diameter of the colloidal particles was equivalent to the most pore size of the supporter, the crack-free gel film can be
stably deposited on the supporter. With 0.1μm of the most pore size as the supporter, the γ-Al₂O₃ membrane of 3nm pore size was obtained by using the spraying sol of
100nm colloidal particles.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) thin films were deposited onto titanium substrates separately by ion beam sputtering (IBS) and ion beam enhanced deposition (IBED) methods, by using
sintered pure HA ceramic as a target material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that the chemical states of Ca, P, O elements of the deposited films
were close to those of used HA ceramic target. The existence of CO^2-₃ was also determined in the deposited films. The as-deposited films both achieved by IBS and IBED
methods were amorphous, and a hydroxyapatite -type structure was achieved from the annealed films, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. After immersion in the stimulated
body fluid (SBF), the as-deposited films dissolved easily. XPS analysis showed that the deposited films experienced only Ca, P and O ion exchange with the SBF, and the reprecipitation
of calcium phosphate on the deposited films was determined. In comparison with the IBS films, the formation of calcium phosphate was accelerated for the IBED films.

The characterizations of strain S with electric E in converse piezoelectric effect for [Pb_x(Ba, Sr)_1-x]₄(Na_0.88Li_0.12)₂Nb₁₀O₃₀ x=0.64
(PBNN) piezoelectric ceramic with tungsten bronze (T.B.) structure were studied. The excellent micro-displacement properties, such as high
linearity, low hysteresis and high coercive field, were exhibited for PBNN ceramic, which were suitable to prepare servo piezoelectric
actuators. According to X-ray diffraction structure analysis and measurement results of the relation of S with E, it was shown that
in the PBNN piezoelectric ceramic with T.B. structure only the 180° switch of the domain exists without 90° switch of the domain, which inherently exists in PZT based piezoelectric
ceramics with peroveskite (P.S.) structure. For PBNN ceramic the excellent characterization of S with E was due to their no 90°
switch of the domain. It is found that by more carefully measuring and analyzing the curve of S with E a slight increase of slope (about 5%)
occurs at a higher electric field ～350V/mm, which had been explained from pseudo-orthorhombic crystal structure of PBNN ceramic.

The preparation of Pd composite membrane (Pd-CM) by impregnation or electroless plating was studied. The permeaselectivity to hydrogen and the catalytic activity
for the dehydrogenation of methanol to methy1 formate (MeF) of “Pd/SiO₂/ceramic?” membranes were measured. The results show that the quality of “SiO₂/ceramic
” substrate membrane has an influence on the properties of “Pd/SiO₂/ceramic?”. In the process of preparing Pd-CM, the growing mechanism of Pd surface membrane
in impregnation method is different with that in electroless plating method. When the same “SiO₂/ceramic” is used as a substrate membrane, the Pd-CM prepared
by electroless planting has a good behavior than by impregnation. Hydrogen in mixture gases of N₂/H₂ or H₂/CH₃OH, can be separated completely with the Pd-CM
prepared by impregnation at 150℃. For the topic reaction at 100℃, the higher conversion of methanol and lower selectivity to product MeF can be obtained
in the Pd-CM reactor prepared by electroless plating than that by impregnation. The Pd-CM was also characterized by SEM, XRD and the structure difference between two
Pd-CMs prepared with different methods was discussed.

The Pt, air/YSZ electrode resistance was determined for oxygen sensor with dc polarization of two electrode in the temperature range of 380～800℃.
The (ZrO₂)_0.93(Y₂O₃)_0.07 bulk resistances were obtained from the extrapolation method by ac low frequency impedance measurement, and the electrolyte
dc polarization resistance can be separated from electrode overpotentials. Results show the η-I curves obey the Butler-Volmer equation, with charge transfer
coefficients of two for the Pt, air |YSZ| air, Pt cell. The temperature dependence of the YSZ bulk resistance and the Pt, air/YSZ electrode resistance is
similar and a change in the activation energy of resistance occurs near 600℃ and 570℃ respectively. The exchange current I₀ of electrode as a
funclion of temperature was also measured. At temperature above 700℃, response time of the oxygen sensor is less than 2.5s.

Aluminium nitride(AIN) containing higher nitrogen(33.5wt%) was prepared by self-propagatinghigh-temperature (combustion) synthesis (SHS) of aluminium powder in pressurized nitrogen atmosphere, and the effects of diluent content, additive content, nitrogen pressure, relative density ofreactants, thickness of reactants on nitrogen content of AIN were studied. After-burn phenomena,AIN whiskers and AIN stick crystal were also observed.

Compared to fine-grained PSZ ceramics prepared by coprecipitation, the costabilized (Y, Mg)-PSZ and (Ce, Mg)-PSZ wigh MgAl₂O₄ spinel additions were developed, in
which industrial zirconia was used as the main starting material. Powders were prepared by mechanical milling-mixing process. During mixing process, distilled water was partially used as
ball-milling medium instead of ethanol. Feasibility for milling-mixing in distilled water was studied. The experimental results showed that fine-grained PSZ ceramics sintered at low solid
solution temperature (≤1550℃) could be achieved by mechanical mixing process, as well as coprecipitation. These materials had good mechanical properties: the flexural strength and
fracture toughness at room temperature were about 700MPa and 15MPa·m^1/2, respectively. After hydrothermal treatment (180℃, 1MPa, in distilled water) up to 20h, (Ce, Mg)-PSZ materials
exhibited much better thermal stability than (Y, Mg)-PSZ ceramics.

Titanium-substituted silicate was synthesized by using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), TS--2 mother liquor (ML), as well as ML and other organic amine as
templating agents respectively. In this system, TBA^+ cations serve as templating effects to direct the MEL structure, and then the templating agents of TBAOH, ML, or
ML+TEAOH (tetraethylammonium hydroxide) could all induce to produce TS--2 zeolites, but adding TEAOH into ML obviously enhanced the crystallinity and framework titanium
content of TS--2, and obtained a very large crystal; adding ethylenediamine (EDA) into ML could induce to produce a few of TS--1 crystal; adding n-Dipropylamine (DPA) into ML
completely induced to produce TS--1 zeolite. These zeolites were found to show a different activity in the hydroxylation of phenol with aqueous hydrogen peroxide
and the reaction of isomerizing styrene oxide to β-phenylaldehydes.

Potassium lithium niobate crystal K₃Li_2-xNb_5+x0_15+2x (0< x <0.5) for blue second-harmonicgeneration applications was grown by the modified Bridgman technique for the first time. Thegrowth conditions, including the selection of starting compositions, preparation of the startingmaterials, design of the temperature distribution and control of the furnace temperature, werediscussed. A transparant KLN crystal with 10mm in diameter and 25mm in length was grownsuccessfully.

The structure of CaF₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system glass was investigated by using the methods of DTA, IR, Raman, XPS, XRD, SEM and EDAX.
It was found that the structure units, [SiO₄] and [AlO₄], were linked to form the basic network by means of angle connection and the ions Ca²⁺
were located as the network modifiers. Some ions F^- entered as the network formers through replacing O^2-, and other ions F^- were located as the
network modifiers. There were also some ions Al³⁺ staying as the network modifiers. Because the F^- entered as the network formers, the structure of
network became more loose and phase separation of glass took place. Two kinds of different phase regions were formed in the glass, and one region contained more
Ca²⁺ and F^-, whereas another region contained more Si⁴⁺ and Al³⁺. When the above glass with phase separation was heat-treated, the crystals of
CaF₂ firstly came out from the regions containing more Ca²⁺ and F^-.

The influence of additive on the sintering and microstructure of Y-TZP/Al₂O₃ composite was studied through adding some additives
in Y-TZP/Al₂O₃. The composite with 99% theorecital density can be obtained at 1350℃. The liquid phase formed at sintering
process existed around the ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ crystal grains. The small ZrO₂ and large Al₂O₃ crystal grains can be found in the
microstructure of the composite. This was related to the solubility of ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ in silicate liquid phase. The ZrO₂ had a low
solubility in silicate liquid phase and the growth of ZrO₂ crystal grain was limited by liquid phase around it. Al₂O₃ had a high
solubility in the liquid phase, it formed a large and whisker-like crystal grain by solution-precipitation mechanism. The composite
also showed high mechanical properties. The flexure strength and fracture toughness were 640MPa and 7.2MPa·m^1/2 respectively.

The hot-pressing temperature, matrix grain size, fracture mode and the distribution of SiC were studied to reveal the effect of SiC inclusions on the microstructure
of Al₂O₃. Al₂O₃-SiC composite powder was perpared by the precipitation method. Nano SiC particales were coated with Al₂O₃. After hot pressing,
most of nano SiC particles were randomly located in Al₂O₃ grains. SiC inclusions raised the hot～pressing temperature, decreased Al₂O₃ grain
size, and inhibited the abnormal grain growth of Al₂O₃. The intergranular fracture for Al₂O₃ was transformed to the intragranular fracture for Al₂O₃-SiC
nanocomposites because of the addition of SiC. All those microstructure changes would benefit the improvement of the mechanical properities of Al₂O₃.

Nanosized anatase TiO₂ powder was prepared by the high-temperature hydrolysis of titaniumtetrabutoalde and crystallization in the organic media. The nanosized powder was charasterizationby XRD, BET, TEM, TG and DTA methods. The powder remains anatase crystallites in awide temperature range (200-700℃). The average diameter of the nanosized TiO₂ powder aftercalcination at 550 C is 14urn and the specific surface is >100m²/g.

The nanocrystals of spinel ZnFe₂O₄ and perovsldte-type LaFeO₃ were prepared by the stearicacid gel method. The monitoring of synthesis process and the characterization Of the structure andmorphology of the ultrafine particles were performed by the thermal gravimetric and differentialthemal analyzer(TG-DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (Xan), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and BET specific surfaCe area absorption metor.

The formation of Fe₃O₄ neutral precipitation method in many kinds of reaction conditionswere studied. The optimum formation conditions of R ≥2667, pH≥211, reactive temperature20～80℃, ajnd the phase diagram of Fe₃O₄ gained by neutral precipitation method were alsogiven.

The effect of residual shear stress on the hardness of materials was considered and the relationship between the residual shear stress and the maximum shear strss
induced by hardness pressure head was also deduced. The analysis indicates that the residual shear stress reduces the hardness of materials whatever its direction
which is different from the residual normal stress. The decease value of hardness by residual shear stress is larger than the increase value of hardness by compressive
stress near the interface of the ceramic/cemented carbide compact. According to this, it is considered that the hardness of the ceramic surface not only can’t increase
but also decrase due to the effect of the residual shear stress, although larger residual compressive stress can be formed in the ceramic when the ceramic is too thin
and its thermal expansion coefficient is smaller than that of the cemented carbide.

Oxidation resistance of C-SiC-TiC-TiB₂ composite prepared by in-situ synthesis was conducted from 600 to 1200℃ in air. Both weight gain and
loss occurred by the difference of composition and testing temperature. The weight change essentially depends on the rate of oxidation of carbon and ceramics and the
characteristics of oxidized surface. The composite was hardly oxidized at 600℃. TiB₂ was first oxidized and B₂O₃ liquid formed at 800℃. B₂O₃ and
SiO₂ trend to form a borosilicate glass above 1000℃, which lead to a formation of dense oxide surface. The rate of oxidation was obviously decreased by the appearance
of liquid phase and the formation of dense oxide surface during oxidation. This makes the oxidation mechanism of the composite into blunting oxidation, resulting in
the increase of oxidation resistance.

According to the non-equilibrium thermodynamic coupling model, a phase diagram for diamond growth in C-H-Cl system was calculated. A diamond growth region which is in
good agreement with many reported experiments exists in the calculated phase diagram. Compared to the diamond growth region in the phase diagram of diamond growth in
C-H system, the diamond growth region presented here moves toward the end of low substrate temperature. The effect of chlorine addition on diamond growth
in the vapor phase was also discussed according to the reaction mechanism.

This paper described the ion exchange phenomena in the layered double hydroxide compounds LiAl₂(OH)₆ X·2H₂O where X=OH^- or 1/2CO₃^2-. The
hydrotalcite-type structure of LiAl₂-LDH was remained after the anionic exchange between X^- and Cl^- or NO₃^-. Simultaneous cation exchange
was also indicated by both a strong lattice OH infrared vibration at about 940cm^-1 and the intensity decrease of the Li-O vibration. It was shown that the anion
exchange rate was much higher than the cation exchange rate, moreover, anionic exchange with Cl^- was much easier than with NO₃^-, implying a larger
transfer coefficient of Cl^- ion in the conductive interlayer of hydrotalcite structure.